Agri-cultural Heritage Systems（AHS） have not only various values but also important enlightening roles for modern agriculture.With agro-scientific and technological progress,the traditional agriculture that has last...Agri-cultural Heritage Systems（AHS） have not only various values but also important enlightening roles for modern agriculture.With agro-scientific and technological progress,the traditional agriculture that has lasted for thousands of years is declining gradually,thus is attached the importance of exploring and protecting our AHS.As a traditional agricultural system for 1300 years,the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System（HHRTS） has many significant characteristics such as beautiful landscapes,distinctive rice varieties,ecologically clean agricultural production systems,systematic methods of managing water and soil and special ethnic culture.It was designated successively as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System（GIAHS） in 2010 and as a World Heritage（WH） in 2013.In this paper,taking HHRTS as an example,we analyzed the economic,ecological,aesthetic,cultural,and social values,as well as the research values,of the GIAHS.We conclude that the restrictions on increasing peasant earnings and improving their living standards are difficult with the low efficiency of traditional planting patterns and the single-industry structure of farming in rugged terrain.However,these restrictive factors are beneficial for developing some industries like green agriculture,organic agriculture or ecological food production because of the clean farmland environment.In the end,we propose the basic approaches to protect the Hani terraces agriculture system should include the local governments to encourage the development of ecotourism,organic agriculture and featuring agriculture by multi-mode economic compensation.It is very important for protecting terraces to coordinate benefits among corporations,governments and villagers by making reasonable policies of compensation.展开更多
Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem is a raised ifeld agriculture system with typical water-land utilization. It was identiifed as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） site by FAO in April 2014. Based o...Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem is a raised ifeld agriculture system with typical water-land utilization. It was identiifed as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） site by FAO in April 2014. Based on a literature review and ifeld investigations, we analyzed the history and development, structure and characteristics, functions and values of the Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem in this research. The system has a long history, rich biodiversity, important ecosystem services, traditional adapted agricultural technologies and a folk culture. Altogether, these features form an attractive landscape created by its special water-land utilization. It also has great importance for the livelihood maintenance of the local people. However, the inheritance and conservation effort of Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem is facing great threats from modern agriculture, urbanization and labor loss. This paper wil provide insight into the Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem, and provide scientiifc support for the conservation and development of this special system. It will also provide a good example for similar areas in China and worldwide.展开更多
Population growth,loss of biodiversity,and climate change necessitate a new vision for the future of both agriculture and biodiversity.In order to safeguard and support the world＇s agricultural heritage systems,in 20...Population growth,loss of biodiversity,and climate change necessitate a new vision for the future of both agriculture and biodiversity.In order to safeguard and support the world＇s agricultural heritage systems,in 2002 the FAO started an initiative for the conservation and adaptive management called Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS）.Tourism is suggested as part of the future as it is considered to be an alternative income source that will not only promote local economic development,but also provide the opportunity for tourists to learn about agriculture and ecology.However,inappropriate tourism in GIAHS sites will bring impacts on local culture and living styles,which not only threatens tourism＇s sustainable development,but also has the potential to damage these unique agricultural systems.This paper proposes that agriculture-based tourism is suitable for GIAHS and that Multi-functionality of Agriculture （MFA） can be the link between agriculture and tourism.This study constructs the framework for tourism development in GIAHS through MFA and applies it to the four GIAHS sites in China.Referring to the quantitative assessment for MFA and a qualitative analysis of the relationship between agriculture and tourism,we can give advice on agricultural tourism development in GIAHS sites.This framework also offers a universal methodology that allows stakeholders to communicate about the multiple functions of GIAHS across scales.展开更多
In May 2025,the Fuding White Tea Culture System in southeast China’s Fujian Province was officially recognized by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System(GIAH...In May 2025,the Fuding White Tea Culture System in southeast China’s Fujian Province was officially recognized by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System(GIAHS).It mainly includes national-level superior varieties-Fuding Dabai Tea,Fuding Dahao Tea,and Fuding Cai Tea(group variety)which retains tradition and uses tea seeds for sexual reproduction-providing abundant germplasm resources for cultivating new tea varieties.展开更多
The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)embody a remarkable diversity of plants,crop varieties,livestock breeds,fisheries,and forests,shaped and sustained through centuries of interaction between pe...The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)embody a remarkable diversity of plants,crop varieties,livestock breeds,fisheries,and forests,shaped and sustained through centuries of interaction between people and nature.展开更多
The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） initiative was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations in 2002 with the aim of establishing the basis for the glob...The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） initiative was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations in 2002 with the aim of establishing the basis for the global recognition,dynamic conservation and adaptive management of outstanding traditional agricultural systems and their associated landscapes,biodiversity,knowledge systems and cultures.There is anecdotal evidence that designated GIAHS are economically better than non-GIAHS sites.However,there have not been done an economic analysis to prove this.Nor are any sophisticated economic performance criteria for GIAHS in place for a continuously monitoring of the functioning.Therefore,the main objective of this study is to conduct an economic valuation for a GIAHS system versus a similar non designated GIAHS system.For this,a Cost-Benefit Analysis （CBA） is chosen.The major constraint is the data availability.Therefore,a framework for economic analysis shall be developed with the intention to provide directions,assumptions,and data requirement to carry out an economic analysis and so give guidance on future inclusion of economic valuations of GIAHS.Theconceptual framework for economic assessment will use the Rice-Fish pilot site in China as a case study.The example calculations on the rice-fish co-culture （RFC） have to be taken cautiously due to data availability on different activities （tourism,marketed products on local and international markets） as well as comparison to similar systems.展开更多
Worldwide specific agricultural systems and landscapes have been created, shaped and maintained by generations of farmers and herders based on diverse natural resources using locally adapted management practices. Buil...Worldwide specific agricultural systems and landscapes have been created, shaped and maintained by generations of farmers and herders based on diverse natural resources using locally adapted management practices. Building on local knowledge and experience these ingenious agricultural systems reflect the evolution of humankind, the diversity of its knowledge and its profound relationship with nature. These systems have resulted not only in outstanding landscapes maintenance and adaptation of globally significant agricultural biodiversity indigenous knowledge systems and resilient ecosystems, but above all, in the sustained provision of multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security and quality of life. However, many of these systems are facing severe threats from various sources including globalization. In 2002 FAO initiated an international partnership initiative： ＂conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS）＂. The global GIAHS initiative aims to establish the basis for the international recognition, dynamic conservation and sustainable management of such systems, agricultural biodiversity and their associated biodiversity knowledge systems, food and livelihood security, landscapes and cultures.展开更多
Agricultural biodiversity has a high importance in social-cultural,economic,and environmental aspects,and can help in adapting to and withstanding climate change.Conserving the GIAHS sites and the important components...Agricultural biodiversity has a high importance in social-cultural,economic,and environmental aspects,and can help in adapting to and withstanding climate change.Conserving the GIAHS sites and the important components within them can help conserve the agricultural biodiversity and traditional agricultural culture of the whole country.This study considered Ifugao Rice Terraces,Dong’s Rice-Fish-Duck System,and Hani Rice Terraces System as three examples which show that traditional culture can be used to protect agricultural biodiversity,while as a carrier of traditional culture,agricultural biodiversity also conveys and protects the traditional culture of the nation.According to the analyses,through several years of efforts,the status of agricultural biodiversity and traditional culture in them has improved.Then,to further promote agricultural biodiversity conservation and traditional culture protection,several suggestions are made,such as establishing community seed banks;documenting and preserving traditional farming methods,techniques,and tools and developing participatory activities which encourage more farmers to participate in the protection work.展开更多
Approximately ten years have passed since Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)was introduced to Japan in 2011,with 11 GIAHS sites designated so far.The Japan Nationally Important Agricultural Herita...Approximately ten years have passed since Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)was introduced to Japan in 2011,with 11 GIAHS sites designated so far.The Japan Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(J-NIAHS),which considers resilience,multi-stakeholder participation and sixth industrialization,was subsequently established in 2016,and has designated 15 J-NIAHS sites.GIAHS sites can be classified into three major types:Landscape,farming method,and genetic resource conservation types,and most Japanese GIAHS sites are of the landscape type.Since there is almost no national subsidy for GIAHS or J-NIAHS,designated sites are expected to secure funding for conservation from their own efforts.For this reason,a voluntary network of the Japanese GIAHS sites has been active in promoting cooperation on GIAHS conservation.The priorities of the Japanese GIAHS have focused on raising public awareness about GIAHS and J-NIAHS,improving livelihoods,as well as fostering the international exchange of experience and knowledge regarding Agricultural Heritage Systems,especially among Japan,China and Korea.展开更多
The “Noto’sSatoyama andSatoumi” in Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan is a system of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes （SEPLS） mosaics interconnected with highly productive coastal ar...The “Noto’sSatoyama andSatoumi” in Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan is a system of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes （SEPLS） mosaics interconnected with highly productive coastal areas that have been formed and maintained through long-term human inlfuence, which supports not only its diverse and traditional agriculture, forestry and ifsheries, but also sustains local livelihoods and conserves its lfourishing biodiversity. Since the designation of Noto as Globaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） in 2011, there have been active developments of conservation and revitalization efforts amongst the local gov-ernments, and communities, as well as pouring interest from the academia, international community and private sector. The paper wil discuss the developments of Noto’s GIAHS through examining several case studies of recent conservation and revitalization efforts of new initiatives and those building on existing schemes. The report wil be based on literature reviews, interviews with and information provided by Ishikawa Prefectural Government and ifeld surveys conducted. It is found that modest but steady steps are being taken in conservation of GIAHS and Noto is taking an active role contributing to the GIAHS initiative.展开更多
Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values,but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site.In o...Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values,but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site.In order to promote the conservation and management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS),this study proposed a design for the annual report of GIAHS monitoring under the overall framework of the GIAHS monitoring system,and explored the application of the annual report in the first GIAHS site in China:the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System.In the design scheme of this study,the GIAHS annual monitoring report is composed of 24 monitoring items,with each of them logically related.It is to be filled in by the bureaus of the heritage site and reported through the GIAHS dynamic monitoring system.The results of an analysis of the annual reports of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System for four years showed that Qingtian County has taken a series of conservation and development measures which have reduced the area of abandoned paddy,enhanced the unit benefit of agri-products,and increased the farmers’income.At the same time,the heritage site is faced with various challenges and threats,such as the weakening of the tourism attraction,the aging of the heritage practitioners,and the limitation of the heritage-themed agri-products and tourism income,which need to be addressed with proper measures.The results can also provide guidance for other GIAHS based on indications that heritage sites should improve the development of cultural products,the construction of social organization and the cultivation of spontaneous publicity,and an exchange and learning mechanism should be established among them in the future.The design and application of the GIAHS annual monitoring reports can not only provide specific guidance for conducting the GIAHS monitoring,but also lay the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of GIAHS conservation and management.This study is expected to help enrich the theory of GIAHS monitoring,further promote China’s GIAHS monitoring work,and also provide China’s experience for the benefit of international GIAHS monitoring efforts.展开更多
基金The Youth Talent Supporting Project of China Association for Science and Technology(2016010103)The International Exchange and Cooperation Project of Ministry of Agriculture“Conservation of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)in China in 2016”Open fund project of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Cultural Heritage Digitalization(JL14K06,CT14K05)
文摘Agri-cultural Heritage Systems（AHS） have not only various values but also important enlightening roles for modern agriculture.With agro-scientific and technological progress,the traditional agriculture that has lasted for thousands of years is declining gradually,thus is attached the importance of exploring and protecting our AHS.As a traditional agricultural system for 1300 years,the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System（HHRTS） has many significant characteristics such as beautiful landscapes,distinctive rice varieties,ecologically clean agricultural production systems,systematic methods of managing water and soil and special ethnic culture.It was designated successively as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System（GIAHS） in 2010 and as a World Heritage（WH） in 2013.In this paper,taking HHRTS as an example,we analyzed the economic,ecological,aesthetic,cultural,and social values,as well as the research values,of the GIAHS.We conclude that the restrictions on increasing peasant earnings and improving their living standards are difficult with the low efficiency of traditional planting patterns and the single-industry structure of farming in rugged terrain.However,these restrictive factors are beneficial for developing some industries like green agriculture,organic agriculture or ecological food production because of the clean farmland environment.In the end,we propose the basic approaches to protect the Hani terraces agriculture system should include the local governments to encourage the development of ecotourism,organic agriculture and featuring agriculture by multi-mode economic compensation.It is very important for protecting terraces to coordinate benefits among corporations,governments and villagers by making reasonable policies of compensation.
基金National Natural Science Fund of China (31200376)Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists (2013T2Z0011)
文摘Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem is a raised ifeld agriculture system with typical water-land utilization. It was identiifed as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） site by FAO in April 2014. Based on a literature review and ifeld investigations, we analyzed the history and development, structure and characteristics, functions and values of the Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem in this research. The system has a long history, rich biodiversity, important ecosystem services, traditional adapted agricultural technologies and a folk culture. Altogether, these features form an attractive landscape created by its special water-land utilization. It also has great importance for the livelihood maintenance of the local people. However, the inheritance and conservation effort of Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem is facing great threats from modern agriculture, urbanization and labor loss. This paper wil provide insight into the Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem, and provide scientiifc support for the conservation and development of this special system. It will also provide a good example for similar areas in China and worldwide.
基金financial support for this study by FAO/GEF project(GCP/GLO/212/GEF)project"rice-fish GIAHS dynamic conservation and adaptivemanagement"the National Public Benefit(Environmental)Research Foundation of China(201009020)
文摘Population growth,loss of biodiversity,and climate change necessitate a new vision for the future of both agriculture and biodiversity.In order to safeguard and support the world＇s agricultural heritage systems,in 2002 the FAO started an initiative for the conservation and adaptive management called Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS）.Tourism is suggested as part of the future as it is considered to be an alternative income source that will not only promote local economic development,but also provide the opportunity for tourists to learn about agriculture and ecology.However,inappropriate tourism in GIAHS sites will bring impacts on local culture and living styles,which not only threatens tourism＇s sustainable development,but also has the potential to damage these unique agricultural systems.This paper proposes that agriculture-based tourism is suitable for GIAHS and that Multi-functionality of Agriculture （MFA） can be the link between agriculture and tourism.This study constructs the framework for tourism development in GIAHS through MFA and applies it to the four GIAHS sites in China.Referring to the quantitative assessment for MFA and a qualitative analysis of the relationship between agriculture and tourism,we can give advice on agricultural tourism development in GIAHS sites.This framework also offers a universal methodology that allows stakeholders to communicate about the multiple functions of GIAHS across scales.
文摘In May 2025,the Fuding White Tea Culture System in southeast China’s Fujian Province was officially recognized by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System(GIAHS).It mainly includes national-level superior varieties-Fuding Dabai Tea,Fuding Dahao Tea,and Fuding Cai Tea(group variety)which retains tradition and uses tea seeds for sexual reproduction-providing abundant germplasm resources for cultivating new tea varieties.
文摘The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)embody a remarkable diversity of plants,crop varieties,livestock breeds,fisheries,and forests,shaped and sustained through centuries of interaction between people and nature.
基金FAO/GEF project(GCP/GLO/212/GEF)National Public Benefit(Environmental) Research Foundation of China(201009020)Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists(Grant No.Y0S00100KD)
文摘The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） initiative was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations in 2002 with the aim of establishing the basis for the global recognition,dynamic conservation and adaptive management of outstanding traditional agricultural systems and their associated landscapes,biodiversity,knowledge systems and cultures.There is anecdotal evidence that designated GIAHS are economically better than non-GIAHS sites.However,there have not been done an economic analysis to prove this.Nor are any sophisticated economic performance criteria for GIAHS in place for a continuously monitoring of the functioning.Therefore,the main objective of this study is to conduct an economic valuation for a GIAHS system versus a similar non designated GIAHS system.For this,a Cost-Benefit Analysis （CBA） is chosen.The major constraint is the data availability.Therefore,a framework for economic analysis shall be developed with the intention to provide directions,assumptions,and data requirement to carry out an economic analysis and so give guidance on future inclusion of economic valuations of GIAHS.Theconceptual framework for economic assessment will use the Rice-Fish pilot site in China as a case study.The example calculations on the rice-fish co-culture （RFC） have to be taken cautiously due to data availability on different activities （tourism,marketed products on local and international markets） as well as comparison to similar systems.
基金Under the auspices of the GEF/FAO project "Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GCP/GLO/212/GEF)"
文摘Worldwide specific agricultural systems and landscapes have been created, shaped and maintained by generations of farmers and herders based on diverse natural resources using locally adapted management practices. Building on local knowledge and experience these ingenious agricultural systems reflect the evolution of humankind, the diversity of its knowledge and its profound relationship with nature. These systems have resulted not only in outstanding landscapes maintenance and adaptation of globally significant agricultural biodiversity indigenous knowledge systems and resilient ecosystems, but above all, in the sustained provision of multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security and quality of life. However, many of these systems are facing severe threats from various sources including globalization. In 2002 FAO initiated an international partnership initiative： ＂conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS）＂. The global GIAHS initiative aims to establish the basis for the international recognition, dynamic conservation and sustainable management of such systems, agricultural biodiversity and their associated biodiversity knowledge systems, food and livelihood security, landscapes and cultures.
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA23100203)。
文摘Agricultural biodiversity has a high importance in social-cultural,economic,and environmental aspects,and can help in adapting to and withstanding climate change.Conserving the GIAHS sites and the important components within them can help conserve the agricultural biodiversity and traditional agricultural culture of the whole country.This study considered Ifugao Rice Terraces,Dong’s Rice-Fish-Duck System,and Hani Rice Terraces System as three examples which show that traditional culture can be used to protect agricultural biodiversity,while as a carrier of traditional culture,agricultural biodiversity also conveys and protects the traditional culture of the nation.According to the analyses,through several years of efforts,the status of agricultural biodiversity and traditional culture in them has improved.Then,to further promote agricultural biodiversity conservation and traditional culture protection,several suggestions are made,such as establishing community seed banks;documenting and preserving traditional farming methods,techniques,and tools and developing participatory activities which encourage more farmers to participate in the protection work.
文摘Approximately ten years have passed since Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)was introduced to Japan in 2011,with 11 GIAHS sites designated so far.The Japan Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(J-NIAHS),which considers resilience,multi-stakeholder participation and sixth industrialization,was subsequently established in 2016,and has designated 15 J-NIAHS sites.GIAHS sites can be classified into three major types:Landscape,farming method,and genetic resource conservation types,and most Japanese GIAHS sites are of the landscape type.Since there is almost no national subsidy for GIAHS or J-NIAHS,designated sites are expected to secure funding for conservation from their own efforts.For this reason,a voluntary network of the Japanese GIAHS sites has been active in promoting cooperation on GIAHS conservation.The priorities of the Japanese GIAHS have focused on raising public awareness about GIAHS and J-NIAHS,improving livelihoods,as well as fostering the international exchange of experience and knowledge regarding Agricultural Heritage Systems,especially among Japan,China and Korea.
文摘The “Noto’sSatoyama andSatoumi” in Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan is a system of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes （SEPLS） mosaics interconnected with highly productive coastal areas that have been formed and maintained through long-term human inlfuence, which supports not only its diverse and traditional agriculture, forestry and ifsheries, but also sustains local livelihoods and conserves its lfourishing biodiversity. Since the designation of Noto as Globaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） in 2011, there have been active developments of conservation and revitalization efforts amongst the local gov-ernments, and communities, as well as pouring interest from the academia, international community and private sector. The paper wil discuss the developments of Noto’s GIAHS through examining several case studies of recent conservation and revitalization efforts of new initiatives and those building on existing schemes. The report wil be based on literature reviews, interviews with and information provided by Ishikawa Prefectural Government and ifeld surveys conducted. It is found that modest but steady steps are being taken in conservation of GIAHS and Noto is taking an active role contributing to the GIAHS initiative.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (41801204)International Exchange and Cooperation Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (12200020)。
文摘Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values,but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site.In order to promote the conservation and management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS),this study proposed a design for the annual report of GIAHS monitoring under the overall framework of the GIAHS monitoring system,and explored the application of the annual report in the first GIAHS site in China:the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System.In the design scheme of this study,the GIAHS annual monitoring report is composed of 24 monitoring items,with each of them logically related.It is to be filled in by the bureaus of the heritage site and reported through the GIAHS dynamic monitoring system.The results of an analysis of the annual reports of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System for four years showed that Qingtian County has taken a series of conservation and development measures which have reduced the area of abandoned paddy,enhanced the unit benefit of agri-products,and increased the farmers’income.At the same time,the heritage site is faced with various challenges and threats,such as the weakening of the tourism attraction,the aging of the heritage practitioners,and the limitation of the heritage-themed agri-products and tourism income,which need to be addressed with proper measures.The results can also provide guidance for other GIAHS based on indications that heritage sites should improve the development of cultural products,the construction of social organization and the cultivation of spontaneous publicity,and an exchange and learning mechanism should be established among them in the future.The design and application of the GIAHS annual monitoring reports can not only provide specific guidance for conducting the GIAHS monitoring,but also lay the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of GIAHS conservation and management.This study is expected to help enrich the theory of GIAHS monitoring,further promote China’s GIAHS monitoring work,and also provide China’s experience for the benefit of international GIAHS monitoring efforts.
