As a pivotal environmental factor,light,comprising intensity,photoperiod,and spectrum,governs the entire life cycle of strawberries by mediating alterations in the plant’s morphological,physiological,and biochemical ...As a pivotal environmental factor,light,comprising intensity,photoperiod,and spectrum,governs the entire life cycle of strawberries by mediating alterations in the plant’s morphological,physiological,and biochemical traits.Although extensive research has been conducted on light-mediated growth regulation in horticultural crops,most reviews focus primarily on leafy and fruiting vegetables,with limited attention given to berry crops such as strawberries.Additionally,most existing reviews concentrate on one or several growth stages,failing to systematically characterize light’s effects throughout the entire growth cycle and postharvest stage.This review briefly summarizes the regulatory roles of light across key stages of strawberry growth,including seedling propagation,vegetative growth,reproductive growth,and postharvest stages.It seeks to address the knowledge gap by systematically organizing research findings across these developmental phases.The integrated analysis provides a theoretical foundation for designing stage-specific lighting strategies to improve strawberry yield and quality.展开更多
Pinus radiata(D.Don)dominates New Zealand's forestry industry,constituting 91%of plantations,and is among the world's most important plantation species.Given the socio-economic and environmental importance of ...Pinus radiata(D.Don)dominates New Zealand's forestry industry,constituting 91%of plantations,and is among the world's most important plantation species.Given the socio-economic and environmental importance of this species,it is important to have accurate and precise projections over time to make efficient decisions for forest management and greenfield investments in afforestation projects,especially for permanent carbon forests.Future projections of any natural resource systems rely on modeling;however,the acceleration of climate change makes future projections of yield less certain.These challenges also impact national expectations of the contribution planted forests will provide to address climate change and meet international commitments under the Paris Agreement.Using a large national-scale set of contemporary ground-measured data(2013–2023),this study investigates the performance of two growth models developed over 30 years ago that are widely used by NZ plantation growers:1)the Pumice Plateau Model 1988(PPM88)and 2)the 300-index(including a model variant of regional drift).Model simulations were made using the FORECASTER modeling suite with geographic boundaries to adjust for drift in space and time.Basal area(BA,m^(2)⋅ha^(-1))and volume(m^(3)⋅ha^(-1))were simulated,and standard errors and goodness-of-fit metrics calculated up to a typical rotation age of 30 years.Model residuals were then separated and analysed for the main plantation growing regions.The models overpredicted observed growth by between 6.8%and 16.2%,but model predictions and errors varied significantly between regions.The results of this study provided clear evidence of divergence between the outputs of both models and the measured data.Finally,this study suggests future measures to address challenges posed by these discrepancies that will provide better information for forest management and investment decisions in a changing climate.展开更多
Intra-annual climatic variability plays a critical role in regulating wood formation dynamics during the growing season,particularly in seasonally arid regions—such as the Qinling Mountains,China,and Mediterranean fo...Intra-annual climatic variability plays a critical role in regulating wood formation dynamics during the growing season,particularly in seasonally arid regions—such as the Qinling Mountains,China,and Mediterranean forests—where trees exhibit bimodal radial growth patterns as an adaptive response to water stress.While these growth patterns reflect immediate climatic conditions,the role of ecological memory,specifically vegetation growth carryover(VGC)and lagged climate effects(LCEs),remains poorly quantified.We employed the Vaganov–Shashkin(VS)model to analyze intra-annual bimodal growth patterns in two regions and used a vector autoregressive model with impulse response functions to assess the duration and intensity of VGC and LCE on tree-ring growth and remote sensing vegetation indices(leaf area index(LAI)and gross primary productivity(GPP)).Our results revealed bimodal growth patterns with spring and autumn peaks,but the autumn peak occurred earlier in the Qinling Mountains(August–October)than in Mediterranean forests(late September–October).VGC exerted the strongest influence on tree-ring growth in the first year,diminishing significantly after eight years in both regions(p<0.01).Tree-ring growth exhibited positive LCE responses to precipitation and soil moisture but negative responses to temperature(p<0.05).Remote sensing indices(LAI and GPP)displayed stronger VGC effects in the Qinling Mountains than in Mediterranean forests.While both LAI and GPP responded positively to soil moisture,temperature-induced LCE was positive in the Qinling Mountains but negative in the Mediterranean forests(p<0.05).Overall,VGC was the dominant ecological memory effect in both regions.Our results suggest that coupling the VGC and LCE of multiple vegetation growth indicators at multiple scales has the potential to improve the accuracy of global dynamic vegetation models.展开更多
Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene express...Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene expression patterns in the dorsal root ganglias of young adult and aged animals following sciatic nerve injury.In young adult animals,two transforming growth factor beta-related factors,activin A and angiopoietin 2,were found to be upregulated post nerve injury.Treatment of isolated dorsal root ganglia explants and cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons of neonatal and young adult rats with recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein stimulated neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation.The administration of recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein to sciatic nerve crush-injured dorsal root ganglias also supported the growth of sensory neurons and facilitated nerve regeneration in both young adult and aged rats.Using RNA sequencing,we characterized genetic changes in dorsal root ganglia neurons following recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 treatment,revealing the unique mechanisms of these transforming growth factor beta-related factors.Recombinant activin A elicited changes in the gene expression of cytoskeleton-related Gper1 and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling,while angiopoietin 2 increased the expression of the transcription factor gene E2f2.Our identification of activin A and angiopoietin 2 as crucial promotional factors of axonal regeneration may guide future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nerve injury.展开更多
The fatigue crack growth rate of a novel Ti-6Al-4V-1Mo titanium alloy,which is developed for laser directed energy deposition technique,was investigated before and after cyclic heat treatment(CHT).Changes in microstru...The fatigue crack growth rate of a novel Ti-6Al-4V-1Mo titanium alloy,which is developed for laser directed energy deposition technique,was investigated before and after cyclic heat treatment(CHT).Changes in microstructure,fracture surfaces,and crack growth paths were analyzed before and after CHT.Results indicate that in the stable crack growth region,the growth rates for the as-deposited and cyclic heat-treated specimens follow the relationships da/dN=1.8651×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.2271)and da/dN=1.4112×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.1125),respectively.Compared with that at the as-deposited state,the microstructure after CHT is transformed from a uniform basket-weave microstructure to a dual-phase microstructure consisting of near-sphericalαandβ-transformed matrix phases.The cyclic process also disrupts the continuity of the grain boundaryα(αGB)at the primaryβ-phase grain boundary.The coarsening of primaryαand the disruption ofαGB continuity are the primary factors to release stress concentration and promote crack deflection,thereby decreasing the fatigue crack growth rate.Additionally,the increased occurrence of crack branching,secondary cracking,and crack bridging in cyclic heat-treated specimens further reduces the crack driving force and slows the fatigue crack growth rate.展开更多
The synthesis of high-quality heteroepitaxial diamond films on iridium composite substrates is a critical step toward advancing diamond for electronic and optical applications.Microwave plasma chemical vapor depositio...The synthesis of high-quality heteroepitaxial diamond films on iridium composite substrates is a critical step toward advancing diamond for electronic and optical applications.Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition,combined with in situ optical emission spectroscopy,enables precise control over growth modes through plasma parameter tuning.In this study,we examine how methane concentration,microwave power,and gas pressure influence plasma species and,consequently,the growth modes of heteroepitaxial diamond by optical emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope.At low nucleation densities,increased methane concentrations promote the transition from faceted polyhedral to ballas structures,driven by elevated C_(2) radical concentrations in the plasma.Conversely,at higher nucleation densities,gas pressure,and substrate temperature dominate growth mode determination,leading to diverse morphologies,such as planar,polycrystalline,octahedral,and step-flow growth.These findings elucidate the interplay among plasma species,growth parameters,and growth mode,offering critical insights for optimizing growth conditions and preparing heteroepitaxial diamond films in a specific growth mode.展开更多
The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is suscept...The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.展开更多
Adult neurogenesis continuously produces new neurons critical for cognitive plasticity in adult rodents.While it is known transforming growth factor-βsignaling is important in embryonic neurogenesis,its role in postn...Adult neurogenesis continuously produces new neurons critical for cognitive plasticity in adult rodents.While it is known transforming growth factor-βsignaling is important in embryonic neurogenesis,its role in postnatal neurogenesis remains unclear.In this study,to define the precise role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in postnatal neurogenesis at distinct stages of the neurogenic cascade both in vitro and in vivo,we developed two novel inducible and cell type-specific mouse models to specifically silence transforming growth factor-βsignaling in neural stem cells in(mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9)or immature neuroblasts in(DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9).Our data showed that exogenous transforming growth factor-βtreatment led to inhibition of the proliferation of primary neural stem cells while stimulating their migration.These effects were abolished in activin-like kinase 5(ALK5)knockout primary neural stem cells.Consistent with this,inhibition of transforming growth factor-βsignaling with SB-431542 in wild-type neural stem cells stimulated proliferation while inhibited the migration of neural stem cells.Interestingly,deletion of transforming growth factor-βreceptor in neural stem cells in vivo inhibited the migration of postnatal born neurons in mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice,while abolishment of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in immature neuroblasts in DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice did not affect the migration of these cells in the hippocampus.In summary,our data supports a dual role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells in vitro.Moreover,our data provides novel insights on cell type-specific-dependent requirements of transforming growth factor-βsignaling on neural stem cell proliferation and migration in vivo.展开更多
The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the cent...The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.展开更多
Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment ...Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment and physiological activities of tomato seedlings in seedbeds by controlled experiments.The results indicated that airflow could enhance CO_(2) concentration near the seedling canopy,accelerate water evaporation from the seedling substrate,and reduce fluctuations in the temperature and humidity in microclimate.The photosynthetic rates of leaves at the 4th,7th,and 10th positions in seedlings subjected to airflow increased by 25.04%,8.23%,and 8.47%,respectively,whereas the transpiration rates increased by 15.59%,22.28%,and 13.26%,respectively when compared to the control group.Additionally,the strong seedling index of seedlings treated with airflow and exogenous iron element increased by 26.02%and 31.5%,respectively.Compared to seedlings treated with exogenous iron element,the geometric mean diameter of the pith tissue cells in the stems of seedlings subjected to airflow disturbance was reduced by approximately 18.66%,while the elastic modulus and bending strength of the stems increased by 10.01%and 5.89%,respectively.Similarly,the volume of root tissue cells decreased by 19.22%,but the elastic modulus of the roots increased by 6.46%.This study confirms that airflow significantly enhances seedling resilience to abiotic stress,yielding similar or better outcomes than exogenous iron application.It provides both theoretical and practical support for using airflow disturbance as a green technology for cultivating robust seedlings.展开更多
As sessile organisms,plants must adapt various stresses.Accordingly,they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes.WRKY53 is a member of the WRKY transcription factor family,which plays a ...As sessile organisms,plants must adapt various stresses.Accordingly,they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes.WRKY53 is a member of the WRKY transcription factor family,which plays a crucial role in rice growth and development,stress response,and hormone signal transduction.This review discusses the role of WRKY53 in stress response,focusing on its functions in cold tolerance,salt tolerance,disease resistance,and pest defense,and explores its role in regulating rice leaf senescence and seed germination.This article also proposes future research directions,including functional genomics studies,protein interaction network analyses,hormone signal transduction pathways,genetic improvement strategies,applications of gene editing technologies,molecular basis of stress responses,cross-species functional conservation,and bioinformatics and comparative genomics research.This review highlights the importance of WRKY53 in rice biology and provides new perspectives and strategies for future research and genetic improvement of rice.展开更多
Tree plantations are globally significant,and therefore,growth-related challenges cannot be ignored.Canopy structure and light environment influence the growth of plantations,but the precise relationship remains uncle...Tree plantations are globally significant,and therefore,growth-related challenges cannot be ignored.Canopy structure and light environment influence the growth of plantations,but the precise relationship remains unclear.We selected seven-year-old poplar plantations of varying cultivars planted various densities and measured their growth,canopy structure,and light environment.The findings indicate that poplar plantations of different cultivars and at different planting densities showed variations in leaf area index(LAI),average leaf angle(ALA),crown length(CL),length ratio(CLR),roundness(CR)and surface area(CSA),which directly or indirectly affect growth,resulting in disparities in their growing conditions.Crown roundness directly impacted growth,while LAI,CLR and ALA influenced growth indirectly by affecting intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.LAI and CLR had a positive effect;ALA had a negative one.Crown length and surface area directly and indirectly influenced growth by affecting photo synthetically active radiation and net photo synthetic rate,with direct impacts being more pronounced.This research has clarified the regulatory role of canopy structure in plantations growth,providing valuable insights for developing more effective management strategies.展开更多
Hair loss,a multifactorial disorder characterized by follicular miniaturization and excessive shedding,significantly impairs psychological well-being and quality of life.Cyperus rotundus rhizome(CR),a traditional Chin...Hair loss,a multifactorial disorder characterized by follicular miniaturization and excessive shedding,significantly impairs psychological well-being and quality of life.Cyperus rotundus rhizome(CR),a traditional Chinese medicine used for various ailments,has not been evaluated for efficacy in treating hair loss.This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of the hair growth-promoting effects of ethanol extract from CR on mouse primary dermal papilla cells(MDPCs)and human immortalized hair DPCs(IHHDPCs),employing cell counting kit-8(CCK-8),scratch assay,reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-q PCR),and Western blot(WB).CR treatment activated the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway by upregulating Wnt10b,increasingβ-Catenin protein levels and promoting its nuclear translocation,while simultaneously downregulating transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1),BMP4,and dickkopf-related protein 1(DKK1)in MDPCs.These molecular changes enhanced cell proliferation and increased secretion of key growth factors—insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1),keratinocyte growth factor(KGF),and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)—thereby stimulating hair growth and prolonging the anagen phase,which was confirmed in an ex vivo hair follicle(HF)organ culture model.Chromatographic analysis identified the petroleum ether fraction(CRP),enriched in sesquiterpenes,as the primary bioactive component.Both CR and CRP promoted IHHDPC proliferation,migration,and growth factor expression through activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway,with CRP exhibiting superior bioactivity.Furthermore,both treatments stimulated HF cycling,increased follicular density,and upregulated Ki67 andβ-Catenin expression in the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice.Collectively,these findings demonstrate that CR and CRP promote hair growth and modulate the hair cycle via enhancement of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling,providing a scientific basis for the potential clinical application of C.rotundus rhizomes in hair loss therapy and the development of related pharmaceuticals or cosmetics.展开更多
Extreme climate events(e.g.,heatwaves and droughts)are becoming increasingly frequent due to global climate change,which inevitably affects tree growth and various other ecological processes.While the impacts of droug...Extreme climate events(e.g.,heatwaves and droughts)are becoming increasingly frequent due to global climate change,which inevitably affects tree growth and various other ecological processes.While the impacts of droughts on these processes have been widely evaluated,the effects of heatwaves on tree growth and soil water content(SWC)remain poorly understood,particularly those related to thinning treatment.In this study,we evaluated the impacts of the 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave and thinning on forest growth and SWC,as well as assessed how thinning might mitigate the heatwave's impacts in lodgepole pine forests in British Columbia,Canada.We measured meteorological data(air temperature,rainfall,solar radiation(SR),relative humidity(RH),and wind speed(W_(s)),sap flow,SWC,soil temperature(T_(s)),and tree diameters at the breast height(DBH)during the growing season(June–September)in the control(27,000 stems·ha^(-1)),lightly thinned(4,500 stems·ha^(-1)),and heavily thinned(1,100 stems·ha^(-1))experimental plots from 2018 to 2024.We found that thinning persistently and significantly(p<0.05)increased individual tree growth,with the most pronounced effects in the heavily thinned stands.The 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave led to an exceptionally hot growing season,significantly(p<0.05)reducing forest growth and SWC across all plots.Forest growth recovered in 2022 in the thinned plots but remained suppressed in the unthinned plots,suggesting that thinning effectively mitigated the impact of the heatwave on forest growth,while the heatwave's impacts were persistent in the unthinned plots.Our study highlights that thinning is a practical management strategy for improving tree growth and supporting climate change adaptation to extreme climate events.展开更多
In fatigue damage tolerance verification tests of aircraft structures,the simulation and loading of flight-byflight spectra require considerable time and resources.To improve the efficiency of load spectrum design and...In fatigue damage tolerance verification tests of aircraft structures,the simulation and loading of flight-byflight spectra require considerable time and resources.To improve the efficiency of load spectrum design and testing,an equivalent constant-amplitude spectrum design method for flight-by-flight spectra is proposed based on the equivalence of crack growth behavior.By combining the Paris crack growth model with the Walker stress ratio correction,the equivalent stress amplitude is directly calculated using structural parameters and load spectrum characteristics,enabling a rapid transformation from variable-amplitude spectra to constant-amplitude spectra.The original spectrum is discretized based on the load-exceedance curve,and the equivalence relationship between multilevel block spectra and constant-amplitude spectra is established.Taking a typical lower wing skin structure of a transport aircraft as an example,two equivalent spectra are designed and validated through fatigue crack growth tests on 2024-T351 center-hole plate specimens.The experimental results show that the fatigue life deviation between the equivalent spectra and the original flight-by-flight spectrum is within 10%,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.Moreover,the equivalent spectrum constructed under the condition of invariant mean flight stress exhibits higher equivalence accuracy.The influence of spectral shape on the equivalent stress amplitude is further analyzed,revealing that the equivalent stress amplitude increases with the spectrum shape coefficient.The proposed method provides a useful reference for load spectrum design in aircraft structural damage tolerance verification tests.展开更多
The published article titled“MicroRNA-138 Inhibits Cell Growth,Invasion,and EMT of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via SOX4/p53 Feedback Loop”has been retracted fromOncology Research,Vol.26,No.3,2018,pp.385–400.DOI:10.3...The published article titled“MicroRNA-138 Inhibits Cell Growth,Invasion,and EMT of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via SOX4/p53 Feedback Loop”has been retracted fromOncology Research,Vol.26,No.3,2018,pp.385–400.DOI:10.3727/096504017X14973124850905 URL:https://www.techscience.com/or/v26n3/56651 Following the publication,concerns have been raised about a number of figures in this article.An unexpected area of similarity was identified in terms of the cellular data,where the results from differently performed experiments were intended to have been shown,although the areas immediately surrounding this area featured comparatively different distributions of cells.In addition,the western blots in this article were presented with atypical,unusually shaped and possibly anomalous protein bands in many cases.展开更多
In the countryside of east Zhejiang Province,a quiet village has hit a home run.Xujiadai,once a place known for pig farming and environmental pollution,is drawing visitors from across China with a sport still uncommon...In the countryside of east Zhejiang Province,a quiet village has hit a home run.Xujiadai,once a place known for pig farming and environmental pollution,is drawing visitors from across China with a sport still uncommon in the country:baseball.展开更多
As the global economy navigates through a complex landscape of uncertainty and shifting dynamics,the Chinese economy stands out for its remarkable resilience,inherent vitality,and steadfast commitment to a transformat...As the global economy navigates through a complex landscape of uncertainty and shifting dynamics,the Chinese economy stands out for its remarkable resilience,inherent vitality,and steadfast commitment to a transformative,high-quality development path.The latest economic indicators,strategic policy guidance from the Central Economic Work Conference,and a surge in international confidence collectively present a picture of an economy not merely recovering,but actively building its new growth engines.China is transitioning towards a more sustainable and innovation-driven model,with new quality productive forces playing an increasingly prominent role.展开更多
Background:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a highly lethal malignancy driven by both intrinsic oncogenic pathways and immune microenvironmental regulation.Emerging evidence suggests that DNASE1L3 may influence tumor b...Background:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a highly lethal malignancy driven by both intrinsic oncogenic pathways and immune microenvironmental regulation.Emerging evidence suggests that DNASE1L3 may influence tumor biology and immune responses;however,its specific roles in HCC progression and macrophage-mediated regulation remain unclear.This study aimed to elucidate the biological functions of DNASE1L3 in HCC and to determine how it modulates tumor behavior and immune interactions.Methods:Bioinformatics analyses of the GSE41804 and Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma(TCGA-LIHC)datasets were used to identify hub genes.Functional assays assessed the impact of DNASE1L3 on HCC cell proliferation,migration,invasion,and cell cycle progression.The effects of DNASE1L3 on macrophage polarization and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were examined using a co-culture system.An HCC organoid model was established to further validate its regulatory function.Results:Eight prognostic signature genes were identified,with deoxyribonuclease I-like 3(DNase I-like 3)selected as the hub gene.DNASE1L3 overexpression suppressed HCC cell growth,inhibited migration and invasion,induced G1 arrest,and modulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)markers.DNASE1L3 knockdown promoted M2-like macrophage polarization.Mechanistically,DNASE1L3 interacted withβ-catenin to enhance its ubiquitination and degradation,thereby inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and reducing PD-L1 expression.DNASE1L3 overexpression similarly restricted organoid growth and suppressed pathway activity.Conclusion:DNASE1L3 acts as a negative regulator of HCC progression by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and reducing PD-L1 expression,thereby influencing both tumor cell behavior and macrophage-mediated immune responses.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1001700)the Unveiling and Leading Projects(2022kj05)+1 种基金Yafu Technology Innovation Team of Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry(2024kj02)the Innovation&Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Qingdao Agricultural University(QNDC20250149).
文摘As a pivotal environmental factor,light,comprising intensity,photoperiod,and spectrum,governs the entire life cycle of strawberries by mediating alterations in the plant’s morphological,physiological,and biochemical traits.Although extensive research has been conducted on light-mediated growth regulation in horticultural crops,most reviews focus primarily on leafy and fruiting vegetables,with limited attention given to berry crops such as strawberries.Additionally,most existing reviews concentrate on one or several growth stages,failing to systematically characterize light’s effects throughout the entire growth cycle and postharvest stage.This review briefly summarizes the regulatory roles of light across key stages of strawberry growth,including seedling propagation,vegetative growth,reproductive growth,and postharvest stages.It seeks to address the knowledge gap by systematically organizing research findings across these developmental phases.The integrated analysis provides a theoretical foundation for designing stage-specific lighting strategies to improve strawberry yield and quality.
基金funded by Scion's Strategic Science Investment Fund(SSIF)the Forest Growers Levy Trust(FGLT)through the Resilient Forests Programme(Task No.A89220)。
文摘Pinus radiata(D.Don)dominates New Zealand's forestry industry,constituting 91%of plantations,and is among the world's most important plantation species.Given the socio-economic and environmental importance of this species,it is important to have accurate and precise projections over time to make efficient decisions for forest management and greenfield investments in afforestation projects,especially for permanent carbon forests.Future projections of any natural resource systems rely on modeling;however,the acceleration of climate change makes future projections of yield less certain.These challenges also impact national expectations of the contribution planted forests will provide to address climate change and meet international commitments under the Paris Agreement.Using a large national-scale set of contemporary ground-measured data(2013–2023),this study investigates the performance of two growth models developed over 30 years ago that are widely used by NZ plantation growers:1)the Pumice Plateau Model 1988(PPM88)and 2)the 300-index(including a model variant of regional drift).Model simulations were made using the FORECASTER modeling suite with geographic boundaries to adjust for drift in space and time.Basal area(BA,m^(2)⋅ha^(-1))and volume(m^(3)⋅ha^(-1))were simulated,and standard errors and goodness-of-fit metrics calculated up to a typical rotation age of 30 years.Model residuals were then separated and analysed for the main plantation growing regions.The models overpredicted observed growth by between 6.8%and 16.2%,but model predictions and errors varied significantly between regions.The results of this study provided clear evidence of divergence between the outputs of both models and the measured data.Finally,this study suggests future measures to address challenges posed by these discrepancies that will provide better information for forest management and investment decisions in a changing climate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42277448,42330501,41971104,and 41807431)。
文摘Intra-annual climatic variability plays a critical role in regulating wood formation dynamics during the growing season,particularly in seasonally arid regions—such as the Qinling Mountains,China,and Mediterranean forests—where trees exhibit bimodal radial growth patterns as an adaptive response to water stress.While these growth patterns reflect immediate climatic conditions,the role of ecological memory,specifically vegetation growth carryover(VGC)and lagged climate effects(LCEs),remains poorly quantified.We employed the Vaganov–Shashkin(VS)model to analyze intra-annual bimodal growth patterns in two regions and used a vector autoregressive model with impulse response functions to assess the duration and intensity of VGC and LCE on tree-ring growth and remote sensing vegetation indices(leaf area index(LAI)and gross primary productivity(GPP)).Our results revealed bimodal growth patterns with spring and autumn peaks,but the autumn peak occurred earlier in the Qinling Mountains(August–October)than in Mediterranean forests(late September–October).VGC exerted the strongest influence on tree-ring growth in the first year,diminishing significantly after eight years in both regions(p<0.01).Tree-ring growth exhibited positive LCE responses to precipitation and soil moisture but negative responses to temperature(p<0.05).Remote sensing indices(LAI and GPP)displayed stronger VGC effects in the Qinling Mountains than in Mediterranean forests.While both LAI and GPP responded positively to soil moisture,temperature-induced LCE was positive in the Qinling Mountains but negative in the Mediterranean forests(p<0.05).Overall,VGC was the dominant ecological memory effect in both regions.Our results suggest that coupling the VGC and LCE of multiple vegetation growth indicators at multiple scales has the potential to improve the accuracy of global dynamic vegetation models.
基金supported by Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.92368207Frontier Leading Technology BasicResearch Major Project of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20232023(both to XG).
文摘Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene expression patterns in the dorsal root ganglias of young adult and aged animals following sciatic nerve injury.In young adult animals,two transforming growth factor beta-related factors,activin A and angiopoietin 2,were found to be upregulated post nerve injury.Treatment of isolated dorsal root ganglia explants and cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons of neonatal and young adult rats with recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein stimulated neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation.The administration of recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein to sciatic nerve crush-injured dorsal root ganglias also supported the growth of sensory neurons and facilitated nerve regeneration in both young adult and aged rats.Using RNA sequencing,we characterized genetic changes in dorsal root ganglia neurons following recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 treatment,revealing the unique mechanisms of these transforming growth factor beta-related factors.Recombinant activin A elicited changes in the gene expression of cytoskeleton-related Gper1 and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling,while angiopoietin 2 increased the expression of the transcription factor gene E2f2.Our identification of activin A and angiopoietin 2 as crucial promotional factors of axonal regeneration may guide future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nerve injury.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFB4610803)。
文摘The fatigue crack growth rate of a novel Ti-6Al-4V-1Mo titanium alloy,which is developed for laser directed energy deposition technique,was investigated before and after cyclic heat treatment(CHT).Changes in microstructure,fracture surfaces,and crack growth paths were analyzed before and after CHT.Results indicate that in the stable crack growth region,the growth rates for the as-deposited and cyclic heat-treated specimens follow the relationships da/dN=1.8651×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.2271)and da/dN=1.4112×10^(−8)(ΔK)^(3.1125),respectively.Compared with that at the as-deposited state,the microstructure after CHT is transformed from a uniform basket-weave microstructure to a dual-phase microstructure consisting of near-sphericalαandβ-transformed matrix phases.The cyclic process also disrupts the continuity of the grain boundaryα(αGB)at the primaryβ-phase grain boundary.The coarsening of primaryαand the disruption ofαGB continuity are the primary factors to release stress concentration and promote crack deflection,thereby decreasing the fatigue crack growth rate.Additionally,the increased occurrence of crack branching,secondary cracking,and crack bridging in cyclic heat-treated specimens further reduces the crack driving force and slows the fatigue crack growth rate.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3608602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62404215 and 62574199)Instrument and Equipment Development Project of CAS(Grant No.PTYQ2024TD0003)。
文摘The synthesis of high-quality heteroepitaxial diamond films on iridium composite substrates is a critical step toward advancing diamond for electronic and optical applications.Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition,combined with in situ optical emission spectroscopy,enables precise control over growth modes through plasma parameter tuning.In this study,we examine how methane concentration,microwave power,and gas pressure influence plasma species and,consequently,the growth modes of heteroepitaxial diamond by optical emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope.At low nucleation densities,increased methane concentrations promote the transition from faceted polyhedral to ballas structures,driven by elevated C_(2) radical concentrations in the plasma.Conversely,at higher nucleation densities,gas pressure,and substrate temperature dominate growth mode determination,leading to diverse morphologies,such as planar,polycrystalline,octahedral,and step-flow growth.These findings elucidate the interplay among plasma species,growth parameters,and growth mode,offering critical insights for optimizing growth conditions and preparing heteroepitaxial diamond films in a specific growth mode.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379044,22472053)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23520710700)+6 种基金the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22239001)the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research(22TQ1400100-5)the ShanghaiMunicipal Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JKD01251505,JKVD1251041)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20250071)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials(18DZ2252400)the Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism(Shanghai Municipal Education Commission)。
文摘The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.
基金supported by NIH grants,Nos.R01NS125074,R01AG083164,R01NS107365,and R21NS127177(to YL),1F31NS129204-01A1(to KW)and Albert Ryan Fellowship(to KW).
文摘Adult neurogenesis continuously produces new neurons critical for cognitive plasticity in adult rodents.While it is known transforming growth factor-βsignaling is important in embryonic neurogenesis,its role in postnatal neurogenesis remains unclear.In this study,to define the precise role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in postnatal neurogenesis at distinct stages of the neurogenic cascade both in vitro and in vivo,we developed two novel inducible and cell type-specific mouse models to specifically silence transforming growth factor-βsignaling in neural stem cells in(mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9)or immature neuroblasts in(DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9).Our data showed that exogenous transforming growth factor-βtreatment led to inhibition of the proliferation of primary neural stem cells while stimulating their migration.These effects were abolished in activin-like kinase 5(ALK5)knockout primary neural stem cells.Consistent with this,inhibition of transforming growth factor-βsignaling with SB-431542 in wild-type neural stem cells stimulated proliferation while inhibited the migration of neural stem cells.Interestingly,deletion of transforming growth factor-βreceptor in neural stem cells in vivo inhibited the migration of postnatal born neurons in mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice,while abolishment of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in immature neuroblasts in DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice did not affect the migration of these cells in the hippocampus.In summary,our data supports a dual role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells in vitro.Moreover,our data provides novel insights on cell type-specific-dependent requirements of transforming growth factor-βsignaling on neural stem cell proliferation and migration in vivo.
基金supported by the Wellcome Trust(grant No.103852).
文摘The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.
基金supported by an International Cooperation Key Plan of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2022KWZ-12)an Agricultural Science Innovation and Transformation Project of Shaanxi Province[Grant No.NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)12]a High-End Foreign Expert Recruitment Program(Grant No.G2022172006L).
文摘Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment and physiological activities of tomato seedlings in seedbeds by controlled experiments.The results indicated that airflow could enhance CO_(2) concentration near the seedling canopy,accelerate water evaporation from the seedling substrate,and reduce fluctuations in the temperature and humidity in microclimate.The photosynthetic rates of leaves at the 4th,7th,and 10th positions in seedlings subjected to airflow increased by 25.04%,8.23%,and 8.47%,respectively,whereas the transpiration rates increased by 15.59%,22.28%,and 13.26%,respectively when compared to the control group.Additionally,the strong seedling index of seedlings treated with airflow and exogenous iron element increased by 26.02%and 31.5%,respectively.Compared to seedlings treated with exogenous iron element,the geometric mean diameter of the pith tissue cells in the stems of seedlings subjected to airflow disturbance was reduced by approximately 18.66%,while the elastic modulus and bending strength of the stems increased by 10.01%and 5.89%,respectively.Similarly,the volume of root tissue cells decreased by 19.22%,but the elastic modulus of the roots increased by 6.46%.This study confirms that airflow significantly enhances seedling resilience to abiotic stress,yielding similar or better outcomes than exogenous iron application.It provides both theoretical and practical support for using airflow disturbance as a green technology for cultivating robust seedlings.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.2024AFB917).
文摘As sessile organisms,plants must adapt various stresses.Accordingly,they have evolved several plant-specific growth and developmental processes.WRKY53 is a member of the WRKY transcription factor family,which plays a crucial role in rice growth and development,stress response,and hormone signal transduction.This review discusses the role of WRKY53 in stress response,focusing on its functions in cold tolerance,salt tolerance,disease resistance,and pest defense,and explores its role in regulating rice leaf senescence and seed germination.This article also proposes future research directions,including functional genomics studies,protein interaction network analyses,hormone signal transduction pathways,genetic improvement strategies,applications of gene editing technologies,molecular basis of stress responses,cross-species functional conservation,and bioinformatics and comparative genomics research.This review highlights the importance of WRKY53 in rice biology and provides new perspectives and strategies for future research and genetic improvement of rice.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD2201203)the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001311)。
文摘Tree plantations are globally significant,and therefore,growth-related challenges cannot be ignored.Canopy structure and light environment influence the growth of plantations,but the precise relationship remains unclear.We selected seven-year-old poplar plantations of varying cultivars planted various densities and measured their growth,canopy structure,and light environment.The findings indicate that poplar plantations of different cultivars and at different planting densities showed variations in leaf area index(LAI),average leaf angle(ALA),crown length(CL),length ratio(CLR),roundness(CR)and surface area(CSA),which directly or indirectly affect growth,resulting in disparities in their growing conditions.Crown roundness directly impacted growth,while LAI,CLR and ALA influenced growth indirectly by affecting intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.LAI and CLR had a positive effect;ALA had a negative one.Crown length and surface area directly and indirectly influenced growth by affecting photo synthetically active radiation and net photo synthetic rate,with direct impacts being more pronounced.This research has clarified the regulatory role of canopy structure in plantations growth,providing valuable insights for developing more effective management strategies.
基金supported by the Start-up Fund of China Pharmaceutical University(No.3150020057)。
文摘Hair loss,a multifactorial disorder characterized by follicular miniaturization and excessive shedding,significantly impairs psychological well-being and quality of life.Cyperus rotundus rhizome(CR),a traditional Chinese medicine used for various ailments,has not been evaluated for efficacy in treating hair loss.This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of the hair growth-promoting effects of ethanol extract from CR on mouse primary dermal papilla cells(MDPCs)and human immortalized hair DPCs(IHHDPCs),employing cell counting kit-8(CCK-8),scratch assay,reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-q PCR),and Western blot(WB).CR treatment activated the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway by upregulating Wnt10b,increasingβ-Catenin protein levels and promoting its nuclear translocation,while simultaneously downregulating transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1),BMP4,and dickkopf-related protein 1(DKK1)in MDPCs.These molecular changes enhanced cell proliferation and increased secretion of key growth factors—insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1),keratinocyte growth factor(KGF),and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)—thereby stimulating hair growth and prolonging the anagen phase,which was confirmed in an ex vivo hair follicle(HF)organ culture model.Chromatographic analysis identified the petroleum ether fraction(CRP),enriched in sesquiterpenes,as the primary bioactive component.Both CR and CRP promoted IHHDPC proliferation,migration,and growth factor expression through activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway,with CRP exhibiting superior bioactivity.Furthermore,both treatments stimulated HF cycling,increased follicular density,and upregulated Ki67 andβ-Catenin expression in the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice.Collectively,these findings demonstrate that CR and CRP promote hair growth and modulate the hair cycle via enhancement of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling,providing a scientific basis for the potential clinical application of C.rotundus rhizomes in hair loss therapy and the development of related pharmaceuticals or cosmetics.
基金supported by the British Columbia Ministry of Forces through long-term annual contracts with University of British Columbia(Okanagan)(No.RE25SIR242)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC),Discovery Grants Program(No.RGPIN-2021-02628)+1 种基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M760387)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Financial Assistance(No.LBH-Z24062)。
文摘Extreme climate events(e.g.,heatwaves and droughts)are becoming increasingly frequent due to global climate change,which inevitably affects tree growth and various other ecological processes.While the impacts of droughts on these processes have been widely evaluated,the effects of heatwaves on tree growth and soil water content(SWC)remain poorly understood,particularly those related to thinning treatment.In this study,we evaluated the impacts of the 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave and thinning on forest growth and SWC,as well as assessed how thinning might mitigate the heatwave's impacts in lodgepole pine forests in British Columbia,Canada.We measured meteorological data(air temperature,rainfall,solar radiation(SR),relative humidity(RH),and wind speed(W_(s)),sap flow,SWC,soil temperature(T_(s)),and tree diameters at the breast height(DBH)during the growing season(June–September)in the control(27,000 stems·ha^(-1)),lightly thinned(4,500 stems·ha^(-1)),and heavily thinned(1,100 stems·ha^(-1))experimental plots from 2018 to 2024.We found that thinning persistently and significantly(p<0.05)increased individual tree growth,with the most pronounced effects in the heavily thinned stands.The 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave led to an exceptionally hot growing season,significantly(p<0.05)reducing forest growth and SWC across all plots.Forest growth recovered in 2022 in the thinned plots but remained suppressed in the unthinned plots,suggesting that thinning effectively mitigated the impact of the heatwave on forest growth,while the heatwave's impacts were persistent in the unthinned plots.Our study highlights that thinning is a practical management strategy for improving tree growth and supporting climate change adaptation to extreme climate events.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52075244).
文摘In fatigue damage tolerance verification tests of aircraft structures,the simulation and loading of flight-byflight spectra require considerable time and resources.To improve the efficiency of load spectrum design and testing,an equivalent constant-amplitude spectrum design method for flight-by-flight spectra is proposed based on the equivalence of crack growth behavior.By combining the Paris crack growth model with the Walker stress ratio correction,the equivalent stress amplitude is directly calculated using structural parameters and load spectrum characteristics,enabling a rapid transformation from variable-amplitude spectra to constant-amplitude spectra.The original spectrum is discretized based on the load-exceedance curve,and the equivalence relationship between multilevel block spectra and constant-amplitude spectra is established.Taking a typical lower wing skin structure of a transport aircraft as an example,two equivalent spectra are designed and validated through fatigue crack growth tests on 2024-T351 center-hole plate specimens.The experimental results show that the fatigue life deviation between the equivalent spectra and the original flight-by-flight spectrum is within 10%,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.Moreover,the equivalent spectrum constructed under the condition of invariant mean flight stress exhibits higher equivalence accuracy.The influence of spectral shape on the equivalent stress amplitude is further analyzed,revealing that the equivalent stress amplitude increases with the spectrum shape coefficient.The proposed method provides a useful reference for load spectrum design in aircraft structural damage tolerance verification tests.
文摘The published article titled“MicroRNA-138 Inhibits Cell Growth,Invasion,and EMT of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via SOX4/p53 Feedback Loop”has been retracted fromOncology Research,Vol.26,No.3,2018,pp.385–400.DOI:10.3727/096504017X14973124850905 URL:https://www.techscience.com/or/v26n3/56651 Following the publication,concerns have been raised about a number of figures in this article.An unexpected area of similarity was identified in terms of the cellular data,where the results from differently performed experiments were intended to have been shown,although the areas immediately surrounding this area featured comparatively different distributions of cells.In addition,the western blots in this article were presented with atypical,unusually shaped and possibly anomalous protein bands in many cases.
文摘In the countryside of east Zhejiang Province,a quiet village has hit a home run.Xujiadai,once a place known for pig farming and environmental pollution,is drawing visitors from across China with a sport still uncommon in the country:baseball.
文摘As the global economy navigates through a complex landscape of uncertainty and shifting dynamics,the Chinese economy stands out for its remarkable resilience,inherent vitality,and steadfast commitment to a transformative,high-quality development path.The latest economic indicators,strategic policy guidance from the Central Economic Work Conference,and a surge in international confidence collectively present a picture of an economy not merely recovering,but actively building its new growth engines.China is transitioning towards a more sustainable and innovation-driven model,with new quality productive forces playing an increasingly prominent role.
基金funded by Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Project(22140901100)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging(18DZ2260400)Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Science Seed Fund(SSF-24-21-01).
文摘Background:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a highly lethal malignancy driven by both intrinsic oncogenic pathways and immune microenvironmental regulation.Emerging evidence suggests that DNASE1L3 may influence tumor biology and immune responses;however,its specific roles in HCC progression and macrophage-mediated regulation remain unclear.This study aimed to elucidate the biological functions of DNASE1L3 in HCC and to determine how it modulates tumor behavior and immune interactions.Methods:Bioinformatics analyses of the GSE41804 and Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma(TCGA-LIHC)datasets were used to identify hub genes.Functional assays assessed the impact of DNASE1L3 on HCC cell proliferation,migration,invasion,and cell cycle progression.The effects of DNASE1L3 on macrophage polarization and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were examined using a co-culture system.An HCC organoid model was established to further validate its regulatory function.Results:Eight prognostic signature genes were identified,with deoxyribonuclease I-like 3(DNase I-like 3)selected as the hub gene.DNASE1L3 overexpression suppressed HCC cell growth,inhibited migration and invasion,induced G1 arrest,and modulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)markers.DNASE1L3 knockdown promoted M2-like macrophage polarization.Mechanistically,DNASE1L3 interacted withβ-catenin to enhance its ubiquitination and degradation,thereby inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and reducing PD-L1 expression.DNASE1L3 overexpression similarly restricted organoid growth and suppressed pathway activity.Conclusion:DNASE1L3 acts as a negative regulator of HCC progression by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and reducing PD-L1 expression,thereby influencing both tumor cell behavior and macrophage-mediated immune responses.
