Objective and Impact Statement:The multi-quantification of the distinct individualized maxillofacial traits,that is,quantifying multiple indices,is vital for diagnosis,decision-making,and prognosis of the maxillofacia...Objective and Impact Statement:The multi-quantification of the distinct individualized maxillofacial traits,that is,quantifying multiple indices,is vital for diagnosis,decision-making,and prognosis of the maxillofacial surgery.Introduction:While the discrete and demographically disproportionate distributions of the multiple indices restrict the generalization ability of artificial intelligence(AI)-based automatic analysis,this study presents a demographic-parity strategy for AI-based multi-quantification.Methods:In the aesthetic-concerning maxillary alveolar basal bone,which requires quantifying a total of 9 indices from length and width dimensional,this study collected a total of 4,000 cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)sagittal images,and developed a deep learning model composed of a backbone and multiple regression heads with fully shared parameters to intelligently predict these quantitative metrics.Through auditing of the primary generalization result,the sensitive attribute was identified and the dataset was subdivided to train new submodels.Then,submodels trained from respective subsets were ensembled for final generalization.Results:The primary generalization result showed that the AI model underperformed in quantifying major basal bone indices.The sex factor was proved to be the sensitive attribute.The final model was ensembled by the male and female submodels,which yielded equal performance between genders,low error,high consistency,satisfying correlation coefficient,and highly focused attention.The ensemble model exhibited high similarity to clinicians with minor processing time.Conclusion:This work validates that the demographic parity strategy enables the AI algorithm with greater model generalization ability,even for the highly variable traits,which benefits for the appearance-concerning maxillofacial surgery.展开更多
Background: Kinshasa’s peri-urban settings have a low rate of water access, which has significant consequences for the WASH infrastructures in schools and preventative measures against the spread of waterborne diseas...Background: Kinshasa’s peri-urban settings have a low rate of water access, which has significant consequences for the WASH infrastructures in schools and preventative measures against the spread of waterborne diseases and pathogens. This study aimed to assess the availability, functionality, and gender sensitivity of WASH infrastructures of Kinshasa’s peri-urban schools. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in three of the four educational provinces of Kinshasa, targeting 165 peri-urban schools. Data were collected using a questionnaire and an observation grid. Results: An overall proportion of 10.9% of schools possessed a water point, and therefore time-consuming water chores are a necessity in 89.1% of schools. Girl students provided 30% of the labor collecting water during punishments. A total of 98.2% of schools had functional latrines of which 3.6% were found hygienic, associated with water reserve next to the latrines (P = 0.040). Only 2.4% of schools displayed posters raising awareness of latrine hygiene, and 3.6% displayed posters on hand hygiene. The ratios of latrines units for girls were 58:1 for toilets and 115:1 for urinals, justifying open defecation and urination reported in 62.4% of schools. Also, 43% of schools had hand-washing facilities whose functionality was significantly associated with the presence of water points in the school’s inner courtyard (P = 0.032), with water (P P Conclusion: The majority of schools had limited drinking water services, which negatively impact the functionality and gender sensitivity of other WASH provisions. The current evidence as a public health concern would raise government and school authorities’ attention to address these environmental threats.展开更多
WHEN project proposals come up before the Chinese government, those that emphasize economic growth are most likely to be granted; what people may not realize, however, is that projects that focus on gender issues have...WHEN project proposals come up before the Chinese government, those that emphasize economic growth are most likely to be granted; what people may not realize, however, is that projects that focus on gender issues have also become top priority in the policy sphere. That is how the Beijing Women’s Federation is able to conduct a bilateral program with their Swedish counterparts to exchange experiences and gain information from each other.展开更多
基金supported by the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(no.2023B03J1232)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82301036)+1 种基金Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students’Scientific and Technological Innovation(no.pdjh2023b0013)Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation of Sun Yat-sen University(20240518).
文摘Objective and Impact Statement:The multi-quantification of the distinct individualized maxillofacial traits,that is,quantifying multiple indices,is vital for diagnosis,decision-making,and prognosis of the maxillofacial surgery.Introduction:While the discrete and demographically disproportionate distributions of the multiple indices restrict the generalization ability of artificial intelligence(AI)-based automatic analysis,this study presents a demographic-parity strategy for AI-based multi-quantification.Methods:In the aesthetic-concerning maxillary alveolar basal bone,which requires quantifying a total of 9 indices from length and width dimensional,this study collected a total of 4,000 cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)sagittal images,and developed a deep learning model composed of a backbone and multiple regression heads with fully shared parameters to intelligently predict these quantitative metrics.Through auditing of the primary generalization result,the sensitive attribute was identified and the dataset was subdivided to train new submodels.Then,submodels trained from respective subsets were ensembled for final generalization.Results:The primary generalization result showed that the AI model underperformed in quantifying major basal bone indices.The sex factor was proved to be the sensitive attribute.The final model was ensembled by the male and female submodels,which yielded equal performance between genders,low error,high consistency,satisfying correlation coefficient,and highly focused attention.The ensemble model exhibited high similarity to clinicians with minor processing time.Conclusion:This work validates that the demographic parity strategy enables the AI algorithm with greater model generalization ability,even for the highly variable traits,which benefits for the appearance-concerning maxillofacial surgery.
文摘Background: Kinshasa’s peri-urban settings have a low rate of water access, which has significant consequences for the WASH infrastructures in schools and preventative measures against the spread of waterborne diseases and pathogens. This study aimed to assess the availability, functionality, and gender sensitivity of WASH infrastructures of Kinshasa’s peri-urban schools. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in three of the four educational provinces of Kinshasa, targeting 165 peri-urban schools. Data were collected using a questionnaire and an observation grid. Results: An overall proportion of 10.9% of schools possessed a water point, and therefore time-consuming water chores are a necessity in 89.1% of schools. Girl students provided 30% of the labor collecting water during punishments. A total of 98.2% of schools had functional latrines of which 3.6% were found hygienic, associated with water reserve next to the latrines (P = 0.040). Only 2.4% of schools displayed posters raising awareness of latrine hygiene, and 3.6% displayed posters on hand hygiene. The ratios of latrines units for girls were 58:1 for toilets and 115:1 for urinals, justifying open defecation and urination reported in 62.4% of schools. Also, 43% of schools had hand-washing facilities whose functionality was significantly associated with the presence of water points in the school’s inner courtyard (P = 0.032), with water (P P Conclusion: The majority of schools had limited drinking water services, which negatively impact the functionality and gender sensitivity of other WASH provisions. The current evidence as a public health concern would raise government and school authorities’ attention to address these environmental threats.
文摘WHEN project proposals come up before the Chinese government, those that emphasize economic growth are most likely to be granted; what people may not realize, however, is that projects that focus on gender issues have also become top priority in the policy sphere. That is how the Beijing Women’s Federation is able to conduct a bilateral program with their Swedish counterparts to exchange experiences and gain information from each other.
