Accurate identification and viability assessment of the parathyroid glands(PGs)are critical when performing thyroid and parathyroid surgeries.Traditional visual inspection-based intrao-perative methods suffer from sub...Accurate identification and viability assessment of the parathyroid glands(PGs)are critical when performing thyroid and parathyroid surgeries.Traditional visual inspection-based intrao-perative methods suffer from subjectivity and uncertainty.Near-infrared(NIR)imaging meth-ods,including NIR autofluorescence(NIRAF)imaging and indocyanine green fluorescence imaging(ICGFI),have emerged as promising and reliable techniques for intraoperative PG identification and assessment.Here,the principles and clinical performanoe of NIR imaging methods were comprehensively reviewed.展开更多
The mud crab(Scylla paramamosain)has been successfully cultivated in chloride-type low-salinity alkaline waters,yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to this environment remain elusive.This study seek...The mud crab(Scylla paramamosain)has been successfully cultivated in chloride-type low-salinity alkaline waters,yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to this environment remain elusive.This study seeks to uncover the adaptation mechanisms of the antennal gland of mud crab under acute chloride-type low-salinity alkaline water stress.Three-hundred crabs were randomly selected and divided into two groups:the low salinity(LS,salinity of 2.2)group and the control group(CK,salinity of 23.4).Following a 120-h experimental period,the antennal glands were sampled for transcriptomic analysis.Experimental results show that acute chloride-type low-salinity saline-alkaline water stress led to a significant decline in the survivorship of mud crab.Through comparative transcriptomic analysis,we identified 923 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),among which 272 were upregulated and 651 were downregulated.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses revealed that the majority of these DEGs are closely linked to functions such as energy metabolism and osmoregulation.Notably,the pathways involving oxidoreductase activity,oxidative phosphorylation,symporter activity,and intracellular calcium-activated chloride channels were significantly enriched,highlighting their pivotal roles in enhancing the osmoregulatory capacity of mud crab and maintaining internal homeostasis in chloride-type low-salinity alkaline environments.Additionally,the upregulation of genes such as SLC6A9,SLC6A4,and FH further facilitated transmembrane ion transport and energy metabolism,thereby reinforcing intracellular isosmotic regulation.However,these controls also pose a potential risk of oxidative stress.Therefore,the antennal gland plays a crucial role in the response of mud crab to acute chloride-type low-salinity alkaline water stress.This study provides new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of mud crab and lays a theoretical foundation for enhancing chloride-type low-salinity alkaline water aquaculture techniques.展开更多
●AIM:To investigate a pioneering framework for the segmentation of meibomian glands(MGs),using limited annotations to reduce the workload on ophthalmologists and enhance the efficiency of clinical diagnosis.●METHODS...●AIM:To investigate a pioneering framework for the segmentation of meibomian glands(MGs),using limited annotations to reduce the workload on ophthalmologists and enhance the efficiency of clinical diagnosis.●METHODS:Totally 203 infrared meibomian images from 138 patients with dry eye disease,accompanied by corresponding annotations,were gathered for the study.A rectified scribble-supervised gland segmentation(RSSGS)model,incorporating temporal ensemble prediction,uncertainty estimation,and a transformation equivariance constraint,was introduced to address constraints imposed by limited supervision information inherent in scribble annotations.The viability and efficacy of the proposed model were assessed based on accuracy,intersection over union(IoU),and dice coefficient.●RESULTS:Using manual labels as the gold standard,RSSGS demonstrated outcomes with an accuracy of 93.54%,a dice coefficient of 78.02%,and an IoU of 64.18%.Notably,these performance metrics exceed the current weakly supervised state-of-the-art methods by 0.76%,2.06%,and 2.69%,respectively.Furthermore,despite achieving a substantial 80%reduction in annotation costs,it only lags behind fully annotated methods by 0.72%,1.51%,and 2.04%.●CONCLUSION:An innovative automatic segmentation model is developed for MGs in infrared eyelid images,using scribble annotation for training.This model maintains an exceptionally high level of segmentation accuracy while substantially reducing training costs.It holds substantial utility for calculating clinical parameters,thereby greatly enhancing the diagnostic efficiency of ophthalmologists in evaluating meibomian gland dysfunction.展开更多
Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands we...Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands were earned out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope.To prepare the extract,the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone.For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.Results:Detailed micromorphological,phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C.parasitica(L.) H.Lev.showed its inlraspecific variation in antibacterial activity.The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species.The epidermal glands were orange-coloured,stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2μm×45μm,and distributed on the undersurface of cosla,coslules and veins in croziers,young and mature leaves.Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers.The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog.Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids,alkaloids,tannins,saponins and flavonoids in it.Conclusions:The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica(L.) H.Lev.have several bioactive compounds and such rare moiphovariant should be conserved in nature.The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.展开更多
AIM: To observe the changes of microcellular structure of meibomian glands(MGs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM), and to explore its correlation with the duration of diabetes.METHODS: The study assessed 132 eyes of 132...AIM: To observe the changes of microcellular structure of meibomian glands(MGs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM), and to explore its correlation with the duration of diabetes.METHODS: The study assessed 132 eyes of 132 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM group) and 100 eyes of 100 non-diabetic participants(NDM group). All patients underwent the examination of the Keratograph 5 M system to obtain the meibography which were used to evaluate the structure dropout of the MGs. And then laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) was performed for observing the acinar cells and ducts of the MGs to obtain the following parameters: the MG acinar unit density(MGAUD), MG acinar longest diameter(MGALD) and MG acinar shortest diameter(MGASD). The examination results of the right eye were selected for analysis.RESULTS: Compared with that in NDM group, the meiboscore was significantly higher(Z=-4.057, P<0.001), and there were more MGs dropout in DM group. With the prolongation of the course of diabetes, the absence of MGs aggravated and the MGs dropout score increased(r=0.596;P<0.001). LSCM showed that there were various cytological alterations in acinar cells of MGs with the progress of diabetes duration, such as expansion, atrophy or fibrosis of MG acinar units, decreased density of MG acinar units, deposition of lipid substances, infiltration of inflammatory cells, proliferation of fibrous tissues, etc. And the opening of the glandular duct changed from smooth at the beginning to narrow, blocked, fibrotic and so on. Compared with that in NDM group, the MGAUD in DM group was significantly lower(Z=-9.713;P<0.001), the MGALD and MGASD were significantly larger(Z=-9.751,-6.416;P<0.001). With the duration of diabetes, the MGAUD reduced, the MGASD increased(r=0.860, 0.364, P<0.001);but the MGALD had no correlation with diabetic duration(r=0.133, P=0.151).CONCLUSION: With the progress of diabetes, the meibomian glandular acinar cells of diabetic patients show various manifestations. Those changes may result in the dysfuction of the MGs, tear film instability and dry eye symptoms in patients with type 2 DM.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the morphological changes of meibomian glands in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （DM）.METHODS： Of 118 eyes （118 patients） with type 2 DM （DM group） and 100 eyes of 100 control subjec...AIM： To investigate the morphological changes of meibomian glands in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （DM）.METHODS： Of 118 eyes （118 patients） with type 2 DM （DM group） and 100 eyes of 100 control subjects （control group） were enrolled. After completing an ocular surface disease index （OSDI） questionnaire, the non-invasive tear film break-up time （NI-BUT） and the structure of the meibomian glands （MGs, meibography） were assessed by the Keratograph 5M system. Partial or complete loss of MG was scored for each eyelid from grade 0 （no loss） to grade 3 （lost area was 〉2/3 of the total MG area）, which were also examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy （LSCM）. The primary outcomes were meibomian gland acinar unit density （MGAUD）, meibomian gland acinar longest diameter （MGALD） and meibomian gland acinar shortest diameter （MGASD）.RESULTS： Compared with control group, the OSDI was significantly higher in DM group （Z=-5.916; P〈0.001）, while the NI-BUT was significantly lower （Z=-7.765; P〈0.001）. Keratograph showed that there were more MGs dropout in DM group than that in control group. The meiboscore was significantly higher in DM group compared with control group （Z=-3.937; P〈0.001）. LSCM revealed that there were cytological alterations of MGs in DM group compared with control group, which included enlargement of MG acinar units and decreased in density of MG acinar units. Specifically, there were lower MGAUD, larger MGALD and MGASD in DM group than control group （Z=-10.120, -9.4442, -7.771; P〈0.001）.CONCLUSION： Compared with the normal control participants, the patients with type 2 DM had more unstable tear films and severe symptoms of dry eye. Using Keratograph 5M system and LSCM, we found that the patients with type 2 DM had more significant morphological and cytological changes and dysfunction in MGs.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of Lubeikangru formula(LF) on hyperplasia of the mammary glands(HMG) induced by estrogen and progesterone in mice.METHODS: Female mice were divided randomly into five grou...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of Lubeikangru formula(LF) on hyperplasia of the mammary glands(HMG) induced by estrogen and progesterone in mice.METHODS: Female mice were divided randomly into five groups: normal, model, tamoxifen(3 mg/kg),Rupixiao(900 mg/kg) and LF(900 mg/kg). All mice except those in the normal group were treated sequentially with estradiol and progesterone to induce HMG. From the tenth day of induction, mice in normal and model groups received distilled water and mice in the other groups were given the corresponding drugs by gavage, once a day, for 30 d.At the end of treatment, the mammary glands, ovaries, hypothalamus, and serum was collected for whole-mount and hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISAs), or western blotting.RESULTS: Whole-mount and HE staining of mammary glands showed that LF rescued(at least in part) the hyperplasic morphology of the mammary glands, and the number of branch points decreased after LF treatment(P < 0.05). ELISAs revealed that levels of estrogen and progesterone were decreased following LF treatment, whereas levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were increased in serum and tissues. Western blotting confirmed that LF treatment led to a reduction in expression of phosphorylated(p)-Erk, p-p38 and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase. LF was also confirmed to be safe by acute-toxicity tests.CONCLUSION: LF can protect the mammary glands of mice from estrogen-and progesterone-induced hyperplasia by adjusting hormone levels and regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.展开更多
Herein, we present a case of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type(GA-FG) spreading to heterotopic gastric glands(HGG) in the submucosa. A 58-year-old man with epigastric pain was referred to our hospital and un...Herein, we present a case of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type(GA-FG) spreading to heterotopic gastric glands(HGG) in the submucosa. A 58-year-old man with epigastric pain was referred to our hospital and underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A Borrmann type II gastric cancer at the antrum and a 10 mm submucosal tumor-like lesion in the lesser curvature of the upper third of the stomach were detected. Histological examination of the biopsy specimens obtained from the submucosal tumorlike lesion suggested a GA-FG. Therefore, endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed as excisional biopsy, and histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed a GA-FG and HGG proximal to the GA-FG. Although the GA-FG invaded the submucosal layer slightly, the submucosal lesion of the GA-FG had a poor stromal reaction and was located just above the HGG in the submucosa. Therefore, wefinally diagnosed the lesion as a GA-FG invading the submucosal layer by spreading to HGG.展开更多
AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially wi...AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially with buffered salt solution. After control perfusion, recording started 5 min prior to the start of stimulation. After fluid secretion was induced by 0.2 μmol/L carbamylcholine （CCh） in the perfusate for 10 min, Chinese herb （CH） was added in the perfusion for 5 min. CCh was then overloaded at 0.2 μmol/L in the perfusion for 20 min. The volume of salivary fluid secretion was recorded by a computer-controlled balance system. RESULTS： Saliva secretion formed an initial ephemeral peak at 30 s followed by a gradual increase to a sustained level. CH alone induced no or little saliva in all types of CH selected. During perfusion with CH,overloading of CCh promoted fluid secretion in 1S of 20 CHs. This promotion was classified into four patterns, which were eventually related to the categories of CH： Overall sustained phase was continuously raised （Yin-nourishing, fluid production-promoting and heatclearing agents）; The sustained secretion rose to reach a maximum then decreased （Qi-enhancing agent）; Sustained secretion rose to reach the highest maximum and was then sustained with a slight decline （swelling-reducing, phlegm-resolving and pus-expelling agents）; Stimulation of salivary secretion without any added stimulants. Addition of CCh raised the fluid secretion to reach the highest maximum then sharply decreased to a lower sustained level （blood activating agent）. CONCLUSION： The present findings lead to the conclusion that various CHs have different promotional effects directly on the salivary gland.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the alleviating effects of melatonin on oxidative changes in the testes and pituitary gland induced by subacute chlopyrifos（CPF） exposure in rats.Methods:Forty adult male Wistar rats divided in...Objective:To evaluate the alleviating effects of melatonin on oxidative changes in the testes and pituitary gland induced by subacute chlopyrifos（CPF） exposure in rats.Methods:Forty adult male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 10 animals were used for the study.Croup I received soya oil（2 mL/kg） while group II was administered with melatonin（0.5 mg/kg）.Group III was administered CPF only(8.5 mg/kg <sup> </sup>l/10th of the LD<sub>50</sub>) while group Ⅳ was pretreated with melatonin（0.5 mg/kg） and then exposed to CPF（8.5 mg/kg）,10 min later.The regimens were administered by gavage once daily for a period of 28 d.At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed and the testicular tissues and pituitary glands were evaluated for the malonaldehyde（MDA） concentration and activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and catalase（CAT）.Results:CPF increased MDA concentrations and reduced the activities of SOD and CAT in the testes and pituitary gland.Melatonin pretreatment reduced the testicular and pituitary MDA concentrations and improves the SOD and CAT activities.Conclusions:the study showed that subacute CPF-induced oxidative stress in the testes and pituitary glands were alleviated by melatonin due to its antioxidant property.展开更多
Objective: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary glands. Insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein-3(IMP3) is an important prognostic factor in some cancers and ...Objective: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary glands. Insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein-3(IMP3) is an important prognostic factor in some cancers and a tool that differentiates between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. This study aimed to identify a relationship between the expression of IMP3 and the outcome of salivary gland MEC, as well as to differentiate MEC from pleomorphic adenoma(PA).Methods: Tissue specimens from 70 cases of salivary gland MEC, 40 cases of PA, and 10 cases with normal salivary gland were examined immunohistochemically for IMP3. The association among the expression of IMP3, clinicopathological characteristics and patient's survival was assessed.Results: IMP3 was present in 51.4% of MEC but absent in PA and normal salivary gland tissues. IMP3 expression was associated with age > 60 years, submandibular gland tumors, tumor size > 4 cm, high-grade tumors, lymph node metastasis, involvement of surgical margins, perineural invasion, distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage, tumor relapse, and death(P<0.05). Increased expression of IMP3, tumors of the submandibular gland, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival(DFS). In addition, IMP3 was a strong predictor of overall survival(OS) together with distant metastasis and intermediate and high-grade tumors.Conclusions: IMP3 expression is highly important in evaluating the outcome of MEC. IMP3 can be used to differentiate MEC from PA of salivary glands.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the roles of peribiliary glands around the bile ducts in the pathophysiology of the biliary tract.METHODS:The expression of fetal pancreatic markers,pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor 1(PDX1)and ha...AIM:To investigate the roles of peribiliary glands around the bile ducts in the pathophysiology of the biliary tract.METHODS:The expression of fetal pancreatic markers,pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor 1(PDX1)and hairy and enhancer of split 1(HES1)and endodermal stem/progenitor(S/P)cell markers[CD44s,chemokine receptor type 4(CXCR4),SOX9 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule(EpCAM)]were examined immunohistochemically in 32 normal adult livers(autopsy livers)and 22 hepatolithiatic livers(surgically resected livers).The latter was characterized by the proliferation of the peribiliary glands.Immunohistochemistry was performed using formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded tissue sections after deparaffinization.Although PDX1and HES1 were expressed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells,only nuclear staining was evaluated.SOX9 was expressed in the nucleus,while CD44s,CXCR4 and EpCAM were expressed in the cell membranes.The frequency and extent of the expression of these molecules in the lining epithelia and peribiliary glands were evaluated semi-quantitatively based on the percentage of positive cells:0,1+(focal),2+(moderate)and 3+(extensive).RESULTS:In normal livers,PDX1 was infrequently expressed in the lining epithelia,but was frequently expressed in the peribiliary glands.In contrast,HES1was frequently expressed in the lining epithelia,but its expression in the peribiliary glands was focal,suggesting that the peribiliary glands retain the potential of differentiation toward the pancreas and the lining epithelia exhibit properties to inhibit such differentiation.This unique combination was also seen in hepatolithiatic livers.The expression of endodermal S/P cell markers varied in the peribiliary glands in normal livers:SOX9 and EpCAM were frequently expressed,CD44s infrequently,and CXCR4 almost not at all.The expression of these markers,particularly CD44s and CXCR4,increased in the peribiliary glands and lining epithelia in hepatolithiatic livers.This increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers may be related to the increased production of intestinal and gastric mucin and also to the biliary neoplasia associated with the gastric and intestinal phenotypes reported in hepatolithiasis.CONCLUSION:The unique expression pattern of PDX1and HES1 and increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers in the peribiliary glands may be involved in biliary pathophysiologies.展开更多
Hyperplasia of mammary glands is a common disease in the middle-aged women, and it is a precancerous lesion of mammary glands. For many years, the author has used Rugen (ST 18) of the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yang... Hyperplasia of mammary glands is a common disease in the middle-aged women, and it is a precancerous lesion of mammary glands. For many years, the author has used Rugen (ST 18) of the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming as the main point withcertain auxiliary points chosen on basis of the differentiation types to treat the disease and obtained satisfactory therapeutic effects. A report follows.
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According to Zhongjing Zhang's academic thought,gynecological diseases mostly result from deficiency,accumulated cold,and qi stagnation,so the treatment of gynecological miscellaneous diseases should take qi and b...According to Zhongjing Zhang's academic thought,gynecological diseases mostly result from deficiency,accumulated cold,and qi stagnation,so the treatment of gynecological miscellaneous diseases should take qi and blood as the general principle,and focus on the liver.The pathogenesis of mammary glands hyperplasia(MGH)is liver and kidney deficiency,disharmony of the thoroughfare vessel and the conception vessel,the causes of which are emotional imbalance,liver qi depression,and failure of transportation due to spleen deficiency.The superficial causes include qi stagnation,phlegm coagulation,and blood stasis,which are mainly related to the liver,spleen,kidney,the thoroughfare vessel,and the conception vessel.In clinical treatment of MGH,Xiaochaihu Decoction or Sini Powder can be used for qi stagnation syndrome,Xiao Xianxiong Decoction for phlegm coagulation syndrome,Guizhi Fuling Pill or Dahuang Zhechong Pill for spleen deficiency syndrome,and Wenjing Decoction for the deficiency-cold syndrome.展开更多
Purpose: Investigation of the influence of radiation dose to salivary glands on xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancers. Methods: From October 2002 to December 2011, 548 patients with head and neck carcinoma...Purpose: Investigation of the influence of radiation dose to salivary glands on xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancers. Methods: From October 2002 to December 2011, 548 patients with head and neck carcinomas were treated in our department using intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). 325 patients were eligible for analysis more than 1 year after irradiation. Xerostomia was evaluated according to the criteria of Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group (RTOG) and xerostomia related questionnaire. For statistical analysis grade 1 and 2 were recorded as mild and grade 3 and 4 as severe xerostomia. The dosimetric values for absolute mean dose, biological equivalent mean dose (EQD2), the relative organ volume not exceeding 20 Gy, 25 Gy and 30 Gy (V20, V25, V30) for all 4 major salivary glands or for both parotid glands only were used for analysis. V20 revealed the best discrimination between both patient groups (with vs. without xerostomia), compared to parameters V25 and V30. Therefore the volume of the salivary glands receiving less than 20 Gy (V 20Gy) was analyzed additionally. Mann-Whitney-U-test, Kruskal-Wallis-test and logistic regression were used in statistical analysis. Results: A TD 50 can be determined for the occurrence of xerostomia more than one year after radiotherapy for both parotid glands of 19.3 Gy for the mean dose absolute, 11.2 Gy for the mean dose EQD2, 38.2% for V20, 26.8% for V25, 18.7% for V30, 34.9 ml for V 20Gy. For all major salivary glands theses values were 25.7 Gy for the mean dose absolute, 15.6 Gy for the mean dose EQD2, 51.3% for V20, 41.1% for V25, 33.9% for V30 and 34.8 ml for V 20Gy. Conclusions: The identification of a tolerance dose for the salivary glands for treatment planning appears to be difficult, as the dose-response correlation only shows a flat slope. Additionally, a large interindividual variability seems to exist. We could not found any threshold dose for development of xerostomia.展开更多
Cowper’s syringoceles are uncommon,usually described in children and most commonly limited to the ducts.We describe more complex variants in an adult population affecting with varying degrees of severity,the glands t...Cowper’s syringoceles are uncommon,usually described in children and most commonly limited to the ducts.We describe more complex variants in an adult population affecting with varying degrees of severity,the glands themselves,and the complications they may lead to.One hundred consecutive urethrograms of patients with unreconstructed strictures were reviewed.Twenty-six patients(mean age:41.1 years)with Cowper’s syringoceles who were managed between 2009 and 2016 were subsequently evaluated.Presentation,radiological appearance,treatment(when indicated),and outcomes were assessed.Of 100 urethrograms in patients with strictures,33.0%demonstrated filling of Cowper’s ducts or glands,occurring predominantly in patients with bulbar strictures.Only 1 of 26 patients with non-bulbar strictures had a visible duct/gland.Of 26 symptomatic patients,15 presented with poor flow.In four patients,a grossly dilated Cowper’s duct obstructed the urethra.In the remaining 11 patients,a bulbar stricture caused the symptoms and the syringocele was identified incidentally.Eight patients presented with perineal pain.In six of them,fluoroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)revealed complex multicystic lesions within the bulbourethral glands.Four patients developed perineoscrotal abscesses.In the 11 patients with strictures,the syringocele was no longer visible after urethroplasty.In three of four patients with urethral obstruction secondary to a dilated Cowper’s duct,this resolved after transperineal excision(n=2)and endoscopic deroofing(n=1).Five of six patients with complex syringoceles involving Cowper’s glands were excised surgically with symptomatic relief in all.In conclusion,Cowper’s syringocele in adults is more common than previously thought and may cause lower urinary tract symptoms or be associated with serious complications which usually require surgical treatment.展开更多
A culture technique had been developed by which the normal mor-phological integrity of the porcine thyroid tissue was well preserved. Few ultra-strvctural changes following TSE stimulation could be detected compared w...A culture technique had been developed by which the normal mor-phological integrity of the porcine thyroid tissue was well preserved. Few ultra-strvctural changes following TSE stimulation could be detected compared withthe control group. Parafollicular cells were detected after being cultured for 96h in the presence of TSH. For the first time, we used scanning electron micro-scope to study the ultrastructural changes of organ cultured thyroid gland.展开更多
In the present paper,30 cases of hyperplasia of mammary glands were treated withelectroacupuncture in different times following menstruation,showing satisfactory results.The totaleffective rate was up to 96.67％.In ad...In the present paper,30 cases of hyperplasia of mammary glands were treated withelectroacupuncture in different times following menstruation,showing satisfactory results.The totaleffective rate was up to 96.67％.In addition,the symptom of mastalgla abated abviously after treat-ment.展开更多
Programmed cel death （PCD） plays a critical role in the development of plant pigment glands, while H2O2, which is a kind of reactive oxygen species （ROS） produced by the aerobic metabolism of cels, acts as an impo...Programmed cel death （PCD） plays a critical role in the development of plant pigment glands, while H2O2, which is a kind of reactive oxygen species （ROS） produced by the aerobic metabolism of cels, acts as an important signal in this process. Here, we investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of accumulated H2O2 in pigment glands ofGossypium hirsutum L. with 3,3-diaminobenzidine （DAB） staining, 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrolfuorescein diacetate （DCFH2）-DA lfuorescent labeling and CeCl3 cytochemical localization techniques. The results showed that thepigment glandsofG. hirsutum could generate H2O2, and the amount and localization of H2O2 variedat different developmental stages. At the early developmental stage, a smal amount of H2O2 accumulated in the vacuole membrane of pigment gland cels. At the intermediate stage, a large number of H2O2 appeared in the vacuole membrane, while cel wals started to accumulate a smal amount of H2O2. When pigment gland cel degraded, H2O2 mainly accumulated on the chloroplast envelope membrane of inner sheath cels. With the degradation of the sheath cels, H2O2was detected in cel wal and the membrane of secretory vesicles which contains the preliminary contents of pigment gland. With the pigment glands completely maturation, H2O2 would disappeared. The accumulation sites of H2O2are consistent with the process of PCD of individual gland cels, which started from the degra-dation of intracelular membrane and ended with the degradation of cel wals. Thus H2O2 probably plays an important role in the development of pigment glands. In addition, the development of pigment glands and the generation of H2O2 are not associated with the light, and no H2O2 was detected in the secretions of pigment glands.展开更多
Benign neoplasia of the duodenum are very rare. Moreover, duodenal tubulovillous adenomas are more uncommon lesions. The microscopic structure of tubulovillous adenoma has frond-like projection of mucosa with branchin...Benign neoplasia of the duodenum are very rare. Moreover, duodenal tubulovillous adenomas are more uncommon lesions. The microscopic structure of tubulovillous adenoma has frond-like projection of mucosa with branching papillary structure and generally upward growth into the lumen. We describe a 72-year-old man who showed aduodenal tubulovillous adenoma with unusual inverted cystic growth pattern. Interestingly, this tubulovillous adenomatous lesion was interrupted by gastric metaplasia in the deep portion of the cyst and was closely surrounded by Brunner’s glands. Although histogenesis of gastric metaplasia of duodenum is not fully understood, Brunner’s glands has been suggested as a precursor for gastric metaplasia. Therefore, these findings argued that this adenoma arises from Brunner’s glands through gastric metaplasia. This is the first case of inverted cystic tubulovillous adenoma involving Brunner’s glands of duodenum with gastric metaplasia.展开更多
基金supported by Shanghai Jiao Tong University(YG2022ZD005,YG2024QNA06).
文摘Accurate identification and viability assessment of the parathyroid glands(PGs)are critical when performing thyroid and parathyroid surgeries.Traditional visual inspection-based intrao-perative methods suffer from subjectivity and uncertainty.Near-infrared(NIR)imaging meth-ods,including NIR autofluorescence(NIRAF)imaging and indocyanine green fluorescence imaging(ICGFI),have emerged as promising and reliable techniques for intraoperative PG identification and assessment.Here,the principles and clinical performanoe of NIR imaging methods were comprehensively reviewed.
基金Supported by the Major Science and Technology Innovation Tackling Project of Wenzhou(No.ZF2022008)the Zhejiang Agricultural Science and Technology Cooperation Project(No.2024SNJF073)+3 种基金the Public Welfare Research Project of Ningbo(No.2023S114)the Earmarked Fund for CARS(No.CARS-48)the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project of Ningbo City(No.2023QL038)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University。
文摘The mud crab(Scylla paramamosain)has been successfully cultivated in chloride-type low-salinity alkaline waters,yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to this environment remain elusive.This study seeks to uncover the adaptation mechanisms of the antennal gland of mud crab under acute chloride-type low-salinity alkaline water stress.Three-hundred crabs were randomly selected and divided into two groups:the low salinity(LS,salinity of 2.2)group and the control group(CK,salinity of 23.4).Following a 120-h experimental period,the antennal glands were sampled for transcriptomic analysis.Experimental results show that acute chloride-type low-salinity saline-alkaline water stress led to a significant decline in the survivorship of mud crab.Through comparative transcriptomic analysis,we identified 923 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),among which 272 were upregulated and 651 were downregulated.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses revealed that the majority of these DEGs are closely linked to functions such as energy metabolism and osmoregulation.Notably,the pathways involving oxidoreductase activity,oxidative phosphorylation,symporter activity,and intracellular calcium-activated chloride channels were significantly enriched,highlighting their pivotal roles in enhancing the osmoregulatory capacity of mud crab and maintaining internal homeostasis in chloride-type low-salinity alkaline environments.Additionally,the upregulation of genes such as SLC6A9,SLC6A4,and FH further facilitated transmembrane ion transport and energy metabolism,thereby reinforcing intracellular isosmotic regulation.However,these controls also pose a potential risk of oxidative stress.Therefore,the antennal gland plays a crucial role in the response of mud crab to acute chloride-type low-salinity alkaline water stress.This study provides new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of mud crab and lays a theoretical foundation for enhancing chloride-type low-salinity alkaline water aquaculture techniques.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2020J011084)Fujian Province Technology and Economy Integration Service Platform(No.2023XRH001)Fuzhou-Xiamen-Quanzhou National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone Collaborative Innovation Platform(No.2022FX5)。
文摘●AIM:To investigate a pioneering framework for the segmentation of meibomian glands(MGs),using limited annotations to reduce the workload on ophthalmologists and enhance the efficiency of clinical diagnosis.●METHODS:Totally 203 infrared meibomian images from 138 patients with dry eye disease,accompanied by corresponding annotations,were gathered for the study.A rectified scribble-supervised gland segmentation(RSSGS)model,incorporating temporal ensemble prediction,uncertainty estimation,and a transformation equivariance constraint,was introduced to address constraints imposed by limited supervision information inherent in scribble annotations.The viability and efficacy of the proposed model were assessed based on accuracy,intersection over union(IoU),and dice coefficient.●RESULTS:Using manual labels as the gold standard,RSSGS demonstrated outcomes with an accuracy of 93.54%,a dice coefficient of 78.02%,and an IoU of 64.18%.Notably,these performance metrics exceed the current weakly supervised state-of-the-art methods by 0.76%,2.06%,and 2.69%,respectively.Furthermore,despite achieving a substantial 80%reduction in annotation costs,it only lags behind fully annotated methods by 0.72%,1.51%,and 2.04%.●CONCLUSION:An innovative automatic segmentation model is developed for MGs in infrared eyelid images,using scribble annotation for training.This model maintains an exceptionally high level of segmentation accuracy while substantially reducing training costs.It holds substantial utility for calculating clinical parameters,thereby greatly enhancing the diagnostic efficiency of ophthalmologists in evaluating meibomian gland dysfunction.
文摘Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands were earned out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope.To prepare the extract,the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone.For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.Results:Detailed micromorphological,phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C.parasitica(L.) H.Lev.showed its inlraspecific variation in antibacterial activity.The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species.The epidermal glands were orange-coloured,stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2μm×45μm,and distributed on the undersurface of cosla,coslules and veins in croziers,young and mature leaves.Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers.The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog.Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids,alkaloids,tannins,saponins and flavonoids in it.Conclusions:The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica(L.) H.Lev.have several bioactive compounds and such rare moiphovariant should be conserved in nature.The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.
文摘AIM: To observe the changes of microcellular structure of meibomian glands(MGs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM), and to explore its correlation with the duration of diabetes.METHODS: The study assessed 132 eyes of 132 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM group) and 100 eyes of 100 non-diabetic participants(NDM group). All patients underwent the examination of the Keratograph 5 M system to obtain the meibography which were used to evaluate the structure dropout of the MGs. And then laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) was performed for observing the acinar cells and ducts of the MGs to obtain the following parameters: the MG acinar unit density(MGAUD), MG acinar longest diameter(MGALD) and MG acinar shortest diameter(MGASD). The examination results of the right eye were selected for analysis.RESULTS: Compared with that in NDM group, the meiboscore was significantly higher(Z=-4.057, P<0.001), and there were more MGs dropout in DM group. With the prolongation of the course of diabetes, the absence of MGs aggravated and the MGs dropout score increased(r=0.596;P<0.001). LSCM showed that there were various cytological alterations in acinar cells of MGs with the progress of diabetes duration, such as expansion, atrophy or fibrosis of MG acinar units, decreased density of MG acinar units, deposition of lipid substances, infiltration of inflammatory cells, proliferation of fibrous tissues, etc. And the opening of the glandular duct changed from smooth at the beginning to narrow, blocked, fibrotic and so on. Compared with that in NDM group, the MGAUD in DM group was significantly lower(Z=-9.713;P<0.001), the MGALD and MGASD were significantly larger(Z=-9.751,-6.416;P<0.001). With the duration of diabetes, the MGAUD reduced, the MGASD increased(r=0.860, 0.364, P<0.001);but the MGALD had no correlation with diabetic duration(r=0.133, P=0.151).CONCLUSION: With the progress of diabetes, the meibomian glandular acinar cells of diabetic patients show various manifestations. Those changes may result in the dysfuction of the MGs, tear film instability and dry eye symptoms in patients with type 2 DM.
文摘AIM： To investigate the morphological changes of meibomian glands in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （DM）.METHODS： Of 118 eyes （118 patients） with type 2 DM （DM group） and 100 eyes of 100 control subjects （control group） were enrolled. After completing an ocular surface disease index （OSDI） questionnaire, the non-invasive tear film break-up time （NI-BUT） and the structure of the meibomian glands （MGs, meibography） were assessed by the Keratograph 5M system. Partial or complete loss of MG was scored for each eyelid from grade 0 （no loss） to grade 3 （lost area was 〉2/3 of the total MG area）, which were also examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy （LSCM）. The primary outcomes were meibomian gland acinar unit density （MGAUD）, meibomian gland acinar longest diameter （MGALD） and meibomian gland acinar shortest diameter （MGASD）.RESULTS： Compared with control group, the OSDI was significantly higher in DM group （Z=-5.916; P〈0.001）, while the NI-BUT was significantly lower （Z=-7.765; P〈0.001）. Keratograph showed that there were more MGs dropout in DM group than that in control group. The meiboscore was significantly higher in DM group compared with control group （Z=-3.937; P〈0.001）. LSCM revealed that there were cytological alterations of MGs in DM group compared with control group, which included enlargement of MG acinar units and decreased in density of MG acinar units. Specifically, there were lower MGAUD, larger MGALD and MGASD in DM group than control group （Z=-10.120, -9.4442, -7.771; P〈0.001）.CONCLUSION： Compared with the normal control participants, the patients with type 2 DM had more unstable tear films and severe symptoms of dry eye. Using Keratograph 5M system and LSCM, we found that the patients with type 2 DM had more significant morphological and cytological changes and dysfunction in MGs.
基金Supported by Shenyang Science and Technology Plan(No.F14-199-4-00)Natural Science foundation of Liaoning Province(No.L20170540629)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81403396)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of Lubeikangru formula(LF) on hyperplasia of the mammary glands(HMG) induced by estrogen and progesterone in mice.METHODS: Female mice were divided randomly into five groups: normal, model, tamoxifen(3 mg/kg),Rupixiao(900 mg/kg) and LF(900 mg/kg). All mice except those in the normal group were treated sequentially with estradiol and progesterone to induce HMG. From the tenth day of induction, mice in normal and model groups received distilled water and mice in the other groups were given the corresponding drugs by gavage, once a day, for 30 d.At the end of treatment, the mammary glands, ovaries, hypothalamus, and serum was collected for whole-mount and hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISAs), or western blotting.RESULTS: Whole-mount and HE staining of mammary glands showed that LF rescued(at least in part) the hyperplasic morphology of the mammary glands, and the number of branch points decreased after LF treatment(P < 0.05). ELISAs revealed that levels of estrogen and progesterone were decreased following LF treatment, whereas levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were increased in serum and tissues. Western blotting confirmed that LF treatment led to a reduction in expression of phosphorylated(p)-Erk, p-p38 and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase. LF was also confirmed to be safe by acute-toxicity tests.CONCLUSION: LF can protect the mammary glands of mice from estrogen-and progesterone-induced hyperplasia by adjusting hormone levels and regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
文摘Herein, we present a case of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type(GA-FG) spreading to heterotopic gastric glands(HGG) in the submucosa. A 58-year-old man with epigastric pain was referred to our hospital and underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A Borrmann type II gastric cancer at the antrum and a 10 mm submucosal tumor-like lesion in the lesser curvature of the upper third of the stomach were detected. Histological examination of the biopsy specimens obtained from the submucosal tumorlike lesion suggested a GA-FG. Therefore, endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed as excisional biopsy, and histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed a GA-FG and HGG proximal to the GA-FG. Although the GA-FG invaded the submucosal layer slightly, the submucosal lesion of the GA-FG had a poor stromal reaction and was located just above the HGG in the submucosa. Therefore, wefinally diagnosed the lesion as a GA-FG invading the submucosal layer by spreading to HGG.
基金Supported by Cooperation survey and research project of the Nippon Foundation of the Japan-China Medical Association (2006-12)the International cooperation project (BZ2006058) of Bureau of Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘AIM： TO determine whether Chinese herbs （CHs） relieve xerostomia （dry mouth） by increasing salivary secretion. METHODS： The submandibular glands of Wistar rats were surgically isolated and perfused arterially with buffered salt solution. After control perfusion, recording started 5 min prior to the start of stimulation. After fluid secretion was induced by 0.2 μmol/L carbamylcholine （CCh） in the perfusate for 10 min, Chinese herb （CH） was added in the perfusion for 5 min. CCh was then overloaded at 0.2 μmol/L in the perfusion for 20 min. The volume of salivary fluid secretion was recorded by a computer-controlled balance system. RESULTS： Saliva secretion formed an initial ephemeral peak at 30 s followed by a gradual increase to a sustained level. CH alone induced no or little saliva in all types of CH selected. During perfusion with CH,overloading of CCh promoted fluid secretion in 1S of 20 CHs. This promotion was classified into four patterns, which were eventually related to the categories of CH： Overall sustained phase was continuously raised （Yin-nourishing, fluid production-promoting and heatclearing agents）; The sustained secretion rose to reach a maximum then decreased （Qi-enhancing agent）; Sustained secretion rose to reach the highest maximum and was then sustained with a slight decline （swelling-reducing, phlegm-resolving and pus-expelling agents）; Stimulation of salivary secretion without any added stimulants. Addition of CCh raised the fluid secretion to reach the highest maximum then sharply decreased to a lower sustained level （blood activating agent）. CONCLUSION： The present findings lead to the conclusion that various CHs have different promotional effects directly on the salivary gland.
基金Partly supported by Ahmadu Bello University Board of Research(Grant No.ABU/UBR/125/09)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the alleviating effects of melatonin on oxidative changes in the testes and pituitary gland induced by subacute chlopyrifos（CPF） exposure in rats.Methods:Forty adult male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 10 animals were used for the study.Croup I received soya oil（2 mL/kg） while group II was administered with melatonin（0.5 mg/kg）.Group III was administered CPF only(8.5 mg/kg <sup> </sup>l/10th of the LD<sub>50</sub>) while group Ⅳ was pretreated with melatonin（0.5 mg/kg） and then exposed to CPF（8.5 mg/kg）,10 min later.The regimens were administered by gavage once daily for a period of 28 d.At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed and the testicular tissues and pituitary glands were evaluated for the malonaldehyde（MDA） concentration and activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and catalase（CAT）.Results:CPF increased MDA concentrations and reduced the activities of SOD and CAT in the testes and pituitary gland.Melatonin pretreatment reduced the testicular and pituitary MDA concentrations and improves the SOD and CAT activities.Conclusions:the study showed that subacute CPF-induced oxidative stress in the testes and pituitary glands were alleviated by melatonin due to its antioxidant property.
文摘Objective: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary glands. Insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein-3(IMP3) is an important prognostic factor in some cancers and a tool that differentiates between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. This study aimed to identify a relationship between the expression of IMP3 and the outcome of salivary gland MEC, as well as to differentiate MEC from pleomorphic adenoma(PA).Methods: Tissue specimens from 70 cases of salivary gland MEC, 40 cases of PA, and 10 cases with normal salivary gland were examined immunohistochemically for IMP3. The association among the expression of IMP3, clinicopathological characteristics and patient's survival was assessed.Results: IMP3 was present in 51.4% of MEC but absent in PA and normal salivary gland tissues. IMP3 expression was associated with age > 60 years, submandibular gland tumors, tumor size > 4 cm, high-grade tumors, lymph node metastasis, involvement of surgical margins, perineural invasion, distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage, tumor relapse, and death(P<0.05). Increased expression of IMP3, tumors of the submandibular gland, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival(DFS). In addition, IMP3 was a strong predictor of overall survival(OS) together with distant metastasis and intermediate and high-grade tumors.Conclusions: IMP3 expression is highly important in evaluating the outcome of MEC. IMP3 can be used to differentiate MEC from PA of salivary glands.
文摘AIM:To investigate the roles of peribiliary glands around the bile ducts in the pathophysiology of the biliary tract.METHODS:The expression of fetal pancreatic markers,pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor 1(PDX1)and hairy and enhancer of split 1(HES1)and endodermal stem/progenitor(S/P)cell markers[CD44s,chemokine receptor type 4(CXCR4),SOX9 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule(EpCAM)]were examined immunohistochemically in 32 normal adult livers(autopsy livers)and 22 hepatolithiatic livers(surgically resected livers).The latter was characterized by the proliferation of the peribiliary glands.Immunohistochemistry was performed using formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded tissue sections after deparaffinization.Although PDX1and HES1 were expressed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells,only nuclear staining was evaluated.SOX9 was expressed in the nucleus,while CD44s,CXCR4 and EpCAM were expressed in the cell membranes.The frequency and extent of the expression of these molecules in the lining epithelia and peribiliary glands were evaluated semi-quantitatively based on the percentage of positive cells:0,1+(focal),2+(moderate)and 3+(extensive).RESULTS:In normal livers,PDX1 was infrequently expressed in the lining epithelia,but was frequently expressed in the peribiliary glands.In contrast,HES1was frequently expressed in the lining epithelia,but its expression in the peribiliary glands was focal,suggesting that the peribiliary glands retain the potential of differentiation toward the pancreas and the lining epithelia exhibit properties to inhibit such differentiation.This unique combination was also seen in hepatolithiatic livers.The expression of endodermal S/P cell markers varied in the peribiliary glands in normal livers:SOX9 and EpCAM were frequently expressed,CD44s infrequently,and CXCR4 almost not at all.The expression of these markers,particularly CD44s and CXCR4,increased in the peribiliary glands and lining epithelia in hepatolithiatic livers.This increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers may be related to the increased production of intestinal and gastric mucin and also to the biliary neoplasia associated with the gastric and intestinal phenotypes reported in hepatolithiasis.CONCLUSION:The unique expression pattern of PDX1and HES1 and increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers in the peribiliary glands may be involved in biliary pathophysiologies.
文摘 Hyperplasia of mammary glands is a common disease in the middle-aged women, and it is a precancerous lesion of mammary glands. For many years, the author has used Rugen (ST 18) of the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming as the main point withcertain auxiliary points chosen on basis of the differentiation types to treat the disease and obtained satisfactory therapeutic effects. A report follows.
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基金special project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Henan Province(20-21ZY1008).
文摘According to Zhongjing Zhang's academic thought,gynecological diseases mostly result from deficiency,accumulated cold,and qi stagnation,so the treatment of gynecological miscellaneous diseases should take qi and blood as the general principle,and focus on the liver.The pathogenesis of mammary glands hyperplasia(MGH)is liver and kidney deficiency,disharmony of the thoroughfare vessel and the conception vessel,the causes of which are emotional imbalance,liver qi depression,and failure of transportation due to spleen deficiency.The superficial causes include qi stagnation,phlegm coagulation,and blood stasis,which are mainly related to the liver,spleen,kidney,the thoroughfare vessel,and the conception vessel.In clinical treatment of MGH,Xiaochaihu Decoction or Sini Powder can be used for qi stagnation syndrome,Xiao Xianxiong Decoction for phlegm coagulation syndrome,Guizhi Fuling Pill or Dahuang Zhechong Pill for spleen deficiency syndrome,and Wenjing Decoction for the deficiency-cold syndrome.
文摘Purpose: Investigation of the influence of radiation dose to salivary glands on xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancers. Methods: From October 2002 to December 2011, 548 patients with head and neck carcinomas were treated in our department using intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). 325 patients were eligible for analysis more than 1 year after irradiation. Xerostomia was evaluated according to the criteria of Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group (RTOG) and xerostomia related questionnaire. For statistical analysis grade 1 and 2 were recorded as mild and grade 3 and 4 as severe xerostomia. The dosimetric values for absolute mean dose, biological equivalent mean dose (EQD2), the relative organ volume not exceeding 20 Gy, 25 Gy and 30 Gy (V20, V25, V30) for all 4 major salivary glands or for both parotid glands only were used for analysis. V20 revealed the best discrimination between both patient groups (with vs. without xerostomia), compared to parameters V25 and V30. Therefore the volume of the salivary glands receiving less than 20 Gy (V 20Gy) was analyzed additionally. Mann-Whitney-U-test, Kruskal-Wallis-test and logistic regression were used in statistical analysis. Results: A TD 50 can be determined for the occurrence of xerostomia more than one year after radiotherapy for both parotid glands of 19.3 Gy for the mean dose absolute, 11.2 Gy for the mean dose EQD2, 38.2% for V20, 26.8% for V25, 18.7% for V30, 34.9 ml for V 20Gy. For all major salivary glands theses values were 25.7 Gy for the mean dose absolute, 15.6 Gy for the mean dose EQD2, 51.3% for V20, 41.1% for V25, 33.9% for V30 and 34.8 ml for V 20Gy. Conclusions: The identification of a tolerance dose for the salivary glands for treatment planning appears to be difficult, as the dose-response correlation only shows a flat slope. Additionally, a large interindividual variability seems to exist. We could not found any threshold dose for development of xerostomia.
文摘Cowper’s syringoceles are uncommon,usually described in children and most commonly limited to the ducts.We describe more complex variants in an adult population affecting with varying degrees of severity,the glands themselves,and the complications they may lead to.One hundred consecutive urethrograms of patients with unreconstructed strictures were reviewed.Twenty-six patients(mean age:41.1 years)with Cowper’s syringoceles who were managed between 2009 and 2016 were subsequently evaluated.Presentation,radiological appearance,treatment(when indicated),and outcomes were assessed.Of 100 urethrograms in patients with strictures,33.0%demonstrated filling of Cowper’s ducts or glands,occurring predominantly in patients with bulbar strictures.Only 1 of 26 patients with non-bulbar strictures had a visible duct/gland.Of 26 symptomatic patients,15 presented with poor flow.In four patients,a grossly dilated Cowper’s duct obstructed the urethra.In the remaining 11 patients,a bulbar stricture caused the symptoms and the syringocele was identified incidentally.Eight patients presented with perineal pain.In six of them,fluoroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)revealed complex multicystic lesions within the bulbourethral glands.Four patients developed perineoscrotal abscesses.In the 11 patients with strictures,the syringocele was no longer visible after urethroplasty.In three of four patients with urethral obstruction secondary to a dilated Cowper’s duct,this resolved after transperineal excision(n=2)and endoscopic deroofing(n=1).Five of six patients with complex syringoceles involving Cowper’s glands were excised surgically with symptomatic relief in all.In conclusion,Cowper’s syringocele in adults is more common than previously thought and may cause lower urinary tract symptoms or be associated with serious complications which usually require surgical treatment.
文摘A culture technique had been developed by which the normal mor-phological integrity of the porcine thyroid tissue was well preserved. Few ultra-strvctural changes following TSE stimulation could be detected compared withthe control group. Parafollicular cells were detected after being cultured for 96h in the presence of TSH. For the first time, we used scanning electron micro-scope to study the ultrastructural changes of organ cultured thyroid gland.
文摘In the present paper,30 cases of hyperplasia of mammary glands were treated withelectroacupuncture in different times following menstruation,showing satisfactory results.The totaleffective rate was up to 96.67％.In addition,the symptom of mastalgla abated abviously after treat-ment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270428)
文摘Programmed cel death （PCD） plays a critical role in the development of plant pigment glands, while H2O2, which is a kind of reactive oxygen species （ROS） produced by the aerobic metabolism of cels, acts as an important signal in this process. Here, we investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of accumulated H2O2 in pigment glands ofGossypium hirsutum L. with 3,3-diaminobenzidine （DAB） staining, 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrolfuorescein diacetate （DCFH2）-DA lfuorescent labeling and CeCl3 cytochemical localization techniques. The results showed that thepigment glandsofG. hirsutum could generate H2O2, and the amount and localization of H2O2 variedat different developmental stages. At the early developmental stage, a smal amount of H2O2 accumulated in the vacuole membrane of pigment gland cels. At the intermediate stage, a large number of H2O2 appeared in the vacuole membrane, while cel wals started to accumulate a smal amount of H2O2. When pigment gland cel degraded, H2O2 mainly accumulated on the chloroplast envelope membrane of inner sheath cels. With the degradation of the sheath cels, H2O2was detected in cel wal and the membrane of secretory vesicles which contains the preliminary contents of pigment gland. With the pigment glands completely maturation, H2O2 would disappeared. The accumulation sites of H2O2are consistent with the process of PCD of individual gland cels, which started from the degra-dation of intracelular membrane and ended with the degradation of cel wals. Thus H2O2 probably plays an important role in the development of pigment glands. In addition, the development of pigment glands and the generation of H2O2 are not associated with the light, and no H2O2 was detected in the secretions of pigment glands.
文摘Benign neoplasia of the duodenum are very rare. Moreover, duodenal tubulovillous adenomas are more uncommon lesions. The microscopic structure of tubulovillous adenoma has frond-like projection of mucosa with branching papillary structure and generally upward growth into the lumen. We describe a 72-year-old man who showed aduodenal tubulovillous adenoma with unusual inverted cystic growth pattern. Interestingly, this tubulovillous adenomatous lesion was interrupted by gastric metaplasia in the deep portion of the cyst and was closely surrounded by Brunner’s glands. Although histogenesis of gastric metaplasia of duodenum is not fully understood, Brunner’s glands has been suggested as a precursor for gastric metaplasia. Therefore, these findings argued that this adenoma arises from Brunner’s glands through gastric metaplasia. This is the first case of inverted cystic tubulovillous adenoma involving Brunner’s glands of duodenum with gastric metaplasia.
