The land issue remains a colonial legacy which Africa must resolve to facilitate the region＇s Before colonialism land was considered by communities as economic rather than a socio-economic advancements political reso...The land issue remains a colonial legacy which Africa must resolve to facilitate the region＇s Before colonialism land was considered by communities as economic rather than a socio-economic advancements political resource. Agricultural communities vacated land no longer fertile or useful for pasture. Conflicts over parcels of land were therefore rare and if they did occur often resulted in migration. Scramble over parcels of land was thus for need. However, with European scramble and arbitrary partition of Africa in the nineteenth century, formal boundaries were established by colonialists between colonies, a policy later pursued by colonial administrators between communities within colonies. Colonial policies and decolonization process in some colonies complicated the land problem, resulting in the scramble over land for greed by the newly independent states and communities. Land scrambled for greed engendered generalized conflicts. This paper thus intends to argue that the scramble over land for greed made land more a factor of contention than peace in Africa. A chronological-illustrative method, with references from the different geographical divide in Africa was adopted to explore the changing land usage and faces of land conflicts in Africa with the finality that land question in the region is largely a colonial problem.展开更多
When I was in Xiamen at- tending the Fifth China In- ternational Credit and Risk Management Conference on September 24-26,2008,there was a fierce debate on Capitol Hill about whether the government of the United State...When I was in Xiamen at- tending the Fifth China In- ternational Credit and Risk Management Conference on September 24-26,2008,there was a fierce debate on Capitol Hill about whether the government of the United States should inject more than US＄750 billion to save the turbulent financial market.The展开更多
The Ming and Qing dynasties were fascinating times,when showing too much interest in money was considered il-bred,flattery got you anyrwhere,and the most important thing for any self-respecting man was to"save fa...The Ming and Qing dynasties were fascinating times,when showing too much interest in money was considered il-bred,flattery got you anyrwhere,and the most important thing for any self-respecting man was to"save face"-especially if his better half happened to be a shrew.展开更多
优化链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议采用多点中继(Multi Point Relays,MPR)机制以减轻网络负载。然而,当传统MPR算法的最大覆盖度原则出现遗漏时,所选出的MPR集合并非最佳,无法达到最大程度的资源优化。为提升协...优化链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议采用多点中继(Multi Point Relays,MPR)机制以减轻网络负载。然而,当传统MPR算法的最大覆盖度原则出现遗漏时,所选出的MPR集合并非最佳,无法达到最大程度的资源优化。为提升协议在大规模网络中的表现,提出了两种改进方案来优化传统MPR算法:一种是基于果蝇思想的MPR方案(FruitFly MPR,FF-MPR),另一种是基于逆向贪心策略的MPR方案(Backward Greed MPR,BG-MPR)。Matlab仿真结果显示,这两种方案都有效规避了传统MPR算法的冗余问题。但是,FF-MPR因其固有的随机性和较长的计算时间而不适合节点多、移动性强的网络环境;BG-MPR在特殊情况下可能会产生新的冗余问题。为此,对BG-MPR中新产生的冗余进行了深入研究,提出了相应的解决措施,开发出基于改进逆向贪心策略的OLSR协议(Reverse Greed OLSR,RG-OLSR),使用OPNET仿真平台对其进行了测试。仿真结果证明,RG-OLSR在控制消息开销、端到端时延和时延抖动等关键性能指标上均优于传统的OLSR协议。展开更多
文摘The land issue remains a colonial legacy which Africa must resolve to facilitate the region＇s Before colonialism land was considered by communities as economic rather than a socio-economic advancements political resource. Agricultural communities vacated land no longer fertile or useful for pasture. Conflicts over parcels of land were therefore rare and if they did occur often resulted in migration. Scramble over parcels of land was thus for need. However, with European scramble and arbitrary partition of Africa in the nineteenth century, formal boundaries were established by colonialists between colonies, a policy later pursued by colonial administrators between communities within colonies. Colonial policies and decolonization process in some colonies complicated the land problem, resulting in the scramble over land for greed by the newly independent states and communities. Land scrambled for greed engendered generalized conflicts. This paper thus intends to argue that the scramble over land for greed made land more a factor of contention than peace in Africa. A chronological-illustrative method, with references from the different geographical divide in Africa was adopted to explore the changing land usage and faces of land conflicts in Africa with the finality that land question in the region is largely a colonial problem.
文摘When I was in Xiamen at- tending the Fifth China In- ternational Credit and Risk Management Conference on September 24-26,2008,there was a fierce debate on Capitol Hill about whether the government of the United States should inject more than US＄750 billion to save the turbulent financial market.The
文摘The Ming and Qing dynasties were fascinating times,when showing too much interest in money was considered il-bred,flattery got you anyrwhere,and the most important thing for any self-respecting man was to"save face"-especially if his better half happened to be a shrew.
文摘优化链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议采用多点中继(Multi Point Relays,MPR)机制以减轻网络负载。然而,当传统MPR算法的最大覆盖度原则出现遗漏时,所选出的MPR集合并非最佳,无法达到最大程度的资源优化。为提升协议在大规模网络中的表现,提出了两种改进方案来优化传统MPR算法:一种是基于果蝇思想的MPR方案(FruitFly MPR,FF-MPR),另一种是基于逆向贪心策略的MPR方案(Backward Greed MPR,BG-MPR)。Matlab仿真结果显示,这两种方案都有效规避了传统MPR算法的冗余问题。但是,FF-MPR因其固有的随机性和较长的计算时间而不适合节点多、移动性强的网络环境;BG-MPR在特殊情况下可能会产生新的冗余问题。为此,对BG-MPR中新产生的冗余进行了深入研究,提出了相应的解决措施,开发出基于改进逆向贪心策略的OLSR协议(Reverse Greed OLSR,RG-OLSR),使用OPNET仿真平台对其进行了测试。仿真结果证明,RG-OLSR在控制消息开销、端到端时延和时延抖动等关键性能指标上均优于传统的OLSR协议。
