Digital Elevation Models(DEMs)contain topographic relief data that are vital for many geoscience applications.This study relies on the vertical accuracy of publicly available latest high-resolution(30 m)global DEMs ov...Digital Elevation Models(DEMs)contain topographic relief data that are vital for many geoscience applications.This study relies on the vertical accuracy of publicly available latest high-resolution(30 m)global DEMs over Cameroon.These models are(1)the ALOS World 3D-30 m(AW3D30),(2)the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second CBand Global DEM(SRTM 1)and(3)the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Global DEM Version 2(ASTER GDEM 2).After matching their coordinate systems and datums,the horizontal positional accuracy evaluation was carried out and it shows that geolocation errors significantly influence the vertical accuracy of global DEMs.After this,the three models are compared among them,in order to access random and systematic effects in the elevation data each of them contains.Further,heights from 555 GPS/leveling points distributed all over Cameroon are compared to each DEM,for their vertical accuracy determination.Traditional and robust statistical measures,normality test,outlier detection and removal were used to describe the vertical quality of the DEMs.The test of the normality rejected the hypothesis of normal distribution for all tested global DEMs.Overall vertical accuracies obtained for the three models after georeferencing and gross error removal in terms of Root Mean Square(RMS)and Normalized Median Absolute Deviation(NMAD)are:AW3D30(13.06 m and 7.75 m),SRTM 1(13.25 m and 7.41 m)and ASTER GDEM 2(18.87 m and 13.30 m).Other accuracy measures(MED,68.3% quantile,95% quantile)supply some evidence of the good quality of AW3D30 over Cameroon.Further,the effect of land cover and slope on DEM vertical accuracy was also analyzed.All models have proved to be worse in the areas dominated by forests and shrubs areas.SRTM 1 and AW3D30 are more resilient to the effects of the scattering objects respectively in forests and cultivated areas.The dependency of DEMs accuracy on the terrain roughness is evident.In all slope intervals,AW3D30 is performing better than SRTM 1 and ASTER GDEM 2 over Cameroon.AW3D30 is more representative of the external topography over Cameroon in comparison with two others datasets and SRTM 1 can be a serious alternative to AW3D30 for a range of DEM applications in Cameroon.展开更多
A broad view of present-day 3D deformation field around the Northeast China region was derived from GPS and leveling observations. We draw the following conclusions： First, the Northeast China region moved towards no...A broad view of present-day 3D deformation field around the Northeast China region was derived from GPS and leveling observations. We draw the following conclusions： First, the Northeast China region moved towards northwest with an average velocity of 5 ram/a, with respect to South China. The entire Northeast China region was in a low strain state from the strain rate field. Second, we processed two periods of first- order leveling data in 1970s and 1990s, showing the vertical deformation of the Northeast China region is ＂uplift in western part and subsidence in eastern part＇展开更多
The development of GPS(Global Positioning System) technology has led to increasingly widely and successful applications of GPS surveys for monitoring crustal movements. However, multi-period GPS survey solutions have ...The development of GPS(Global Positioning System) technology has led to increasingly widely and successful applications of GPS surveys for monitoring crustal movements. However, multi-period GPS survey solutions have not been applied in monitoring vertical crustal movements with normal backgrounds. In this paper, we carried out a comparative study on the vertical deformation of the comprehensive profile of the cross-fault zone in Shanyin, Shanxi province, China, based on GPS and precise leveling observation data for multiple time periods. The vertical deformation rates observed with repeating GPS survey are obviously different(over 20 mm/y at some sites) from those with repeating leveling survey within a relatively short period. However, the deviations in the vertical displacement between GPS and leveling in a long-term survey(over three years) showed good consistency at 3-4 mm/y at most sites, on GPS forced offset surveying and fixed survey instruments in a long-term survey(over three years). Therefore, GPS vertical displacement results can be applied to the study of vertical crustal movements.展开更多
The height anomaly surface is fitt and the quasi-geoid can be obtained when the height anomaly is determined with the geometric analytic method. Therefore, some mathematical models to fit height anomaly surface using ...The height anomaly surface is fitt and the quasi-geoid can be obtained when the height anomaly is determined with the geometric analytic method. Therefore, some mathematical models to fit height anomaly surface using GPS, leveling and terrain data in a local area, including the polynomial fitting model, the multi-surface function fitting model, the motion surface fitting model and the fitting model of little flexibility deformation of thin board, are given. Then the digital characteristics are analyzed with the curved surface theory. The General curvature and the mean curvature of surface are concluded. The advantage, disadvantage and application of the above models are discussed. The effect of terrain undulation on height anomaly is considered in the surface fitting models. The practical case indicates that these models are of validity and practicability. It is concluded that the above models can give the good fitting results at the centimeter level. But the polynomial fitting model is worse than the other models.展开更多
Subsidence in a deformation area can be measured in various ways, examples being conventional high-precision leveling, differential InSAR and multi-temporal GPS surveys. Integration of methods can improve results, and...Subsidence in a deformation area can be measured in various ways, examples being conventional high-precision leveling, differential InSAR and multi-temporal GPS surveys. Integration of methods can improve results, and is crucial to extract high-precision data. In particular, orthometric and ellipsoid elevations, surveyed at different moments in time, can be compared to yield information on vertical movements when geoid anomalies are known. However, a data checking procedure must be applied if archival orthometric elevations are used, because long-term measurements for many historical benchmarks may have been lost and/or replaced with other points, but at different elevations. This type of checking can be carried out over an area without gravimetric anomalies by modeling geoid undulations and vertical displacements in the time-span used for analysis, excluding points with anomalous values. This procedure was tested and applied in the Po Delta area (northern Italy), historically subject to high subsidence rates: the leveling benchmarks of 1983 were measured with the GPS technique in 2008. After checking of archival data and transformation from ellipsoid to orthometric elevations, comparisons of the same points and interpolations on the study area provided a subsidence map for the 1983-2008 period.展开更多
Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007,GPS baseline time series on large scale during1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008,the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the mov...Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007,GPS baseline time series on large scale during1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008,the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the movement,tectonic deformation and strain accumulation evolution characteristics of the Longmenshan fault and the surrounding area before the MS8. 0 Wenchuan earthquake,as well as the possible physical mechanism late in the seismic cycle of the Wenchuan earthquake. Multiple results indicate that:GPS velocity profiles show that obvious continuous deformation across the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake was distributed across a zone at least 500 km wide,while there was little deformation in Sichuan Basin and Longmenshan fault zone,which means that the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides energy accumulation for locked Longmenshan fault zone continuously. GPS strain rates show that the east-west compression deformation was larger in the northwest of the mid-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone,and deformation amplitude decreased gradually from far field to near fault zone,and there was little deformation in fault zone. The east-west compression deformation was significant surrounding the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone,and strain accumulation rate was larger than that of mid-northern segment.Fault locking indicates nearly whole Longmenshan fault was locked before the earthquake except the source of the earthquake which was weakly locked,and a 20 km width patch in southwestern segment between 12 km to 22. 5 km depth was in creeping state. GPS baseline time series in northeast direction on large scale became compressive generally from 2005 in the North-South Seismic Belt,which reflects that relative compression deformation enhances. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate and deformation trend accumulation rate in the Longmenshan fault zone were little,which indicates that vertical activity near the fault was very weak and the fault was tightly locked. According to analyses of GPS and cross-fault leveling data before the Wenchuan earthquake,we consider that the Longmenshan fault is tightly locked from the surface to the deep,and the horizontal and vertical deformation are weak surrounding the fault in relatively small-scale crustal deformation. The process of weak deformation may be slow,and weak deformation area may be larger when large earthquake is coming. Continuous and slow compression deformation across eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake provides dynamic support for strain accumulation in the Longmenshan fault zone in relative large-scale crustal deformation.展开更多
哨兵(Sentinel)-6A海洋测高卫星搭载了GPS/Galileo双模接收机,为研究基于全球导航卫星系统多星座的低轨卫星精密定轨提供了契机。固定载波相位模糊度可提升低轨卫星的定轨精度,利用在轨实测数据研究GPS/Galileo双系统组合以及模糊度固...哨兵(Sentinel)-6A海洋测高卫星搭载了GPS/Galileo双模接收机,为研究基于全球导航卫星系统多星座的低轨卫星精密定轨提供了契机。固定载波相位模糊度可提升低轨卫星的定轨精度,利用在轨实测数据研究GPS/Galileo双系统组合以及模糊度固定对低轨卫星运动学定轨精度的影响。分别采用欧洲定轨中心(Center for Orbit Determination in Europe,CODE)、法国国家空间研究中心(Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales,CNES)、德国地学研究中心(German Research Centre for Geosciences,GFZ)和中国武汉大学(Wuhan University,WHU)发布的观测值偏差及对应的精密星历和钟差产品开展单接收机模糊度固定。结果表明:GPS/Galileo双系统组合可明显改善定轨几何构型。双系统组合浮点解轨道三维精度优于30 mm,相对于GPS单系统提升超过20%。模糊度固定显著提升了运动学定轨精度,组合固定解轨道精度优于20 mm,相对于GPS提升30%。基于CODE、CNES和GFZ产品的GPS和Galileo单系统模糊度固定率分别优于93%和95%,WHU产品的Galileo固定率则偏低。利用卫星激光测距(satellite laser ranging,SLR)观测数据对运动学定轨结果进行检核,单系统固定解轨道SLR残差均方根误差(root mean square,RMS)为13~15 mm,双系统组合固定解RMS则达到12~14 mm,提升超过10%。展开更多
The Longmenshan-Longriba region is located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau,and is an ideal place to study the eastward extrusion and uplift mechanism of the plateau.Previous studies on this area mainly focu...The Longmenshan-Longriba region is located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau,and is an ideal place to study the eastward extrusion and uplift mechanism of the plateau.Previous studies on this area mainly focused on tectonic activity and seismic hazard,with few studies giving its overall deformation characteristics and dynamic mechanism.This paper uses the latest dense GPS data,combined with precise Leveling data to analyze the kinematic characteristics and deformation mode of the Longmenshan fault zone(LMSF)and the Longriba fault zone(LRBF).The results show that both the Longmenshan fault zone and the Longriba fault zone have certain right-lateral strike-slip and thrusting,indicating that they play an important role in adjusting strain distribution and absorbing tectonic deformation;The strain-rate field on the Longriba fault zone is broadly distributed,suggesting that the deformation field is at least partially coupled;while the strain-rate field on the Longmenshan fault zone presents a non-uniform distribution,indicating different dynamic sources acting on segments.The high strain rate areas revealed in this study points us to the high-risk area for future earthquakes.The present-day vertical motion velocity field in the region obtained from Leveling and GPS data shows a mismatch between the regional deformation field and active tectonics,which can be explained by the incomplete coupling of deformation between the lower and upper crust.展开更多
The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied.A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city.Two periods of GPSobservation ar...The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied.A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city.Two periods of GPSobservation are completed.Somemeasures are taken during the obser-vation in order to ensure to obtain thehigh-precise height component.TheSaastamoinen model is adopted in thedata processing of the dry componentpart of the tropospheric delay.Thewet component change of the tropo-spheric delay is estimated by stochasticprocesses model.When Bernese soft-ware is used to process the data,themillimeter level precision of heightmeasuring is achieved.展开更多
文摘Digital Elevation Models(DEMs)contain topographic relief data that are vital for many geoscience applications.This study relies on the vertical accuracy of publicly available latest high-resolution(30 m)global DEMs over Cameroon.These models are(1)the ALOS World 3D-30 m(AW3D30),(2)the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second CBand Global DEM(SRTM 1)and(3)the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Global DEM Version 2(ASTER GDEM 2).After matching their coordinate systems and datums,the horizontal positional accuracy evaluation was carried out and it shows that geolocation errors significantly influence the vertical accuracy of global DEMs.After this,the three models are compared among them,in order to access random and systematic effects in the elevation data each of them contains.Further,heights from 555 GPS/leveling points distributed all over Cameroon are compared to each DEM,for their vertical accuracy determination.Traditional and robust statistical measures,normality test,outlier detection and removal were used to describe the vertical quality of the DEMs.The test of the normality rejected the hypothesis of normal distribution for all tested global DEMs.Overall vertical accuracies obtained for the three models after georeferencing and gross error removal in terms of Root Mean Square(RMS)and Normalized Median Absolute Deviation(NMAD)are:AW3D30(13.06 m and 7.75 m),SRTM 1(13.25 m and 7.41 m)and ASTER GDEM 2(18.87 m and 13.30 m).Other accuracy measures(MED,68.3% quantile,95% quantile)supply some evidence of the good quality of AW3D30 over Cameroon.Further,the effect of land cover and slope on DEM vertical accuracy was also analyzed.All models have proved to be worse in the areas dominated by forests and shrubs areas.SRTM 1 and AW3D30 are more resilient to the effects of the scattering objects respectively in forests and cultivated areas.The dependency of DEMs accuracy on the terrain roughness is evident.In all slope intervals,AW3D30 is performing better than SRTM 1 and ASTER GDEM 2 over Cameroon.AW3D30 is more representative of the external topography over Cameroon in comparison with two others datasets and SRTM 1 can be a serious alternative to AW3D30 for a range of DEM applications in Cameroon.
基金supported by the Spark Programs of Earthquake Sciences(XH14069Y)the Special Earthquake Research Project of the China Earthquake Administration(201208009)
文摘A broad view of present-day 3D deformation field around the Northeast China region was derived from GPS and leveling observations. We draw the following conclusions： First, the Northeast China region moved towards northwest with an average velocity of 5 ram/a, with respect to South China. The entire Northeast China region was in a low strain state from the strain rate field. Second, we processed two periods of first- order leveling data in 1970s and 1990s, showing the vertical deformation of the Northeast China region is ＂uplift in western part and subsidence in eastern part＇
基金supported by the China National Special Fund for Earthquake Scientific Research in Public Interest(201508009)
文摘The development of GPS(Global Positioning System) technology has led to increasingly widely and successful applications of GPS surveys for monitoring crustal movements. However, multi-period GPS survey solutions have not been applied in monitoring vertical crustal movements with normal backgrounds. In this paper, we carried out a comparative study on the vertical deformation of the comprehensive profile of the cross-fault zone in Shanyin, Shanxi province, China, based on GPS and precise leveling observation data for multiple time periods. The vertical deformation rates observed with repeating GPS survey are obviously different(over 20 mm/y at some sites) from those with repeating leveling survey within a relatively short period. However, the deviations in the vertical displacement between GPS and leveling in a long-term survey(over three years) showed good consistency at 3-4 mm/y at most sites, on GPS forced offset surveying and fixed survey instruments in a long-term survey(over three years). Therefore, GPS vertical displacement results can be applied to the study of vertical crustal movements.
基金Project (02 -09 -13) supported by Open Research Fund Programof the Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy , Ministryof Education ,China Project (SD2003 -4) supported by Open Research Fund Programof the Key Laboratory of Geomatice Digital Tech-nology ,Shandong Province , China Project supported by FIG Foundation
文摘The height anomaly surface is fitt and the quasi-geoid can be obtained when the height anomaly is determined with the geometric analytic method. Therefore, some mathematical models to fit height anomaly surface using GPS, leveling and terrain data in a local area, including the polynomial fitting model, the multi-surface function fitting model, the motion surface fitting model and the fitting model of little flexibility deformation of thin board, are given. Then the digital characteristics are analyzed with the curved surface theory. The General curvature and the mean curvature of surface are concluded. The advantage, disadvantage and application of the above models are discussed. The effect of terrain undulation on height anomaly is considered in the surface fitting models. The practical case indicates that these models are of validity and practicability. It is concluded that the above models can give the good fitting results at the centimeter level. But the polynomial fitting model is worse than the other models.
文摘Subsidence in a deformation area can be measured in various ways, examples being conventional high-precision leveling, differential InSAR and multi-temporal GPS surveys. Integration of methods can improve results, and is crucial to extract high-precision data. In particular, orthometric and ellipsoid elevations, surveyed at different moments in time, can be compared to yield information on vertical movements when geoid anomalies are known. However, a data checking procedure must be applied if archival orthometric elevations are used, because long-term measurements for many historical benchmarks may have been lost and/or replaced with other points, but at different elevations. This type of checking can be carried out over an area without gravimetric anomalies by modeling geoid undulations and vertical displacements in the time-span used for analysis, excluding points with anomalous values. This procedure was tested and applied in the Po Delta area (northern Italy), historically subject to high subsidence rates: the leveling benchmarks of 1983 were measured with the GPS technique in 2008. After checking of archival data and transformation from ellipsoid to orthometric elevations, comparisons of the same points and interpolations on the study area provided a subsidence map for the 1983-2008 period.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1503606 2017YFC1500502)Earthquake Tracking Task(2019010215)
文摘Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007,GPS baseline time series on large scale during1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008,the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the movement,tectonic deformation and strain accumulation evolution characteristics of the Longmenshan fault and the surrounding area before the MS8. 0 Wenchuan earthquake,as well as the possible physical mechanism late in the seismic cycle of the Wenchuan earthquake. Multiple results indicate that:GPS velocity profiles show that obvious continuous deformation across the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake was distributed across a zone at least 500 km wide,while there was little deformation in Sichuan Basin and Longmenshan fault zone,which means that the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides energy accumulation for locked Longmenshan fault zone continuously. GPS strain rates show that the east-west compression deformation was larger in the northwest of the mid-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone,and deformation amplitude decreased gradually from far field to near fault zone,and there was little deformation in fault zone. The east-west compression deformation was significant surrounding the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone,and strain accumulation rate was larger than that of mid-northern segment.Fault locking indicates nearly whole Longmenshan fault was locked before the earthquake except the source of the earthquake which was weakly locked,and a 20 km width patch in southwestern segment between 12 km to 22. 5 km depth was in creeping state. GPS baseline time series in northeast direction on large scale became compressive generally from 2005 in the North-South Seismic Belt,which reflects that relative compression deformation enhances. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate and deformation trend accumulation rate in the Longmenshan fault zone were little,which indicates that vertical activity near the fault was very weak and the fault was tightly locked. According to analyses of GPS and cross-fault leveling data before the Wenchuan earthquake,we consider that the Longmenshan fault is tightly locked from the surface to the deep,and the horizontal and vertical deformation are weak surrounding the fault in relatively small-scale crustal deformation. The process of weak deformation may be slow,and weak deformation area may be larger when large earthquake is coming. Continuous and slow compression deformation across eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake provides dynamic support for strain accumulation in the Longmenshan fault zone in relative large-scale crustal deformation.
文摘哨兵(Sentinel)-6A海洋测高卫星搭载了GPS/Galileo双模接收机,为研究基于全球导航卫星系统多星座的低轨卫星精密定轨提供了契机。固定载波相位模糊度可提升低轨卫星的定轨精度,利用在轨实测数据研究GPS/Galileo双系统组合以及模糊度固定对低轨卫星运动学定轨精度的影响。分别采用欧洲定轨中心(Center for Orbit Determination in Europe,CODE)、法国国家空间研究中心(Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales,CNES)、德国地学研究中心(German Research Centre for Geosciences,GFZ)和中国武汉大学(Wuhan University,WHU)发布的观测值偏差及对应的精密星历和钟差产品开展单接收机模糊度固定。结果表明:GPS/Galileo双系统组合可明显改善定轨几何构型。双系统组合浮点解轨道三维精度优于30 mm,相对于GPS单系统提升超过20%。模糊度固定显著提升了运动学定轨精度,组合固定解轨道精度优于20 mm,相对于GPS提升30%。基于CODE、CNES和GFZ产品的GPS和Galileo单系统模糊度固定率分别优于93%和95%,WHU产品的Galileo固定率则偏低。利用卫星激光测距(satellite laser ranging,SLR)观测数据对运动学定轨结果进行检核,单系统固定解轨道SLR残差均方根误差(root mean square,RMS)为13~15 mm,双系统组合固定解RMS则达到12~14 mm,提升超过10%。
文摘The Longmenshan-Longriba region is located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau,and is an ideal place to study the eastward extrusion and uplift mechanism of the plateau.Previous studies on this area mainly focused on tectonic activity and seismic hazard,with few studies giving its overall deformation characteristics and dynamic mechanism.This paper uses the latest dense GPS data,combined with precise Leveling data to analyze the kinematic characteristics and deformation mode of the Longmenshan fault zone(LMSF)and the Longriba fault zone(LRBF).The results show that both the Longmenshan fault zone and the Longriba fault zone have certain right-lateral strike-slip and thrusting,indicating that they play an important role in adjusting strain distribution and absorbing tectonic deformation;The strain-rate field on the Longriba fault zone is broadly distributed,suggesting that the deformation field is at least partially coupled;while the strain-rate field on the Longmenshan fault zone presents a non-uniform distribution,indicating different dynamic sources acting on segments.The high strain rate areas revealed in this study points us to the high-risk area for future earthquakes.The present-day vertical motion velocity field in the region obtained from Leveling and GPS data shows a mismatch between the regional deformation field and active tectonics,which can be explained by the incomplete coupling of deformation between the lower and upper crust.
文摘The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied.A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city.Two periods of GPSobservation are completed.Somemeasures are taken during the obser-vation in order to ensure to obtain thehigh-precise height component.TheSaastamoinen model is adopted in thedata processing of the dry componentpart of the tropospheric delay.Thewet component change of the tropo-spheric delay is estimated by stochasticprocesses model.When Bernese soft-ware is used to process the data,themillimeter level precision of heightmeasuring is achieved.
