This paper investigates the inequality of opportunity in China's labor earnings,defined as the component of inequality determined by personal circumstances that lie beyond the control of an individual,of which gen...This paper investigates the inequality of opportunity in China's labor earnings,defined as the component of inequality determined by personal circumstances that lie beyond the control of an individual,of which gender is one,as opposed to the component determined by personal efforts.Using the Survey of Women's Social Status in China (2010),we measure the share of inequality of opportunity in the total inequality of individual labor earnings for people aged 26-55 years,and separately for six birth cohorts and for female and male subsamples.Gender is revealed as the single most important circumstance determining nationwide individual labor earnings,with one's region of residence, father's occupation,father's education,birth cohort and holding rural or urban hukou also playing significant roles.A further investigation into the roles of circumstances and personal efforts (including education level,occupation,Communist Party membership, migration and marital status)confirms that circumstances play.an alarmingly high role in shaping labor earnings distribution in China,and reveals notable gender differences that cannot be attributed to personal effort alone.These results provide the basis for recommending ways to improve gender equality of opportunity in the future.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in primary aldosteronism(PA) patients with different genders and relationship between body mass index(BMI), age and MetS. Methods:This study include...Objective:To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in primary aldosteronism(PA) patients with different genders and relationship between body mass index(BMI), age and MetS. Methods:This study included 168 PA patients who were hospitalized in hypertension treatment center of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People' Hospital, including 94 male patients and 74 female patients and the backgrounds and biochemical parameters of two groups were compared. Based on this, the relationship between BMI, age and MetS were also analyzed. Results:The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in male patients with PA than female patients with PA(83.0% vs 58.1%,P<0.001). Compared to PA patients without MetS, PA patients with MetS had a higher level of BMI and greater prevalence of obesity (P<0.05). According to the BMI stratification analysis, we found the prevalence of MetS was higher in obese groups than non-obese groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the obese male patients with PA had higher prevalence of every component of MetS and prevalence of MetS with 5 metabolic factors compared to the non-obese group (P<0.05);while the obese female patients with PA only had higher prevalence of abdominal obesity compared to the non-obese group (P<0.001). Among the patients classified by age, the both prevalence of MetS was higher in male than female, and there was no male:female ratio inverted in patients with PA after menopause. Conclusions:The prevalence of MetS in male patients with PA was higher than female patients with PA. In addition, the obese groups had the higher prevalence of MetS than non-obese groups.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.71473267 and 71642003).
文摘This paper investigates the inequality of opportunity in China's labor earnings,defined as the component of inequality determined by personal circumstances that lie beyond the control of an individual,of which gender is one,as opposed to the component determined by personal efforts.Using the Survey of Women's Social Status in China (2010),we measure the share of inequality of opportunity in the total inequality of individual labor earnings for people aged 26-55 years,and separately for six birth cohorts and for female and male subsamples.Gender is revealed as the single most important circumstance determining nationwide individual labor earnings,with one's region of residence, father's occupation,father's education,birth cohort and holding rural or urban hukou also playing significant roles.A further investigation into the roles of circumstances and personal efforts (including education level,occupation,Communist Party membership, migration and marital status)confirms that circumstances play.an alarmingly high role in shaping labor earnings distribution in China,and reveals notable gender differences that cannot be attributed to personal effort alone.These results provide the basis for recommending ways to improve gender equality of opportunity in the future.
文摘This paper concentrates on social variation to explain how it works in English language and attempt to introduce it to the advanced Chinese learners.
基金National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical ResearchNon-profit Central Research Institute Fund of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2019PT330003).
文摘Objective:To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in primary aldosteronism(PA) patients with different genders and relationship between body mass index(BMI), age and MetS. Methods:This study included 168 PA patients who were hospitalized in hypertension treatment center of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People' Hospital, including 94 male patients and 74 female patients and the backgrounds and biochemical parameters of two groups were compared. Based on this, the relationship between BMI, age and MetS were also analyzed. Results:The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in male patients with PA than female patients with PA(83.0% vs 58.1%,P<0.001). Compared to PA patients without MetS, PA patients with MetS had a higher level of BMI and greater prevalence of obesity (P<0.05). According to the BMI stratification analysis, we found the prevalence of MetS was higher in obese groups than non-obese groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the obese male patients with PA had higher prevalence of every component of MetS and prevalence of MetS with 5 metabolic factors compared to the non-obese group (P<0.05);while the obese female patients with PA only had higher prevalence of abdominal obesity compared to the non-obese group (P<0.001). Among the patients classified by age, the both prevalence of MetS was higher in male than female, and there was no male:female ratio inverted in patients with PA after menopause. Conclusions:The prevalence of MetS in male patients with PA was higher than female patients with PA. In addition, the obese groups had the higher prevalence of MetS than non-obese groups.
