AIM: To evaluate the histological features of gastric mucosa, including Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with early gastric cancer and endoscopically found superficial gastritis, gastric erosion, erosive gast...AIM: To evaluate the histological features of gastric mucosa, including Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with early gastric cancer and endoscopically found superficial gastritis, gastric erosion, erosive gastritis, gastric ulcer. METHODS: The biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum, corpus and upper angulus of all the patients. Giemsa staining, improved toluidine-blue staining, and Hpylori-specific antibody immune staining were performed as appropriate for the histological diagnosis of H pylori infection. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for the histological diagnosis of gastric mucosa inflammation, gastric glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia and scored into four grades according to the Updated Sydney System. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of H pylori infection in superficial gastritis was 28.7%, in erosive gastritis 57.7%, in gastric erosion 63.3%, in gastric ulcer 80.8%, in early gastric cancer 52.4%. There was significant difference (P<0.05), except for the difference between early gastric cancer and erosive gastritis. H pylori infection rate in antrum, corpus, angulus of patients with superficial gastritis was 25.9%, 26.2%, 25.2%, respectively; in patients with erosive gastritis 46.9%, 53.5%, 49.0%, respectively; in patients with gastric erosion 52.4%, 61.5%, 52.4%, respectively; in patients with gastric ulcer 52.4%, 61.5%, 52.4%, respectively; in patients with early gastric cancer 35.0%, 50.7%, 34.6%, respectively. No significant difference was found among the different site biopsies in superficial gastritis, but in the other diseases the detected rates were higher in corpus biopsy (P<0.05). The grades of mononuclear cell infiltration and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, in early gastric cancer patients, were significantly higher than that in superficial gastritis patients, lower than that in gastric erosion and gastric ulcer patients (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference compared with erosive gastritis. The grades of mucosa glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were significantly highest in early gastric cancer, lower in gastric ulcer, the next were erosive gastritis, gastric erosion, the lowest in superficial gastritis (P<0.01). Furthermore, 53.3% and 51.4% showed glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in angular biopsy specimens, respectively; but only 40.3% and 39.9% were identified in antral biopsy, and 14.1% and 13.6% in corpus biopsy; therefore, the angulus was more reliable for the diagnosis of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia compared with antrum and corpus (P<0.01). The positivity rate of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of superficial gastritis with H pyloripositivity was 50.7%, 34.1%; of erosive gastritis 76.1%, 63.0%; of gastric erosion 84.8%, 87.8%; of gastric ulcer 80.6%, 90.9%; and of early gastric cancer 85.5%, 85.3%, respectively. The positivity rate of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of superficial gastritis with H pylorinegativity was 9.9%, 6.9%; of erosive gastritis 42.5%, 42.1%; of gastric erosion 51.1%, 61.9%; of gastric ulcer 29.8%, 25.5%; and of early gastric cancer 84.0%, 86.0%, respectively. The positivity rate of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of superficial gastritis, erosive gastritis, gastric erosion, and gastric ulcer patients with H pylon positivity was significantly higher than those with H pylori negativity (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference in patients with early gastric cancer with or without H pylori infection. CONCLUSION: The progression of the gastric pre-cancerous lesions, glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in superficial gastritis, gastric erosion, erosive gastritis and gastric ulcer was strongly related to H pylori infection. In depth studies are needed to evaluate whether eradication of H pylori infection will really diminish the risk of gastric cancer.展开更多
Objective To understand the distribution of the average glandular dose(AGD) in mammography by investigating 1,828 exposure parameters of 8 mammography machines in three cities, by using random sampling. Methods A surv...Objective To understand the distribution of the average glandular dose(AGD) in mammography by investigating 1,828 exposure parameters of 8 mammography machines in three cities, by using random sampling. Methods A survey of 8 mammography machines in three different cities, sampled using stratified random sampling methods, was performed, and 1,828 mammography exposure parameters were recorded. Incident air kerma(k) was measured by Quality-Assurance(QA) dosimeters, and AGD was calculated by series conversion coefficients based on a 3D detailed Monte Carlo breast model, published by Wang et al. Results The distribution of compressed breast thickness(CBT) fitted a normal distribution, while that of AGD fitted a skewed distribution. The mean value of CBT in a medio-lateral oblique(MLO) view was about 5.6% higher than that in the craniocaudal(CC) view, with significant statistical difference; mean value of AGD and CBT in the sample was 1.3 mGy and 4.6 cm, respectively. The AGD trended upward with increasing CBT, similar to the results of other researches. Conclusion The mean AGD and CBT levels in our study for mammography practice in China were 1.3 mGy and 4.6 cm, respectively. AGD is influenced by manufacturer-specific variation as machine response to CBT changes and target/filter combination. The present study can provide evidence for establishing a diagnostic reference level in China.展开更多
As superficial structures,non-glandular trichomes,protect plant organs against multiple biotic and abiotic stresses.The protective and defensive roles of these epidermal appendages are crucial to developing organs and...As superficial structures,non-glandular trichomes,protect plant organs against multiple biotic and abiotic stresses.The protective and defensive roles of these epidermal appendages are crucial to developing organs and can be attributed to the excellent combination of suitable structural traits and chemical reinforcement in the form of phenolic compounds,primarily fl avonoids.Both the formation of trichomes and the accumulation of phenolics are interrelated at the molecular level.During the early stages of development,non-glandular trichomes show strong morphological similarities to glandular ones such as the balloon-like apical cells with numerous phenolics.At later developmental stages,and during secondary wall thickening,phenolics are transferred to the cell walls of the trichomes.Due to the diff use deposition of phenolics in the cell walls,trichomes provide protection against UV-B radiation by behaving as optical fi lters,screening out wavelengths that could damage sensitive tissues.Protection from strong visible radiation is also aff orded by increased surface light refl ectance.Moreover,the mixtures of trichome phenolics represent a superfi-cial chemical barrier that provides protection against biotic stress factors such as herbivores and pathogens.Although the cells of some trichomes die at maturity,they can modulate their quantitative and qualitative characteristics during development,depending on the prevailing conditions of the external biotic or abiotic environment.In fact,the structure and chemical constituents of trichomes may change due to the particular light regime,herbivore damage,wounding,water stress,salinity and the presence of heavy metals.Hence,trichomes represent dynamic protective structures that may greatly aff ect the outcome of many plant–environment interactions.展开更多
Objective:To identify the influence on radiosensitivity of lung glandular cancer cells when excisions repair cross-complementing group1(ERCC1) gene was silenced by targeted siR NA.Methods:siR NA which targeting to ERC...Objective:To identify the influence on radiosensitivity of lung glandular cancer cells when excisions repair cross-complementing group1(ERCC1) gene was silenced by targeted siR NA.Methods:siR NA which targeting to ERCC1 and control siR NA was designed and synthesized.The human lung glandular cancer SPC-A-1 cells was transfected.A total of 56 nude mice were divided into two groups,and two kinds of SPC-A-1 cells were transplanted to armpit of right forelimb,to establish the nude mice subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model of human lung glandular cancer cells.After the tumor was developed,the nude mice were randomly divided into four groups and accepted different doses of X-Ray radiation,then the change of tumor volume,survival time of mice in every group were recorded and the average lifetime was calculated.Twenty-one days later of X-ray experiment,two mice were taken and sacrificed in each group and the tumors organizations were stripped.The cell apoptosis rate and cell cycle distributions were obtained by FCM(flow cytometry).Results:The volume of tumor which ERCC1 gene was silenced was less than single irradiation group after X-ray irradiation,and the growth speed was slower and the lifetime of mice was lengthened as well(P<0.05).The cells apoptosis rate and the rate of G2/M cells which ERCC1 gene was silenced were higher than the same dose control group and the rate of G_1 cells were lower,which indicated that the cells could be stopped at G_2/M point,the cell proliferation was inhibited,the cell apoptosis was promoted and the radiation sensitivity was improved after the ERCC1 was silenced.Conclusions:The radiation sensitivity of lung glandular tumor could be improved after the ERCC1 gene was silenced by siR NA.展开更多
Glandular trichomes of plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites which are considered as major defensive chemicals. The capitate glandular trichomes of Oenothera glazioviana(Onagraceae) were collected wit...Glandular trichomes of plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites which are considered as major defensive chemicals. The capitate glandular trichomes of Oenothera glazioviana(Onagraceae) were collected with laser microdissection and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile compound 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one(1) was identified. We found that compound 1 displays antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities. These results suggest that compound 1 might function as a defensive compound in the capitate glandular trichomes of O. glazioviana against pathogens, insect herbivores, and presumably competitive plants as well.展开更多
After labeling of rats in vivo with 75Se and protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis more than 25 Se-containing bands could be distinguished.Of those proteins which were detected...After labeling of rats in vivo with 75Se and protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis more than 25 Se-containing bands could be distinguished.Of those proteins which were detected only in certain compartments and might therefore have tissue-specific functions, two were chosen for detailed investigation.A 15 kDa-protein was found in the prostatic epithelium where it accounted for about two thirds of the protein-bound 75Se. It was mainly present in the cytosol but was not released into the prostatic secretion. After gel chromatography it was found in the fraction which contained proteins with molecular masses of about 300 kDa. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis a plvalue of about 4. 5 was determined.In the testis a specific Se-containing 34 kDa-protein was observed which appeared after the onset of puberty. It was localized in the spermatid nuclei where it contained about 80% of the Se tracer present and was found to be bound to the DNA. After extraction it partly disintegrated into a 20 kDa-protein.Both compounds contain Se in the form of selenocysteine. The fact that their formation had priority over that of glutathione peroxidase during insufficient Se intake is an indication of their biological significance. Special interest in the prostatic epithelial selenoprotein derives from a possible inverse relationship between the Se status and the incidence of prostate cancer observed in epidemiological studies, whereas with the 34 kDa-selenoprotein its appearance during the condensation phase of the spermatid nuclei might suggest its participation in some processes of sperm maturation展开更多
Aspergillus versicolor was isolated from the gastric juice of patients with chronic stomach diseases in high-risk area of gastric cancer. Mice fed with Aspergillus-inoculated corn flour developed adenocarcinoma of the...Aspergillus versicolor was isolated from the gastric juice of patients with chronic stomach diseases in high-risk area of gastric cancer. Mice fed with Aspergillus-inoculated corn flour developed adenocarcinoma of the lung in 15 of 35 mice (42.9%) and atypical hyperplasia of the glandular stomach in 13 of 35 mice (37.4%). Sterigmatocystin was identified by high performance liquid chromato-graphy (HPLC) and fluorescence spectrophotometry in the extract of Aspergillus-inoculated corn flour. The results suggest that the mycotoxin Sterigmatocystin may play a potential role in carcinogenesis in human.展开更多
The rise in breast cancer diagnoses among Chinese women has necessitated the use of X-ray breast screening,which carries a radiation risk.This study aimed to provide a dosimetry protocol for the Chinese female populat...The rise in breast cancer diagnoses among Chinese women has necessitated the use of X-ray breast screening,which carries a radiation risk.This study aimed to provide a dosimetry protocol for the Chinese female population to replace the traditional standard that utilizes simplified breast models,for the accurate estimation of the mean glandular dose of a patient undergoing digital breast tomosynthesis(DBT).The first set of detailed Chinese female breast models and representative breast parameters was constructed.Considering backscatter radiation and computational efficiency,we improved the combination of these models and the Chinese reference adult female whole-body voxel phantom.Image acquisition for four commercial DBT systems that are widely employed in China was simulated using the Monte Carlo method to obtain the normalized glandular dose coefficients of DBT(D_(gN)^(DBT))and the glandular depth dose(D_(g)^(dep)(z))for different breast characteristics and X-ray spectra.We calculated a series of D_(gN)^(DBT) values for breasts with different percentage mass glandularities(5%,25%,50%,75%,and 100%)and compressed breast thicknesses(2,3,4,5,6,and 7 cm)at various tube potentials(25,28,30,32,35,and 49 kV)and target/filter combinations(W/Rh,W/Al,Mo/Mo,Rh/Rh,and Rh/Ag).The parameter dependence of the breast characteristics and beam conditions on D_(gN)^(DBT) in detailed breast models was investigated.The D_(gN)^(DBT) results were 14.6-51.0%lower than those of the traditional dosimetry standard in China.The difference in D_(gN)^(DBT) was mainly due to a decrease in the depth of the main energy deposition area caused by the glandular distribution along the depth direction.The results obtained in this study may be used to improve breast dosimetry in China and provide more detailed information on risk assessment during DBT.展开更多
A cytological cervical smear abnormality of glandular origin raises a high suspicion of underlying invasive or pre invasive cancers. <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span>&...A cytological cervical smear abnormality of glandular origin raises a high suspicion of underlying invasive or pre invasive cancers. <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To look into the diagnosis and management of women presenting with glandular changes on cervical cytology and to further implement a good management plan for these women. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study is a retrospective review of all patients referred to North Cumbria Integrated Care</span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(NCIC) NHS foundation trust,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">United Kingdom with glandular changes on their cervical smear result between January 2015 and December 2020. Data was collected from the hospital colposcopy data base. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study comprised of a sample size of 65 women.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">11 of these (17%) were referred with borderline changes in their endocervical cells and 54</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(83%) referred with a</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ?</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">glandular neoplasia of endocervical type. There were colposcopically significant lesions</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(high grade lesions or suspected adenocarcinoma) for 52</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(80%) of the women. All but one (98%) had Large loop excition of transformation zone</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(LLETZ) after colposcopy. Histologically,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(12%) women were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">29</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(45%) were diagnosed with high grade cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCGIN), 9</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(14%) had high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3), 2</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(3%) had low grade cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(LGCGIN), 4</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(6%) had a normal histology and 10</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(15%) had lesions of mixed origin.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">After their first LLETZ treatment,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">24</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(37.5%) needed repeat LLETZ, 8</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(12%) had a hysterectomy and one woman had radical trachelectomy.</span></span></span>展开更多
Micromorphology of glandular hairs on the leaves of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia triloba L. was investigated by light microscopy. We noticed similiarity and variation between the two species regarding morpholo...Micromorphology of glandular hairs on the leaves of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia triloba L. was investigated by light microscopy. We noticed similiarity and variation between the two species regarding morphology of glandular trichomes. Two main types of glandular trichomes were identified on both species： peltate and capitate. Peltate trichomes consisted of a basal cell, one stalk cell and a large multisecretory head in S. officinalis L. In S. triloba L. peltate trichomes posses a basal cell, a short unicellular stalk, and a large secretory head with 8 secretory cells. In Salvia officinalis L., four types of capitate trichomes have been distinguished. Five types of capitate trichomes have been found in Salvia triloba L. The fifth type of capitate trichome, called digitiform trichome was found in S. triloba L. This determined interspecific diversity between the two Salvia species.展开更多
The average absorbed dose in glandular tissue is the most appropriate parameter for the assessment of the radiation-induced risk during breast imaging. The aims of this work concern:(1) the investigation of the variat...The average absorbed dose in glandular tissue is the most appropriate parameter for the assessment of the radiation-induced risk during breast imaging. The aims of this work concern:(1) the investigation of the variation effect of any related update to photon cross-section data-bases on the computation of the normalized glandular dose(Dg N) for mammography quality control tests and(2) the proposition of a parameterization method leading to provide Dg N values function of the breast thickness(T) and the particle energy(E) instead of E alone, as normally known. We analyzed the change effect of the photon cross-section data-bases on the computation of Dg N. Those coefficients, generated using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, were studied over a range of compressed breast thickness of 2–8 cm for monoenergetic(1–120 ke V by 1 ke V intervals) and polyenergetic(23–35 k Vp by 2 k Vp intervals) X-ray beams. Moreover, breast tissue composition ranging from about0% glandular(about 100% adipose) to 100% glandular(0% adipose) was also covered. The successful parameterization of Dg N look-up table function of the breast thickness and energy, will compact its analytical form without loss of accuracy. All parameterization fits resulted in r2 values of 0.999 or better.展开更多
Artemisinin-based combination therapy(ACT)forms the first line of malaria treatment.However,the yield fluctuation of artemisinin has remained an unsolved problem in meeting the global demand for ACT.This problem is ma...Artemisinin-based combination therapy(ACT)forms the first line of malaria treatment.However,the yield fluctuation of artemisinin has remained an unsolved problem in meeting the global demand for ACT.This problem is mainly caused by the glandular trichome(GT)-specific biosynthesis of artemisinin in all currently used Artemisia annua cultivars.Here,we report that non-GT cells of self-pollinated inbred A.annua plants can express the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway.Gene expression analysis demonstrated the transcription of six known pathway genes in GT-free leaves and calli of inbred A.annua plants.LC-qTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that these two types of GT-free materials produce artemisinin,artemisinic acid,and arteannuin B.Detailed IR-MALDESI image profiling revealed that these three metabolites and dihydroartemisinin are localized in non-GT cells of leaves of inbred A.annua plants.Moreover,we employed all the above approaches to examine artemisinin biosynthesis in the reported XL annua glandless(gl)mutant.The resulting data demonstrated that leaves of regenerated gl plantlets biosynthesize artemisinin.Codectively,these findings not only add new knowledge leading to a revision of the current dogma of artemisinin biosynthesis inannua but also may expedite innovation of novel metabolic engineering approaches for high and stable production of artemisinin in the future.展开更多
Bitter acids, known for their use as beer flavoring and for their diverse biological activities, are predominantly formed in hop （Humulus lupulus） glandular trichomes. Branched short-chain acyI-CoAs （e.g. isobutyry...Bitter acids, known for their use as beer flavoring and for their diverse biological activities, are predominantly formed in hop （Humulus lupulus） glandular trichomes. Branched short-chain acyI-CoAs （e.g. isobutyryI-CoA, isovaleryl- CoA and 2-methylbutyryI-CoA）, derived from the degradation of branched-chain amino acids （BCAAs）, are essential building blocks for the biosynthesis of bitter acids in hops. However, little is known regarding what components are needed to produce and maintain the pool of branched short-chain acyI-CoAs in hop trichomes. Here, we present several lines of evidence that both CoA ligases and thioesterases are likely involved in bitter acid biosynthesis. Recombinant HICCL2 （carboxyl CoA ligase） protein had high specific activity for isovaleric acid as a substrate （Kcat/Km = 4100 s-~ M-l）, whereas recombinant HICCL4 specifically utilized isobutyric acid （Kcat/Km = 1800 s-1 M-1） and 2-methylbutyric acid （Kcat/ Km = 6900 s-1 M-~） as substrates. Both HICCLs, like hop valerophenone synthase （HIVPS）, were expressed strongly in glandular trichomes and localized to the cytoplasm. Co-expression of HICCL2 and HICCL4 with HIVPS in yeast led to significant production of acylphloroglucinols （the direct precursors for bitter acid biosynthesis）, which further confirmed the biochemical function of these two HICCLs in vivo. Functional identification of a thioesterase that catalyzed the reverse reaction of CCLs in mitochondria, together with the comprehensive analysis of genes involved BCAA catabolism, supported the idea that cytosolic CoA ligases are required for linking BCAA degradation and bitter acid biosynthesis in glandular trichomes. The evolution and other possible physiological roles of branched short-chain fatty acid：CoA ligases in planta are also discussed.展开更多
Artemisinin, the key ingredient of first-line antimalarial drugs, has large demand every year. The native plant, which produces small quantities of artemisinin, remains as its main source and thus results in a short s...Artemisinin, the key ingredient of first-line antimalarial drugs, has large demand every year. The native plant, which produces small quantities of artemisinin, remains as its main source and thus results in a short supply of artemisinin. Intensified efforts have been carried out to elevate artemisinin production. However, the routine metabolic engineering strategy, via overexpressing or down-regulating genes in artemisinin biosynthesis branch pathways, was not very effective as desired. Glandular secretory trichomes, sites of artemisinin biosynthesis on the surface of Artemisia annua L.(A. annua), are the new target for increasing artemisinin yield. In general, the population and morphology of glandular secretory trichomes in A. annua(Aa GSTs) are often positively correlated with artemisinin content. Improved understanding of Aa GSTs will shed light on the opportunities for increasing plant-derived artemisinin. This review article will refresh classification of trichomes in A. annua and provide an overview of the recent achievements regarding Aa GSTs and artemisinin. To have a full understanding of Aa GSTs,factors that are associated with trichome morphology and density will have to be further investigated, such as genes,micro RNAs and phytohormones. The purpose of thisreview was to(1) update the knowledge of the relation between Aa GSTs and artemisinin, and(2) propose new avenues to increase artemisinin yield by harnessing the potential biofactories, Aa GSTs.展开更多
Cardiac myxoma has varying clinical presentation, uncertain histogenesis and debatable immunohistochemical profile. Glandular epithelial differentiation is a rare phenomenon, but glandular elements are known to be pre...Cardiac myxoma has varying clinical presentation, uncertain histogenesis and debatable immunohistochemical profile. Glandular epithelial differentiation is a rare phenomenon, but glandular elements are known to be present in cardiac myxoma as an intrinsic component of the tumor. We present a case of cardiac myxoma having focal glandular differentiation, with special reference to the morphologic features and immunohistochemical profiles.展开更多
Glandular trichomes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are considered as major defensive chemicals against herbivore attack.The morphology and secondary metabolites of the peltate glandular trichomes...Glandular trichomes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are considered as major defensive chemicals against herbivore attack.The morphology and secondary metabolites of the peltate glandular trichomes of a lianoid Labiatae,Colquhounia seguinii Vaniot,were investigated.Three new clerodane diterpenoids,seguiniilactones A-C（1-3）,were identified through precise trichome collection with laser microdissection,metabolic analysis with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer,target compound isolation with classical phytochemical techniques,structure elucidation with spectroscopic methods.All compounds showed significant antifeedant activity against a generalist plant-feeding insect Spodoptera exigua.Seguiniilactone A（1） was approximately 17-fold more potent than the commercial neem oil.a-Substituted α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone functionality was found to be crucial for strong antifeedant activity of this class of compounds.Quantitative results indicated that the levels of these compounds in the peltate glandular trichomes and leaves were sufficiently high to deter the feeding by generalist insects.Moderate antifungal activity was observed for seguiniilactone C（3） against six predominant fungal species isolated from the diseased leaves of C seguinii,while seguiniilactones A and B were generally inactive.These findings suggested that seguiniilactones A-C might be specialized secondary metabolites in peltate glandular trichomes for the plant defense against insect herbivores and pathogens.展开更多
A dedicated breast CT system （DBCT） is a new method for breast cancer detection proposed in recent years. In this paper, the glandular dose in the DBCT is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The phantom shape is...A dedicated breast CT system （DBCT） is a new method for breast cancer detection proposed in recent years. In this paper, the glandular dose in the DBCT is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The phantom shape is half ellipsoid, and a series of phantoms with different sizes, shapes and compositions were constructed. In order to optimize the spectra, monoenergy X-ray beams of 5-80 keV were used in simulation. The dose distribution of a breast phantom was studied： a higher energy beam generated more uniform distribution, and the outer parts got more dose than the inner parts. For polyenergtic spectra, four spectra of A1 filters with different thicknesses were simulated, and the polyenergtic glandular dose was calculated as a spectral weighted combination of the monoenergetic dose.展开更多
Background Nucleophosmin plays a critical role in embryonic development. This study aimed to examine the expression pattern of nucleophosmin in glandular epithelium of human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Met...Background Nucleophosmin plays a critical role in embryonic development. This study aimed to examine the expression pattern of nucleophosmin in glandular epithelium of human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Methods Endometrial tissues used for this study were obtained from 46 non-pregnant patients who underwent hysterectomy which had been performed to treat benign diseases. Nucleophosmin expression was assessed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Results At the early-, mid- and late-proliferative phase, nucleophosmin mRNA was highly expressed in glandular epithelium of human endometrium. At the secretory phase, the expression of nucleophosmin mRNA was reduced in glandular epithelium in early-secretory phase, and the expression in mid- and late-secretory phases was not detected. Similarly, nucleophosmin protein was strongly expressed in endometrial glands throughout the proliferative phase, but was gradually reduced during secretory phase. Conclusion Nucleophosmin mRNA and protein are expressed in glandular epithelium of human endometrium throucIhout the menstrual cycle.展开更多
Although adenomyosis is a largely benign disease,malignant transformations do happen in rare cases,resulting in endometrioid adenocarcinoma or sarcoma in the myometrium.Recently, attention has been focused on the mali...Although adenomyosis is a largely benign disease,malignant transformations do happen in rare cases,resulting in endometrioid adenocarcinoma or sarcoma in the myometrium.Recently, attention has been focused on the malignant transformation of the endometriosis.In 1988, the concept of atypical endometriosis （aEM） was first proposed by LaGrenade and Silverberg,[1] who suggested that aEM might be a precursor of malignant transformations of endometriosis.However, the majority of investigations of aEM focus on endometriosis, while adenomyosis remains understudied.In this article, we report 10 cases of atypical glandular hyperplasia transformation of adenomyosis, of whom the clinical and pathological characteristics are observed.展开更多
Thyme has medicinal and aromatic value because of its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.However,the absence of a fully sequenced thyme genome limits functional genomic studies of Chinese native thymes.Th...Thyme has medicinal and aromatic value because of its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.However,the absence of a fully sequenced thyme genome limits functional genomic studies of Chinese native thymes.Thymus quinquecostatus Celak.,which contains large amounts of bioactive monoterpenes suchas thymol and carvacrol,is an important wild medicinal and aromatic plant in China.Monoterpenoids are abundant in glandular secretory trichomes.Here,high-fidelity and chromatin conformation capture technologies were used to assemble and annotate the T.quinquecostatus genome at the chromosome level.The 13 chromosomes of T.quinquecostatus had a total length of 528.66 Mb,a contig N50 of 8.06 Mb,and a BUSCO score of 97.34%.We found that T.quinquecostatus had experienced two whole-genome duplications,with the most recent event occurring4.34 million years ago.Deep analyses of the genome,in conjunction with comparative genomic,phylogenetic,transcriptomic,and metabonomic studies,uncovered many regulatory factors and genes related to monoterpenoids and glandular secretory trichome development.Genes encoding terpene synthase(TPS),cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYPs),short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR),R2R3-MYB,and homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-ZIP)IV were among those present in the T.quinquecostatus genome.Notably,Tq02G002290.1(TqTPS1)was shown to encode the terpene synthase responsible for catalyzing production of the main monoterpene product g-terpinene from geranyl diphosphate(GPP).Our study provides significant insight into the mechanisms of glandular secretory trichome formation and monoterpenoid biosynthesis in thyme.This work will facilitate the development of molecular breeding tools to enhance the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in Lamiaceae.展开更多
文摘AIM: To evaluate the histological features of gastric mucosa, including Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with early gastric cancer and endoscopically found superficial gastritis, gastric erosion, erosive gastritis, gastric ulcer. METHODS: The biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum, corpus and upper angulus of all the patients. Giemsa staining, improved toluidine-blue staining, and Hpylori-specific antibody immune staining were performed as appropriate for the histological diagnosis of H pylori infection. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for the histological diagnosis of gastric mucosa inflammation, gastric glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia and scored into four grades according to the Updated Sydney System. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of H pylori infection in superficial gastritis was 28.7%, in erosive gastritis 57.7%, in gastric erosion 63.3%, in gastric ulcer 80.8%, in early gastric cancer 52.4%. There was significant difference (P<0.05), except for the difference between early gastric cancer and erosive gastritis. H pylori infection rate in antrum, corpus, angulus of patients with superficial gastritis was 25.9%, 26.2%, 25.2%, respectively; in patients with erosive gastritis 46.9%, 53.5%, 49.0%, respectively; in patients with gastric erosion 52.4%, 61.5%, 52.4%, respectively; in patients with gastric ulcer 52.4%, 61.5%, 52.4%, respectively; in patients with early gastric cancer 35.0%, 50.7%, 34.6%, respectively. No significant difference was found among the different site biopsies in superficial gastritis, but in the other diseases the detected rates were higher in corpus biopsy (P<0.05). The grades of mononuclear cell infiltration and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, in early gastric cancer patients, were significantly higher than that in superficial gastritis patients, lower than that in gastric erosion and gastric ulcer patients (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference compared with erosive gastritis. The grades of mucosa glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were significantly highest in early gastric cancer, lower in gastric ulcer, the next were erosive gastritis, gastric erosion, the lowest in superficial gastritis (P<0.01). Furthermore, 53.3% and 51.4% showed glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in angular biopsy specimens, respectively; but only 40.3% and 39.9% were identified in antral biopsy, and 14.1% and 13.6% in corpus biopsy; therefore, the angulus was more reliable for the diagnosis of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia compared with antrum and corpus (P<0.01). The positivity rate of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of superficial gastritis with H pyloripositivity was 50.7%, 34.1%; of erosive gastritis 76.1%, 63.0%; of gastric erosion 84.8%, 87.8%; of gastric ulcer 80.6%, 90.9%; and of early gastric cancer 85.5%, 85.3%, respectively. The positivity rate of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of superficial gastritis with H pylorinegativity was 9.9%, 6.9%; of erosive gastritis 42.5%, 42.1%; of gastric erosion 51.1%, 61.9%; of gastric ulcer 29.8%, 25.5%; and of early gastric cancer 84.0%, 86.0%, respectively. The positivity rate of glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of superficial gastritis, erosive gastritis, gastric erosion, and gastric ulcer patients with H pylon positivity was significantly higher than those with H pylori negativity (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference in patients with early gastric cancer with or without H pylori infection. CONCLUSION: The progression of the gastric pre-cancerous lesions, glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in superficial gastritis, gastric erosion, erosive gastritis and gastric ulcer was strongly related to H pylori infection. In depth studies are needed to evaluate whether eradication of H pylori infection will really diminish the risk of gastric cancer.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Province’s Outstanding Medical Academic Leader Program [CXTDA2017029]Jiangsu Province's Key Medical Discipline of Epidemiology [ZDXK A 2016008]+1 种基金Science and education strong industry engineering youth talent project [JKRC2016014]Jiangsu Provincial preventive medicine research project [Y2018082]
文摘Objective To understand the distribution of the average glandular dose(AGD) in mammography by investigating 1,828 exposure parameters of 8 mammography machines in three cities, by using random sampling. Methods A survey of 8 mammography machines in three different cities, sampled using stratified random sampling methods, was performed, and 1,828 mammography exposure parameters were recorded. Incident air kerma(k) was measured by Quality-Assurance(QA) dosimeters, and AGD was calculated by series conversion coefficients based on a 3D detailed Monte Carlo breast model, published by Wang et al. Results The distribution of compressed breast thickness(CBT) fitted a normal distribution, while that of AGD fitted a skewed distribution. The mean value of CBT in a medio-lateral oblique(MLO) view was about 5.6% higher than that in the craniocaudal(CC) view, with significant statistical difference; mean value of AGD and CBT in the sample was 1.3 mGy and 4.6 cm, respectively. The AGD trended upward with increasing CBT, similar to the results of other researches. Conclusion The mean AGD and CBT levels in our study for mammography practice in China were 1.3 mGy and 4.6 cm, respectively. AGD is influenced by manufacturer-specific variation as machine response to CBT changes and target/filter combination. The present study can provide evidence for establishing a diagnostic reference level in China.
基金partially funded by the Greek General Secretariat of Research and Technologythe Greek Scholarship FoundationThe ’Empirikion’ Foundation
文摘As superficial structures,non-glandular trichomes,protect plant organs against multiple biotic and abiotic stresses.The protective and defensive roles of these epidermal appendages are crucial to developing organs and can be attributed to the excellent combination of suitable structural traits and chemical reinforcement in the form of phenolic compounds,primarily fl avonoids.Both the formation of trichomes and the accumulation of phenolics are interrelated at the molecular level.During the early stages of development,non-glandular trichomes show strong morphological similarities to glandular ones such as the balloon-like apical cells with numerous phenolics.At later developmental stages,and during secondary wall thickening,phenolics are transferred to the cell walls of the trichomes.Due to the diff use deposition of phenolics in the cell walls,trichomes provide protection against UV-B radiation by behaving as optical fi lters,screening out wavelengths that could damage sensitive tissues.Protection from strong visible radiation is also aff orded by increased surface light refl ectance.Moreover,the mixtures of trichome phenolics represent a superfi-cial chemical barrier that provides protection against biotic stress factors such as herbivores and pathogens.Although the cells of some trichomes die at maturity,they can modulate their quantitative and qualitative characteristics during development,depending on the prevailing conditions of the external biotic or abiotic environment.In fact,the structure and chemical constituents of trichomes may change due to the particular light regime,herbivore damage,wounding,water stress,salinity and the presence of heavy metals.Hence,trichomes represent dynamic protective structures that may greatly aff ect the outcome of many plant–environment interactions.
基金supported by Foundation and Frontier Issues of Science and Technology Department of Henan Province (NO.122300410066)
文摘Objective:To identify the influence on radiosensitivity of lung glandular cancer cells when excisions repair cross-complementing group1(ERCC1) gene was silenced by targeted siR NA.Methods:siR NA which targeting to ERCC1 and control siR NA was designed and synthesized.The human lung glandular cancer SPC-A-1 cells was transfected.A total of 56 nude mice were divided into two groups,and two kinds of SPC-A-1 cells were transplanted to armpit of right forelimb,to establish the nude mice subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model of human lung glandular cancer cells.After the tumor was developed,the nude mice were randomly divided into four groups and accepted different doses of X-Ray radiation,then the change of tumor volume,survival time of mice in every group were recorded and the average lifetime was calculated.Twenty-one days later of X-ray experiment,two mice were taken and sacrificed in each group and the tumors organizations were stripped.The cell apoptosis rate and cell cycle distributions were obtained by FCM(flow cytometry).Results:The volume of tumor which ERCC1 gene was silenced was less than single irradiation group after X-ray irradiation,and the growth speed was slower and the lifetime of mice was lengthened as well(P<0.05).The cells apoptosis rate and the rate of G2/M cells which ERCC1 gene was silenced were higher than the same dose control group and the rate of G_1 cells were lower,which indicated that the cells could be stopped at G_2/M point,the cell proliferation was inhibited,the cell apoptosis was promoted and the radiation sensitivity was improved after the ERCC1 was silenced.Conclusions:The radiation sensitivity of lung glandular tumor could be improved after the ERCC1 gene was silenced by siR NA.
基金supported financially by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(31525005)the NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund (U1202263)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) on Biological Control of Key Crop Pathogenic Nematodes (2013CB127505)the "Hundred Talents Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (awarded to S.-H. Li)
文摘Glandular trichomes of plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites which are considered as major defensive chemicals. The capitate glandular trichomes of Oenothera glazioviana(Onagraceae) were collected with laser microdissection and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile compound 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one(1) was identified. We found that compound 1 displays antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities. These results suggest that compound 1 might function as a defensive compound in the capitate glandular trichomes of O. glazioviana against pathogens, insect herbivores, and presumably competitive plants as well.
文摘After labeling of rats in vivo with 75Se and protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis more than 25 Se-containing bands could be distinguished.Of those proteins which were detected only in certain compartments and might therefore have tissue-specific functions, two were chosen for detailed investigation.A 15 kDa-protein was found in the prostatic epithelium where it accounted for about two thirds of the protein-bound 75Se. It was mainly present in the cytosol but was not released into the prostatic secretion. After gel chromatography it was found in the fraction which contained proteins with molecular masses of about 300 kDa. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis a plvalue of about 4. 5 was determined.In the testis a specific Se-containing 34 kDa-protein was observed which appeared after the onset of puberty. It was localized in the spermatid nuclei where it contained about 80% of the Se tracer present and was found to be bound to the DNA. After extraction it partly disintegrated into a 20 kDa-protein.Both compounds contain Se in the form of selenocysteine. The fact that their formation had priority over that of glutathione peroxidase during insufficient Se intake is an indication of their biological significance. Special interest in the prostatic epithelial selenoprotein derives from a possible inverse relationship between the Se status and the incidence of prostate cancer observed in epidemiological studies, whereas with the 34 kDa-selenoprotein its appearance during the condensation phase of the spermatid nuclei might suggest its participation in some processes of sperm maturation
文摘Aspergillus versicolor was isolated from the gastric juice of patients with chronic stomach diseases in high-risk area of gastric cancer. Mice fed with Aspergillus-inoculated corn flour developed adenocarcinoma of the lung in 15 of 35 mice (42.9%) and atypical hyperplasia of the glandular stomach in 13 of 35 mice (37.4%). Sterigmatocystin was identified by high performance liquid chromato-graphy (HPLC) and fluorescence spectrophotometry in the extract of Aspergillus-inoculated corn flour. The results suggest that the mycotoxin Sterigmatocystin may play a potential role in carcinogenesis in human.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2167209 and 12175114)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFF0603600).
文摘The rise in breast cancer diagnoses among Chinese women has necessitated the use of X-ray breast screening,which carries a radiation risk.This study aimed to provide a dosimetry protocol for the Chinese female population to replace the traditional standard that utilizes simplified breast models,for the accurate estimation of the mean glandular dose of a patient undergoing digital breast tomosynthesis(DBT).The first set of detailed Chinese female breast models and representative breast parameters was constructed.Considering backscatter radiation and computational efficiency,we improved the combination of these models and the Chinese reference adult female whole-body voxel phantom.Image acquisition for four commercial DBT systems that are widely employed in China was simulated using the Monte Carlo method to obtain the normalized glandular dose coefficients of DBT(D_(gN)^(DBT))and the glandular depth dose(D_(g)^(dep)(z))for different breast characteristics and X-ray spectra.We calculated a series of D_(gN)^(DBT) values for breasts with different percentage mass glandularities(5%,25%,50%,75%,and 100%)and compressed breast thicknesses(2,3,4,5,6,and 7 cm)at various tube potentials(25,28,30,32,35,and 49 kV)and target/filter combinations(W/Rh,W/Al,Mo/Mo,Rh/Rh,and Rh/Ag).The parameter dependence of the breast characteristics and beam conditions on D_(gN)^(DBT) in detailed breast models was investigated.The D_(gN)^(DBT) results were 14.6-51.0%lower than those of the traditional dosimetry standard in China.The difference in D_(gN)^(DBT) was mainly due to a decrease in the depth of the main energy deposition area caused by the glandular distribution along the depth direction.The results obtained in this study may be used to improve breast dosimetry in China and provide more detailed information on risk assessment during DBT.
文摘A cytological cervical smear abnormality of glandular origin raises a high suspicion of underlying invasive or pre invasive cancers. <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To look into the diagnosis and management of women presenting with glandular changes on cervical cytology and to further implement a good management plan for these women. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study is a retrospective review of all patients referred to North Cumbria Integrated Care</span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(NCIC) NHS foundation trust,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">United Kingdom with glandular changes on their cervical smear result between January 2015 and December 2020. Data was collected from the hospital colposcopy data base. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study comprised of a sample size of 65 women.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">11 of these (17%) were referred with borderline changes in their endocervical cells and 54</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(83%) referred with a</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ?</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">glandular neoplasia of endocervical type. There were colposcopically significant lesions</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(high grade lesions or suspected adenocarcinoma) for 52</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(80%) of the women. All but one (98%) had Large loop excition of transformation zone</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(LLETZ) after colposcopy. Histologically,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(12%) women were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">29</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(45%) were diagnosed with high grade cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCGIN), 9</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(14%) had high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3), 2</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(3%) had low grade cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(LGCGIN), 4</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(6%) had a normal histology and 10</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(15%) had lesions of mixed origin.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">After their first LLETZ treatment,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">24</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(37.5%) needed repeat LLETZ, 8</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(12%) had a hysterectomy and one woman had radical trachelectomy.</span></span></span>
文摘Micromorphology of glandular hairs on the leaves of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia triloba L. was investigated by light microscopy. We noticed similiarity and variation between the two species regarding morphology of glandular trichomes. Two main types of glandular trichomes were identified on both species： peltate and capitate. Peltate trichomes consisted of a basal cell, one stalk cell and a large multisecretory head in S. officinalis L. In S. triloba L. peltate trichomes posses a basal cell, a short unicellular stalk, and a large secretory head with 8 secretory cells. In Salvia officinalis L., four types of capitate trichomes have been distinguished. Five types of capitate trichomes have been found in Salvia triloba L. The fifth type of capitate trichome, called digitiform trichome was found in S. triloba L. This determined interspecific diversity between the two Salvia species.
基金Supported by the National Plan for Science,Technology and Innovation(MAARIFAH)King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(No.1827)
文摘The average absorbed dose in glandular tissue is the most appropriate parameter for the assessment of the radiation-induced risk during breast imaging. The aims of this work concern:(1) the investigation of the variation effect of any related update to photon cross-section data-bases on the computation of the normalized glandular dose(Dg N) for mammography quality control tests and(2) the proposition of a parameterization method leading to provide Dg N values function of the breast thickness(T) and the particle energy(E) instead of E alone, as normally known. We analyzed the change effect of the photon cross-section data-bases on the computation of Dg N. Those coefficients, generated using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, were studied over a range of compressed breast thickness of 2–8 cm for monoenergetic(1–120 ke V by 1 ke V intervals) and polyenergetic(23–35 k Vp by 2 k Vp intervals) X-ray beams. Moreover, breast tissue composition ranging from about0% glandular(about 100% adipose) to 100% glandular(0% adipose) was also covered. The successful parameterization of Dg N look-up table function of the breast thickness and energy, will compact its analytical form without loss of accuracy. All parameterization fits resulted in r2 values of 0.999 or better.
文摘Artemisinin-based combination therapy(ACT)forms the first line of malaria treatment.However,the yield fluctuation of artemisinin has remained an unsolved problem in meeting the global demand for ACT.This problem is mainly caused by the glandular trichome(GT)-specific biosynthesis of artemisinin in all currently used Artemisia annua cultivars.Here,we report that non-GT cells of self-pollinated inbred A.annua plants can express the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway.Gene expression analysis demonstrated the transcription of six known pathway genes in GT-free leaves and calli of inbred A.annua plants.LC-qTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that these two types of GT-free materials produce artemisinin,artemisinic acid,and arteannuin B.Detailed IR-MALDESI image profiling revealed that these three metabolites and dihydroartemisinin are localized in non-GT cells of leaves of inbred A.annua plants.Moreover,we employed all the above approaches to examine artemisinin biosynthesis in the reported XL annua glandless(gl)mutant.The resulting data demonstrated that leaves of regenerated gl plantlets biosynthesize artemisinin.Codectively,these findings not only add new knowledge leading to a revision of the current dogma of artemisinin biosynthesis inannua but also may expedite innovation of novel metabolic engineering approaches for high and stable production of artemisinin in the future.
基金the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects，the 'One hundred talents' project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China，the National Science Foundation，the State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics of China
文摘Bitter acids, known for their use as beer flavoring and for their diverse biological activities, are predominantly formed in hop （Humulus lupulus） glandular trichomes. Branched short-chain acyI-CoAs （e.g. isobutyryI-CoA, isovaleryl- CoA and 2-methylbutyryI-CoA）, derived from the degradation of branched-chain amino acids （BCAAs）, are essential building blocks for the biosynthesis of bitter acids in hops. However, little is known regarding what components are needed to produce and maintain the pool of branched short-chain acyI-CoAs in hop trichomes. Here, we present several lines of evidence that both CoA ligases and thioesterases are likely involved in bitter acid biosynthesis. Recombinant HICCL2 （carboxyl CoA ligase） protein had high specific activity for isovaleric acid as a substrate （Kcat/Km = 4100 s-~ M-l）, whereas recombinant HICCL4 specifically utilized isobutyric acid （Kcat/Km = 1800 s-1 M-1） and 2-methylbutyric acid （Kcat/ Km = 6900 s-1 M-~） as substrates. Both HICCLs, like hop valerophenone synthase （HIVPS）, were expressed strongly in glandular trichomes and localized to the cytoplasm. Co-expression of HICCL2 and HICCL4 with HIVPS in yeast led to significant production of acylphloroglucinols （the direct precursors for bitter acid biosynthesis）, which further confirmed the biochemical function of these two HICCLs in vivo. Functional identification of a thioesterase that catalyzed the reverse reaction of CCLs in mitochondria, together with the comprehensive analysis of genes involved BCAA catabolism, supported the idea that cytosolic CoA ligases are required for linking BCAA degradation and bitter acid biosynthesis in glandular trichomes. The evolution and other possible physiological roles of branched short-chain fatty acid：CoA ligases in planta are also discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31300159 U1405215)+2 种基金‘‘Pujiang Talent’’ program (13PJ1411000) Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds (14QB1402700)Program 15391900500 from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality and Technology Committee and Seedling Cultivation Fund of Outstanding Master, Second Military Medical University
文摘Artemisinin, the key ingredient of first-line antimalarial drugs, has large demand every year. The native plant, which produces small quantities of artemisinin, remains as its main source and thus results in a short supply of artemisinin. Intensified efforts have been carried out to elevate artemisinin production. However, the routine metabolic engineering strategy, via overexpressing or down-regulating genes in artemisinin biosynthesis branch pathways, was not very effective as desired. Glandular secretory trichomes, sites of artemisinin biosynthesis on the surface of Artemisia annua L.(A. annua), are the new target for increasing artemisinin yield. In general, the population and morphology of glandular secretory trichomes in A. annua(Aa GSTs) are often positively correlated with artemisinin content. Improved understanding of Aa GSTs will shed light on the opportunities for increasing plant-derived artemisinin. This review article will refresh classification of trichomes in A. annua and provide an overview of the recent achievements regarding Aa GSTs and artemisinin. To have a full understanding of Aa GSTs,factors that are associated with trichome morphology and density will have to be further investigated, such as genes,micro RNAs and phytohormones. The purpose of thisreview was to(1) update the knowledge of the relation between Aa GSTs and artemisinin, and(2) propose new avenues to increase artemisinin yield by harnessing the potential biofactories, Aa GSTs.
文摘Cardiac myxoma has varying clinical presentation, uncertain histogenesis and debatable immunohistochemical profile. Glandular epithelial differentiation is a rare phenomenon, but glandular elements are known to be present in cardiac myxoma as an intrinsic component of the tumor. We present a case of cardiac myxoma having focal glandular differentiation, with special reference to the morphologic features and immunohistochemical profiles.
基金supported financially by the NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund(U1202263)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program) on Biological Control of Key Crop Pathogenic Nematodes(2013CB127505)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070320,31470395 and 31100222)the "Hundred Talents Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(awarded to SH Li)
文摘Glandular trichomes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are considered as major defensive chemicals against herbivore attack.The morphology and secondary metabolites of the peltate glandular trichomes of a lianoid Labiatae,Colquhounia seguinii Vaniot,were investigated.Three new clerodane diterpenoids,seguiniilactones A-C（1-3）,were identified through precise trichome collection with laser microdissection,metabolic analysis with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer,target compound isolation with classical phytochemical techniques,structure elucidation with spectroscopic methods.All compounds showed significant antifeedant activity against a generalist plant-feeding insect Spodoptera exigua.Seguiniilactone A（1） was approximately 17-fold more potent than the commercial neem oil.a-Substituted α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone functionality was found to be crucial for strong antifeedant activity of this class of compounds.Quantitative results indicated that the levels of these compounds in the peltate glandular trichomes and leaves were sufficiently high to deter the feeding by generalist insects.Moderate antifungal activity was observed for seguiniilactone C（3） against six predominant fungal species isolated from the diseased leaves of C seguinii,while seguiniilactones A and B were generally inactive.These findings suggested that seguiniilactones A-C might be specialized secondary metabolites in peltate glandular trichomes for the plant defense against insect herbivores and pathogens.
基金Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-EW-N06)
文摘A dedicated breast CT system （DBCT） is a new method for breast cancer detection proposed in recent years. In this paper, the glandular dose in the DBCT is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The phantom shape is half ellipsoid, and a series of phantoms with different sizes, shapes and compositions were constructed. In order to optimize the spectra, monoenergy X-ray beams of 5-80 keV were used in simulation. The dose distribution of a breast phantom was studied： a higher energy beam generated more uniform distribution, and the outer parts got more dose than the inner parts. For polyenergtic spectra, four spectra of A1 filters with different thicknesses were simulated, and the polyenergtic glandular dose was calculated as a spectral weighted combination of the monoenergetic dose.
文摘Background Nucleophosmin plays a critical role in embryonic development. This study aimed to examine the expression pattern of nucleophosmin in glandular epithelium of human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Methods Endometrial tissues used for this study were obtained from 46 non-pregnant patients who underwent hysterectomy which had been performed to treat benign diseases. Nucleophosmin expression was assessed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Results At the early-, mid- and late-proliferative phase, nucleophosmin mRNA was highly expressed in glandular epithelium of human endometrium. At the secretory phase, the expression of nucleophosmin mRNA was reduced in glandular epithelium in early-secretory phase, and the expression in mid- and late-secretory phases was not detected. Similarly, nucleophosmin protein was strongly expressed in endometrial glands throughout the proliferative phase, but was gradually reduced during secretory phase. Conclusion Nucleophosmin mRNA and protein are expressed in glandular epithelium of human endometrium throucIhout the menstrual cycle.
文摘Although adenomyosis is a largely benign disease,malignant transformations do happen in rare cases,resulting in endometrioid adenocarcinoma or sarcoma in the myometrium.Recently, attention has been focused on the malignant transformation of the endometriosis.In 1988, the concept of atypical endometriosis （aEM） was first proposed by LaGrenade and Silverberg,[1] who suggested that aEM might be a precursor of malignant transformations of endometriosis.However, the majority of investigations of aEM focus on endometriosis, while adenomyosis remains understudied.In this article, we report 10 cases of atypical glandular hyperplasia transformation of adenomyosis, of whom the clinical and pathological characteristics are observed.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant XDA23080603).
文摘Thyme has medicinal and aromatic value because of its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.However,the absence of a fully sequenced thyme genome limits functional genomic studies of Chinese native thymes.Thymus quinquecostatus Celak.,which contains large amounts of bioactive monoterpenes suchas thymol and carvacrol,is an important wild medicinal and aromatic plant in China.Monoterpenoids are abundant in glandular secretory trichomes.Here,high-fidelity and chromatin conformation capture technologies were used to assemble and annotate the T.quinquecostatus genome at the chromosome level.The 13 chromosomes of T.quinquecostatus had a total length of 528.66 Mb,a contig N50 of 8.06 Mb,and a BUSCO score of 97.34%.We found that T.quinquecostatus had experienced two whole-genome duplications,with the most recent event occurring4.34 million years ago.Deep analyses of the genome,in conjunction with comparative genomic,phylogenetic,transcriptomic,and metabonomic studies,uncovered many regulatory factors and genes related to monoterpenoids and glandular secretory trichome development.Genes encoding terpene synthase(TPS),cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYPs),short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR),R2R3-MYB,and homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-ZIP)IV were among those present in the T.quinquecostatus genome.Notably,Tq02G002290.1(TqTPS1)was shown to encode the terpene synthase responsible for catalyzing production of the main monoterpene product g-terpinene from geranyl diphosphate(GPP).Our study provides significant insight into the mechanisms of glandular secretory trichome formation and monoterpenoid biosynthesis in thyme.This work will facilitate the development of molecular breeding tools to enhance the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in Lamiaceae.
