The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） has been measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system since2002. As large earthquakes cause significant mass changes on ...The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） has been measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system since2002. As large earthquakes cause significant mass changes on and under the Earth＇s surface,GRACE provides a new means from space to observe mass redistribution due to earthquake deformations. GRACE serves as a good complement to other earthquake measurements because of its extensive spatial coverage and being free from terrestrial restriction. During its over 10 years mission,GRACE has successfully detected seismic gravitational changes of several giant earthquakes,which include the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake,2010 Maule（Chile） earthquake,and 2011 Tohoku-Oki（Japan） earthquake. In this review,we describe by examples how to process GRACE timevariable gravity data to retrieve seismic signals,and summarize the results of recent studies that apply GRACE observations to detect co- and post-seismic signals and constrain fault slip models and viscous lithospheric structures. We also discuss major problems and give an outlook in this field of GRACE application.展开更多
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)is the most important gravity satellite to date in human history.Since its launch in 2002,GRACE time-varying gravity has had an unprecedented impact on earth science a...The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)is the most important gravity satellite to date in human history.Since its launch in 2002,GRACE time-varying gravity has had an unprecedented impact on earth science and has generated revolutionary changes.Because of natural phenomena such as climate warming,glacial melting,sea level rise,and earthquakes,earth science research has become an increasingly popular discipline in recent years.This article summarizes the importance of GRACE time-varying gravity,its application to geoscience,and its development.We analyzed the historical development and current status of GRACE time-varying gravity as well as research hotspots by searching the literature in the core collection databases of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Web of Science over the past 20 years.The CiteSpace and VOSviewer software packages were applied with reference to the principle of literature metrology.Our investigation and analysis of characteristic indexes,such as the numbers of publications,co-occurrence of keywords,and co-citation of documents,uncovered the wide application and promotion of gravity satellites,especially GRACE time-varying gravity,in earth science.The results showed that the number of publications addressing GRACE data and time-varying gravity theory is increasing annually and that the USA,China,and Germany are the main producers.The Chinese Academy of Sciences,the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States,and the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres rank among the top three institutions in the world in terms of producing the most publications on this topic.We found that GRACE time-varying gravity plays unique roles in measuring changes in terrestrial water storage changes,ice and snow melting and sea level changes,and(co)seismic gravity changes,as well as in promoting other disciplines.展开更多
Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） was used to process the spherical harmonic coefficient （SHC） of 115 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） RL05 monthly gravity field models from March 2003 to Februa...Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） was used to process the spherical harmonic coefficient （SHC） of 115 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） RL05 monthly gravity field models from March 2003 to February 2013 released by CSR （Center for Space Research）. We analyzed the effectiveness of EOF in decorrelation of gravity field. Results show that only a small Gaussian smoothing radius was needed by EOF to significantly weaken the north -south stripes compared with the empirical moving-window filtering algorithm. The comparative experiments with a Global Land Data Assimilation System （GLDAS） hydrological model also show that EOF did not much affect the real geophysical signals, and that the removed signals were nearly uncorrelated with the real geophysical signals. As the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） missions continue, EOF can be used to significantly remove the correlated errors from monthly gravity fields and reserve rich effective signals.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to explore nonhydrological mass transfer in China's Mainland.For this purpose,gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE)data were obtained to study the spatial distribution of time...The purpose of this study is to explore nonhydrological mass transfer in China's Mainland.For this purpose,gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE)data were obtained to study the spatial distribution of time variant gravity signals in China's Mainland.Then,from auxiliary hydrological data processed according to the current hydrological model,a new more comprehensive hydrological model of China's Mainland was constructed.Finally,the time variant signals of this new hydrological model were removed from the time variant gravity field computed from GRACE data,thus obtaining a description of the nonhydrological mass transfer of China's Mainland.The physical sources and mechanisms of the resulting mass transfer are then discussed.The improved,more realistic,hydrological model used here was created by selecting the hydrological components with the best correlations in existing hydrological models,by use of correlation calculation,analysis,and comparison.This improved model includes water in soils and deeper strata,in the vegetation canopy,in lakes,snow,and glaciers,and in other water components(mainly reservoir storage,swamps,and rivers).The spatial distribution of the transfer signals due to nonhydrological mass in China's Mainland was obtained by subtracting the combined hydrological model from the GRACE time-variable gravity field.The results show that the nonhydrological signals in China's Mainland collected in GRACE data were mainly positive signals,and were distributed in the Bohai Rim and the northern and eastern parts of the Tibetan Plateau.The above nonhydrological mass transfer signals have been studied further and are discussed.The results show that the nonhydrological mass migration signals in the Bohai Rim region originate primarily from sea level change and marine sediment accumulation.The mass accumulation from Indian plate collision in the Tibetan Plateau appears to be the main reason for the increase in the residual gravity field in that region.展开更多
The terrestrial time-variable gravity measurements are characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to the sources of mass change in the Earth's crust.These gravity data have many applications,suc...The terrestrial time-variable gravity measurements are characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to the sources of mass change in the Earth's crust.These gravity data have many applications,such as surface deformation,groundwater storage changes,and mass migration before and after earthquakes.Based on repeated terrestrial gravity measurements at 198 gravity stations in the Sichuan-Yunnan region(SYR)from 2015 to 2017,we determine a time series of degree 120 gravity fields using the localized spherical harmonic(Slepian)basis functions.Our results show that adopting the first 6 Slepian basis functions is sufficient for effective localized Slepian modeling in the SYR.The differences between two gravity campaigns at the same time of year show an obvious correlation with tectonic features.The degree 120 timevariable gravity models presented in this paper will benefit the study of the regional mass migration inside the crust of the SYR and supplement the existing geophysical models for the China Seismic Experimental Site.展开更多
相较于传统的两步法,动力学一步法能充分利用观测数据的原始信息,理论上可获得更合理的时变重力场产品,同时也因其涉及的参数维度更多样、函数模型更复杂,一直是当前研究的热点和难点.本文研究并实现了动力学一步法恢复时变重力场,给出...相较于传统的两步法,动力学一步法能充分利用观测数据的原始信息,理论上可获得更合理的时变重力场产品,同时也因其涉及的参数维度更多样、函数模型更复杂,一直是当前研究的热点和难点.本文研究并实现了动力学一步法恢复时变重力场,给出了合理的数据处理策略,而后基于GRACE-FO(GRACE Follow-On)星载GPS数据和KBR(K/Ka Band Ranging)距离变率数据反演了2021—2022年60阶全球月时变重力场模型.对于一步法中诸多技术细节,本文重点分析了先验权和经验参数对轨道确定和模型反演的影响,研究表明:当采用30 s采样率的GPS数据时,需适当对GPS数据降权,以免引入过多噪声,码伪距、载波相位和KBR距离变率数据的先验权比应为1:104:1014;为了保证轨道和模型质量,在反演过程中有必要引入经验参数以吸收残余的摄动力误差,相较其他经验参数(分段周期经验加速度、几何经验参数),分段常经验加速度在保证定轨精度的同时可更有效地吸收模型中的噪声.此外,在采用相同动力学参数配置时,动力学一步法反演的时变重力场模型无论是与官方模型的一致性还是内符合精度均优于两步法.最后,综合评估了整个时间跨度的轨道和时变重力场模型质量,结果显示,动力学一步法确定的轨道可满足厘米级需求,双星的卫星激光测距残差标准差均为1.6 cm,重力场模型与官方机构CSR(Center for Space Research)、JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)、GFZ(GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam)最新发布的RL06.1模型一致性较好,在保留完整时变信号特征的前提下,噪声表现与CSR模型相当,优于JPL、GFZ模型.展开更多
The occurrence of earthquakes is closely related to the crustal geotectonic movement and the migration of mass,which consequently cause changes in gravity.The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment(GRACE)satellite da...The occurrence of earthquakes is closely related to the crustal geotectonic movement and the migration of mass,which consequently cause changes in gravity.The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment(GRACE)satellite data can be used to detect gravity changes associated with large earthquakes.However,previous GRACE satellite-based seismic gravity-change studies have focused more on coseismic gravity changes than on preseismic gravity changes.Moreover,the noise of the north–south stripe in GRACE data is difficult to eliminate,thereby resulting in the loss of some gravity information related to tectonic activities.To explore the preseismic gravity anomalies in a more refined way,we first propose a method of characterizing gravity variation based on the maximum shear strain of gravity,inspired by the concept of crustal strain.The offset index method is then adopted to describe the gravity anomalies,and the spatial and temporal characteristics of gravity anomalies before earthquakes are analyzed at the scales of the fault zone and plate,respectively.In this work,experiments are carried out on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas,and the following findings are obtained:First,from the observation scale of the fault zone,we detect the occurrence of large-area gravity anomalies near the epicenter,oftentimes about half a year before an earthquake,and these anomalies were distributed along the fault zone.Second,from the observation scale of the plate,we find that when an earthquake occurred on the Tibetan Plateau,a large number of gravity anomalies also occurred at the boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and the Indian Plate.Moreover,the aforementioned experiments confirm that the proposed method can successfully capture the preseismic gravity anomalies of large earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 8,which suggests a new idea for the application of gravity satellite data to earthquake research.展开更多
This paper focuses on estimating a new high-resolution Earth’s gravity field model named SGG-UGM-2 from satellite gravimetry,satellite altimetry,and Earth Gravitational Model 2008(EGM2008)-derived gravity data based ...This paper focuses on estimating a new high-resolution Earth’s gravity field model named SGG-UGM-2 from satellite gravimetry,satellite altimetry,and Earth Gravitational Model 2008(EGM2008)-derived gravity data based on the theory of the ellipsoidal harmonic analysis and coefficient transformation(EHA-CT).We first derive the related formulas of the EHA-CT method,which is used for computing the spherical harmonic coefficients from grid area-mean and point gravity anomalies on the ellipsoid.The derived formulas are successfully evaluated based on numerical experiments.Then,based on the derived least-squares formulas of the EHA-CT method,we develop the new model SGG-UGM-2 up to degree 2190 and order 2159 by combining the observations of the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer(GOCE),the normal equation of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE),marine gravity data derived from satellite altimetry data,and EGM2008-derived continental gravity data.The coefficients of degrees 251–2159 are estimated by solving the block-diagonal form normal equations of surface gravity anomalies(including the marine gravity data).The coefficients of degrees 2–250 are determined by combining the normal equations of satellite observations and surface gravity anomalies.The variance component estimation technique is used to estimate the relative weights of different observations.Finally,global positioning system(GPS)/leveling data in the mainland of China and the United States are used to validate SGG-UGM-2 together with other models,such as European improved gravity model of the earth by new techniques(EIGEN)-6C4,GECO,EGM2008,and SGG-UGM-1(the predecessor of SGG-UGM-2).Compared to other models,the model SGG-UGM-2 shows a promising performance in the GPS/leveling validation.All GOCE-related models have similar performances both in the mainland of China and the United States,and better performances than that of EGM2008 in the mainland of China.Due to the contribution of GRACE data and the new marine gravity anomalies,SGG-UGM-2 is slightly better than SGG-UGM-1 both in the mainland of China and the United States.展开更多
Since 2002, the GRACE program has provided a large amount of high-precision data, which can be used to detect temporal gravity variations related to global mass re-distribution inside the fluid envelop of the surface ...Since 2002, the GRACE program has provided a large amount of high-precision data, which can be used to detect temporal gravity variations related to global mass re-distribution inside the fluid envelop of the surface of the Earth. In order to make use of the GRACE data to investigate earthquake-related gravity changes in China, we first studied the degree variances of the monthly GRACE gravity field models, and then applied decorrelation and Gaussian smoothing method to obtain seasonal gravity changes in China. By deducting the multi-year mean seasonal variations from the seasonal maos,we found some earthouake-related gravity anomalies.展开更多
A long-term （9 years） gravity change in Chinese mainland is obtained on the basis of observation of the ground-based national gravity network. The result shows several features that may be related to sore, large-sca...A long-term （9 years） gravity change in Chinese mainland is obtained on the basis of observation of the ground-based national gravity network. The result shows several features that may be related to sore, large-scale groundwater pumping in North China, glacier-water flow and storage in Tianshan region, and pre seismic gravity changes of the 2008 MsS. 0 Wenchuan earthquake, which are spatially similar to co-seismi, changes but reversed in sign. These features are also shown in the result of the satellite-based GRACE obser vation, after a height effect is corrected with GPS data.展开更多
Firstly, the Earth＇s gravitational field from the past Challenging Minisatellite Payload （CHAMP） mission is determined using the energy conservation principle, the combined error model of the cumulative geoid heigh...Firstly, the Earth＇s gravitational field from the past Challenging Minisatellite Payload （CHAMP） mission is determined using the energy conservation principle, the combined error model of the cumulative geoid height influenced by three instrument errors from the current Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） and future GRACE Follow-On missions is established based on the semi-analytical method, and the Earth＇s gravitational field from the executed Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer （GOCE） mission is recovered by the space-time-wise approach. Secondly, the cumulative geoid height errors are 1.727 × 10^-1 m, 1.839 × 10^-1 m and 9.025 × 10^ -2 m at degrees 70,120 and 250 from the implemented three-stage satellite gravity missions consisting of CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE, which preferably accord with those from the existing earth gravity field models involving EIGEN-CHAMP03S, EICEN-GRACE02S and GO_CONS GCF 2 DIR R1. The cumulative geoid height error is 6.847 × 10 ^-2 m at degree 250 from the future GRACE Follow-On mission. Finally, the complementarity among the four-stage satellite gravity missions including CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and GRACE Follow-On is demonstrated contrastively.展开更多
Large earthquakes cause observable changes in the Earth’s gravity field, which have been detected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Since most previous studies focus on the detection of near-fie...Large earthquakes cause observable changes in the Earth’s gravity field, which have been detected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Since most previous studies focus on the detection of near-field gravity effects, this study provides the results from the medium- to far-field gravity changes caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that are recorded within GRACE monthly solutions. Utilizing a spherical-earth dislocation model we documented that large-scale signals predominate in the global field of the coseismic gravity changes caused by the earthquake. After removing the near-field effects, the coseismic gravity changes show a negative anomaly feature with an average magnitude of -0.18×10-8 m·s-2 in the region ranging ～40° from the epicenter, which is considered as the 'medium ffield' in this study. From the GRACE data released by Center for Space Research from August 2002 to December 2008, we retrieved the large-scale gravity changes smoothed with 3 000 km Gaussian ffilter. The results show that the coseismic gravity changes detected by GRACE in the medium field have an average of (-0.20±0.06)×10-8 m·s-2, which agrees with the model prediction. The detection confirms that GRACE is sensitive to large-scale medium-field coseismic gravitational effects of mega earthquakes, and also validates the spherical-earth dislocation model in the medium field from the perspective of satellite gravimetry.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41204017,41228004,and 41274025)the Shanghai Postdoctoral Sustentation Fund (No. 13R21417900)
文摘The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） has been measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system since2002. As large earthquakes cause significant mass changes on and under the Earth＇s surface,GRACE provides a new means from space to observe mass redistribution due to earthquake deformations. GRACE serves as a good complement to other earthquake measurements because of its extensive spatial coverage and being free from terrestrial restriction. During its over 10 years mission,GRACE has successfully detected seismic gravitational changes of several giant earthquakes,which include the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake,2010 Maule（Chile） earthquake,and 2011 Tohoku-Oki（Japan） earthquake. In this review,we describe by examples how to process GRACE timevariable gravity data to retrieve seismic signals,and summarize the results of recent studies that apply GRACE observations to detect co- and post-seismic signals and constrain fault slip models and viscous lithospheric structures. We also discuss major problems and give an outlook in this field of GRACE application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42174097,41974093,and 41774088).
文摘The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)is the most important gravity satellite to date in human history.Since its launch in 2002,GRACE time-varying gravity has had an unprecedented impact on earth science and has generated revolutionary changes.Because of natural phenomena such as climate warming,glacial melting,sea level rise,and earthquakes,earth science research has become an increasingly popular discipline in recent years.This article summarizes the importance of GRACE time-varying gravity,its application to geoscience,and its development.We analyzed the historical development and current status of GRACE time-varying gravity as well as research hotspots by searching the literature in the core collection databases of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Web of Science over the past 20 years.The CiteSpace and VOSviewer software packages were applied with reference to the principle of literature metrology.Our investigation and analysis of characteristic indexes,such as the numbers of publications,co-occurrence of keywords,and co-citation of documents,uncovered the wide application and promotion of gravity satellites,especially GRACE time-varying gravity,in earth science.The results showed that the number of publications addressing GRACE data and time-varying gravity theory is increasing annually and that the USA,China,and Germany are the main producers.The Chinese Academy of Sciences,the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States,and the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres rank among the top three institutions in the world in terms of producing the most publications on this topic.We found that GRACE time-varying gravity plays unique roles in measuring changes in terrestrial water storage changes,ice and snow melting and sea level changes,and(co)seismic gravity changes,as well as in promoting other disciplines.
基金supported by the Basic Research Project of Institute of Earthquake Science,China Earthquake Administration(2013IES0203,2014IES010102)China Spark Program of Earthquake Science and Technology(XH14036)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41304018)
文摘Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） was used to process the spherical harmonic coefficient （SHC） of 115 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） RL05 monthly gravity field models from March 2003 to February 2013 released by CSR （Center for Space Research）. We analyzed the effectiveness of EOF in decorrelation of gravity field. Results show that only a small Gaussian smoothing radius was needed by EOF to significantly weaken the north -south stripes compared with the empirical moving-window filtering algorithm. The comparative experiments with a Global Land Data Assimilation System （GLDAS） hydrological model also show that EOF did not much affect the real geophysical signals, and that the removed signals were nearly uncorrelated with the real geophysical signals. As the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） missions continue, EOF can be used to significantly remove the correlated errors from monthly gravity fields and reserve rich effective signals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41974093,41774088,42174097)the Frontier Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences(qyzdy-sswsys003)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020T130641 and 2020M670424)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The purpose of this study is to explore nonhydrological mass transfer in China's Mainland.For this purpose,gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE)data were obtained to study the spatial distribution of time variant gravity signals in China's Mainland.Then,from auxiliary hydrological data processed according to the current hydrological model,a new more comprehensive hydrological model of China's Mainland was constructed.Finally,the time variant signals of this new hydrological model were removed from the time variant gravity field computed from GRACE data,thus obtaining a description of the nonhydrological mass transfer of China's Mainland.The physical sources and mechanisms of the resulting mass transfer are then discussed.The improved,more realistic,hydrological model used here was created by selecting the hydrological components with the best correlations in existing hydrological models,by use of correlation calculation,analysis,and comparison.This improved model includes water in soils and deeper strata,in the vegetation canopy,in lakes,snow,and glaciers,and in other water components(mainly reservoir storage,swamps,and rivers).The spatial distribution of the transfer signals due to nonhydrological mass in China's Mainland was obtained by subtracting the combined hydrological model from the GRACE time-variable gravity field.The results show that the nonhydrological signals in China's Mainland collected in GRACE data were mainly positive signals,and were distributed in the Bohai Rim and the northern and eastern parts of the Tibetan Plateau.The above nonhydrological mass transfer signals have been studied further and are discussed.The results show that the nonhydrological mass migration signals in the Bohai Rim region originate primarily from sea level change and marine sediment accumulation.The mass accumulation from Indian plate collision in the Tibetan Plateau appears to be the main reason for the increase in the residual gravity field in that region.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41974095,41774090,and U1939205)the Special Fund of the Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration(Nos.DQJB20X09,and DQJB21R30)The first author acknowledges support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M641424)。
文摘The terrestrial time-variable gravity measurements are characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to the sources of mass change in the Earth's crust.These gravity data have many applications,such as surface deformation,groundwater storage changes,and mass migration before and after earthquakes.Based on repeated terrestrial gravity measurements at 198 gravity stations in the Sichuan-Yunnan region(SYR)from 2015 to 2017,we determine a time series of degree 120 gravity fields using the localized spherical harmonic(Slepian)basis functions.Our results show that adopting the first 6 Slepian basis functions is sufficient for effective localized Slepian modeling in the SYR.The differences between two gravity campaigns at the same time of year show an obvious correlation with tectonic features.The degree 120 timevariable gravity models presented in this paper will benefit the study of the regional mass migration inside the crust of the SYR and supplement the existing geophysical models for the China Seismic Experimental Site.
文摘相较于传统的两步法,动力学一步法能充分利用观测数据的原始信息,理论上可获得更合理的时变重力场产品,同时也因其涉及的参数维度更多样、函数模型更复杂,一直是当前研究的热点和难点.本文研究并实现了动力学一步法恢复时变重力场,给出了合理的数据处理策略,而后基于GRACE-FO(GRACE Follow-On)星载GPS数据和KBR(K/Ka Band Ranging)距离变率数据反演了2021—2022年60阶全球月时变重力场模型.对于一步法中诸多技术细节,本文重点分析了先验权和经验参数对轨道确定和模型反演的影响,研究表明:当采用30 s采样率的GPS数据时,需适当对GPS数据降权,以免引入过多噪声,码伪距、载波相位和KBR距离变率数据的先验权比应为1:104:1014;为了保证轨道和模型质量,在反演过程中有必要引入经验参数以吸收残余的摄动力误差,相较其他经验参数(分段周期经验加速度、几何经验参数),分段常经验加速度在保证定轨精度的同时可更有效地吸收模型中的噪声.此外,在采用相同动力学参数配置时,动力学一步法反演的时变重力场模型无论是与官方模型的一致性还是内符合精度均优于两步法.最后,综合评估了整个时间跨度的轨道和时变重力场模型质量,结果显示,动力学一步法确定的轨道可满足厘米级需求,双星的卫星激光测距残差标准差均为1.6 cm,重力场模型与官方机构CSR(Center for Space Research)、JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)、GFZ(GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam)最新发布的RL06.1模型一致性较好,在保留完整时变信号特征的前提下,噪声表现与CSR模型相当,优于JPL、GFZ模型.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFC1509202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41772350,61371189,and 41701513).
文摘The occurrence of earthquakes is closely related to the crustal geotectonic movement and the migration of mass,which consequently cause changes in gravity.The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment(GRACE)satellite data can be used to detect gravity changes associated with large earthquakes.However,previous GRACE satellite-based seismic gravity-change studies have focused more on coseismic gravity changes than on preseismic gravity changes.Moreover,the noise of the north–south stripe in GRACE data is difficult to eliminate,thereby resulting in the loss of some gravity information related to tectonic activities.To explore the preseismic gravity anomalies in a more refined way,we first propose a method of characterizing gravity variation based on the maximum shear strain of gravity,inspired by the concept of crustal strain.The offset index method is then adopted to describe the gravity anomalies,and the spatial and temporal characteristics of gravity anomalies before earthquakes are analyzed at the scales of the fault zone and plate,respectively.In this work,experiments are carried out on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas,and the following findings are obtained:First,from the observation scale of the fault zone,we detect the occurrence of large-area gravity anomalies near the epicenter,oftentimes about half a year before an earthquake,and these anomalies were distributed along the fault zone.Second,from the observation scale of the plate,we find that when an earthquake occurred on the Tibetan Plateau,a large number of gravity anomalies also occurred at the boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and the Indian Plate.Moreover,the aforementioned experiments confirm that the proposed method can successfully capture the preseismic gravity anomalies of large earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 8,which suggests a new idea for the application of gravity satellite data to earthquake research.
基金We appreciate the help from Torsten Mayer-Gürr and Andreas Kvas for providing us the NEQ system of the ITSG-Grace2018 model.This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41574019 and 41774020)the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)Thematic Network Project(57421148)+2 种基金the Major Project of High-Resolution Earth Observation System,and Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41721003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N170103009)We also thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive remarks that helped us to improve the quality of the manuscript.
文摘This paper focuses on estimating a new high-resolution Earth’s gravity field model named SGG-UGM-2 from satellite gravimetry,satellite altimetry,and Earth Gravitational Model 2008(EGM2008)-derived gravity data based on the theory of the ellipsoidal harmonic analysis and coefficient transformation(EHA-CT).We first derive the related formulas of the EHA-CT method,which is used for computing the spherical harmonic coefficients from grid area-mean and point gravity anomalies on the ellipsoid.The derived formulas are successfully evaluated based on numerical experiments.Then,based on the derived least-squares formulas of the EHA-CT method,we develop the new model SGG-UGM-2 up to degree 2190 and order 2159 by combining the observations of the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer(GOCE),the normal equation of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE),marine gravity data derived from satellite altimetry data,and EGM2008-derived continental gravity data.The coefficients of degrees 251–2159 are estimated by solving the block-diagonal form normal equations of surface gravity anomalies(including the marine gravity data).The coefficients of degrees 2–250 are determined by combining the normal equations of satellite observations and surface gravity anomalies.The variance component estimation technique is used to estimate the relative weights of different observations.Finally,global positioning system(GPS)/leveling data in the mainland of China and the United States are used to validate SGG-UGM-2 together with other models,such as European improved gravity model of the earth by new techniques(EIGEN)-6C4,GECO,EGM2008,and SGG-UGM-1(the predecessor of SGG-UGM-2).Compared to other models,the model SGG-UGM-2 shows a promising performance in the GPS/leveling validation.All GOCE-related models have similar performances both in the mainland of China and the United States,and better performances than that of EGM2008 in the mainland of China.Due to the contribution of GRACE data and the new marine gravity anomalies,SGG-UGM-2 is slightly better than SGG-UGM-1 both in the mainland of China and the United States.
基金supported by the National Technology Support(2008BAC354B05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40704009)
文摘Since 2002, the GRACE program has provided a large amount of high-precision data, which can be used to detect temporal gravity variations related to global mass re-distribution inside the fluid envelop of the surface of the Earth. In order to make use of the GRACE data to investigate earthquake-related gravity changes in China, we first studied the degree variances of the monthly GRACE gravity field models, and then applied decorrelation and Gaussian smoothing method to obtain seasonal gravity changes in China. By deducting the multi-year mean seasonal variations from the seasonal maos,we found some earthouake-related gravity anomalies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41004030)
文摘A long-term （9 years） gravity change in Chinese mainland is obtained on the basis of observation of the ground-based national gravity network. The result shows several features that may be related to sore, large-scale groundwater pumping in North China, glacier-water flow and storage in Tianshan region, and pre seismic gravity changes of the 2008 MsS. 0 Wenchuan earthquake, which are spatially similar to co-seismi, changes but reversed in sign. These features are also shown in the result of the satellite-based GRACE obser vation, after a height effect is corrected with GPS data.
基金supported by the Main Direction Program of Knowledge Innovation of Chinese Academy of Sciences for Distinguished Young Scholar(KZCX2-EW-QN114)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41004006,41131067,11173049 and 41274041)+7 种基金the Merit-based Scientific Research Foundation of the State Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of China for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars(Z01101)the Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy,Ministry of Education,China(11-01-02)the Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Geo-Informatics of National Administration of Surveying,Mapping and Geoinformation of China(201322)the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Geoinformation Engineering,China(SKLGIE2013-M-1-5)the Main Direction Program of Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y309451045)the Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics,China(Y309491050)the Research Fund of the National Civilian Space Infrastructure Project(Y419341034)the Research Fund of the Lu Jiaxi Young Talent and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Science(Y305171017)
文摘Firstly, the Earth＇s gravitational field from the past Challenging Minisatellite Payload （CHAMP） mission is determined using the energy conservation principle, the combined error model of the cumulative geoid height influenced by three instrument errors from the current Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） and future GRACE Follow-On missions is established based on the semi-analytical method, and the Earth＇s gravitational field from the executed Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer （GOCE） mission is recovered by the space-time-wise approach. Secondly, the cumulative geoid height errors are 1.727 × 10^-1 m, 1.839 × 10^-1 m and 9.025 × 10^ -2 m at degrees 70,120 and 250 from the implemented three-stage satellite gravity missions consisting of CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE, which preferably accord with those from the existing earth gravity field models involving EIGEN-CHAMP03S, EICEN-GRACE02S and GO_CONS GCF 2 DIR R1. The cumulative geoid height error is 6.847 × 10 ^-2 m at degree 250 from the future GRACE Follow-On mission. Finally, the complementarity among the four-stage satellite gravity missions including CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and GRACE Follow-On is demonstrated contrastively.
基金funded in parts by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 40974015, 41128003, 41174011 and41021061)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geo-dynamic Geodesy of Chinese Academy (No. 09-18)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, China (No.07-12)
文摘Large earthquakes cause observable changes in the Earth’s gravity field, which have been detected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Since most previous studies focus on the detection of near-field gravity effects, this study provides the results from the medium- to far-field gravity changes caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that are recorded within GRACE monthly solutions. Utilizing a spherical-earth dislocation model we documented that large-scale signals predominate in the global field of the coseismic gravity changes caused by the earthquake. After removing the near-field effects, the coseismic gravity changes show a negative anomaly feature with an average magnitude of -0.18×10-8 m·s-2 in the region ranging ～40° from the epicenter, which is considered as the 'medium ffield' in this study. From the GRACE data released by Center for Space Research from August 2002 to December 2008, we retrieved the large-scale gravity changes smoothed with 3 000 km Gaussian ffilter. The results show that the coseismic gravity changes detected by GRACE in the medium field have an average of (-0.20±0.06)×10-8 m·s-2, which agrees with the model prediction. The detection confirms that GRACE is sensitive to large-scale medium-field coseismic gravitational effects of mega earthquakes, and also validates the spherical-earth dislocation model in the medium field from the perspective of satellite gravimetry.
