创新是中国制造业转型发展的动力源泉,要依靠创新促进中国制造业从制造业集聚的世界工厂(全球制造业中心)转向全球制造业创新中心。从三个方面探讨中国由世界工厂(全球制造业中心)成为全球制造业创新中心的转变机制。首先,中国制造业已...创新是中国制造业转型发展的动力源泉,要依靠创新促进中国制造业从制造业集聚的世界工厂(全球制造业中心)转向全球制造业创新中心。从三个方面探讨中国由世界工厂(全球制造业中心)成为全球制造业创新中心的转变机制。首先,中国制造业已经成为世界工厂(全球制造业中心),这有助于相关科技活动的发展;其次,中国制造业与科技创新活动之间形成正反馈效应的创新系统;最后,由封闭走向开放式创新体系的多要素共同决定中国的创新产出,决定中国全球制造业创新中心的建立。结合2002-2017年我国29个省的面板数据,采用递归方法(recursive regression)对地理创新生产函数(Geographical Innovation Production Function,简称GIP函数)进一步扩展,结果显示:中国制造业世界工厂(全球制造业中心)积极促进了企业R&D等科技活动;科技活动与制造业之间相互影响,但正反馈效果不明显;开放条件下相关科技活动和国际技术溢出、区域技术溢出等因素与创新产出是正相关的,而R&D人员投入与创新产出之间呈负相关,其效果还有待加强。展开更多
Background: In order to discover new strategies to replace antibiotics in the post-antibiotic era in meat-type chicken production, two new synbiotics were tested:(Lactobacillus salivarius IBB3154 plus galactooligosacc...Background: In order to discover new strategies to replace antibiotics in the post-antibiotic era in meat-type chicken production, two new synbiotics were tested:(Lactobacillus salivarius IBB3154 plus galactooligosaccharide(Syn1) and Lactobacillus plantarum IBB3036 plus raffinose family oligosaccharides(Syn2).Methods: The synbiotics were administered via syringe, using a special automatic system, into the egg air chamber of Cobb 500 broiler chicks on the 12 thday of egg incubation(2 mg of prebiotics + 105 cfu bacteria per egg).Hatched roosters(total 2,400) were reared on an experimental farm, kept in pens(75 animals per pen), with free access to feed and water. After 42 d animals were slaughtered. Blood serum, pancreas, duodenum and duodenum content were collected.Results: Syn2 increased trypsin activity by 2.5-fold in the pancreas and 1.5-fold in the duodenal content. In the duodenum content, Syn2 resulted in ca 30% elevation in lipase activity and 70% reduction in amylase activity.Syn1 and Syn2 strongly decreased expression of m RNA for GLP-1 and GIP in the duodenum and for GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas. Simultaneously, concentrations of the incretins significantly diminished in the blood serum(P < 0.05). The decreased expression of incretins coincides with changed activity of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and in the duodenal content. The results indicate that incretins are involved in the action of Syn1 and Syn2 or that they may even be their target. No changes were observed in key hormones regulating metabolism(insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, thyroid hormones, and leptin) or in metabolic indices(glucose,NEFA, triglycerides, cholesterol). Additionally, synbiotics did not cause significant changes in the activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in broiler chickens. Simultaneously, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase diminished after Syn2 and Syn1, respectively.Conclusion: The selected synbiotics may be used as in ovo additives for broiler chickens, and Syn2 seems to improve their potential digestive proteolytic and lipolytic ability. Our results suggest that synbiotics can be directly or indirectly involved in incretin secretion and reception.展开更多
GLP-1 and GIP promote insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by inducing intracellular signals such as Ca2+ and cAMP. Metformin primarily acts by inhibiting glucogenesis in the liver and promoting glucose metaboli...GLP-1 and GIP promote insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by inducing intracellular signals such as Ca2+ and cAMP. Metformin primarily acts by inhibiting glucogenesis in the liver and promoting glucose metabolism in the muscle. It is used as a concomitant drug with the incretin in the treatment of T2D. We focused on intracellular signals under various glucose concentrations and assessed the effects of metformin on incretin signaling in MIN6 β-cells. Metformin inhibited incretin-induced [Ca2+]i in the presence of 5.5 mM glucose but not 16.7 mM glucose. In accordance with low [Ca2+]i, insulin secretion from MIN6 cells declined, despite enhanced incretin-induced cAMP production. Abundant expressions of Adcy 6 and 9, which are negatively controlled by Ca2+ signals, were detected in MIN6 cells. Thus, increasing cAMP production was associated with the inhibition of Ca2+ mobilization by metformin. However, we show that metformin controls insulin secretion by inhibiting incretin-mediated [Ca2+]i under normoglycemic conditions.展开更多
文摘创新是中国制造业转型发展的动力源泉,要依靠创新促进中国制造业从制造业集聚的世界工厂(全球制造业中心)转向全球制造业创新中心。从三个方面探讨中国由世界工厂(全球制造业中心)成为全球制造业创新中心的转变机制。首先,中国制造业已经成为世界工厂(全球制造业中心),这有助于相关科技活动的发展;其次,中国制造业与科技创新活动之间形成正反馈效应的创新系统;最后,由封闭走向开放式创新体系的多要素共同决定中国的创新产出,决定中国全球制造业创新中心的建立。结合2002-2017年我国29个省的面板数据,采用递归方法(recursive regression)对地理创新生产函数(Geographical Innovation Production Function,简称GIP函数)进一步扩展,结果显示:中国制造业世界工厂(全球制造业中心)积极促进了企业R&D等科技活动;科技活动与制造业之间相互影响,但正反馈效果不明显;开放条件下相关科技活动和国际技术溢出、区域技术溢出等因素与创新产出是正相关的,而R&D人员投入与创新产出之间呈负相关,其效果还有待加强。
基金supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme for research,technological development and demonstration as part of the ECO-FCE project under grant agreement No.311794partly funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education from funds for science in the years 2015–2016 allocated to an international co-financed project(no W171.PR/2015)
文摘Background: In order to discover new strategies to replace antibiotics in the post-antibiotic era in meat-type chicken production, two new synbiotics were tested:(Lactobacillus salivarius IBB3154 plus galactooligosaccharide(Syn1) and Lactobacillus plantarum IBB3036 plus raffinose family oligosaccharides(Syn2).Methods: The synbiotics were administered via syringe, using a special automatic system, into the egg air chamber of Cobb 500 broiler chicks on the 12 thday of egg incubation(2 mg of prebiotics + 105 cfu bacteria per egg).Hatched roosters(total 2,400) were reared on an experimental farm, kept in pens(75 animals per pen), with free access to feed and water. After 42 d animals were slaughtered. Blood serum, pancreas, duodenum and duodenum content were collected.Results: Syn2 increased trypsin activity by 2.5-fold in the pancreas and 1.5-fold in the duodenal content. In the duodenum content, Syn2 resulted in ca 30% elevation in lipase activity and 70% reduction in amylase activity.Syn1 and Syn2 strongly decreased expression of m RNA for GLP-1 and GIP in the duodenum and for GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas. Simultaneously, concentrations of the incretins significantly diminished in the blood serum(P < 0.05). The decreased expression of incretins coincides with changed activity of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and in the duodenal content. The results indicate that incretins are involved in the action of Syn1 and Syn2 or that they may even be their target. No changes were observed in key hormones regulating metabolism(insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, thyroid hormones, and leptin) or in metabolic indices(glucose,NEFA, triglycerides, cholesterol). Additionally, synbiotics did not cause significant changes in the activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in broiler chickens. Simultaneously, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase diminished after Syn2 and Syn1, respectively.Conclusion: The selected synbiotics may be used as in ovo additives for broiler chickens, and Syn2 seems to improve their potential digestive proteolytic and lipolytic ability. Our results suggest that synbiotics can be directly or indirectly involved in incretin secretion and reception.
文摘GLP-1 and GIP promote insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by inducing intracellular signals such as Ca2+ and cAMP. Metformin primarily acts by inhibiting glucogenesis in the liver and promoting glucose metabolism in the muscle. It is used as a concomitant drug with the incretin in the treatment of T2D. We focused on intracellular signals under various glucose concentrations and assessed the effects of metformin on incretin signaling in MIN6 β-cells. Metformin inhibited incretin-induced [Ca2+]i in the presence of 5.5 mM glucose but not 16.7 mM glucose. In accordance with low [Ca2+]i, insulin secretion from MIN6 cells declined, despite enhanced incretin-induced cAMP production. Abundant expressions of Adcy 6 and 9, which are negatively controlled by Ca2+ signals, were detected in MIN6 cells. Thus, increasing cAMP production was associated with the inhibition of Ca2+ mobilization by metformin. However, we show that metformin controls insulin secretion by inhibiting incretin-mediated [Ca2+]i under normoglycemic conditions.
