Regional climate simulation can generally be improved by using an RCM nested within a coarser-resolution GCM.However, whether or not it can also be improved by the direct use of a state-of-the-art GCM with very fine r...Regional climate simulation can generally be improved by using an RCM nested within a coarser-resolution GCM.However, whether or not it can also be improved by the direct use of a state-of-the-art GCM with very fine resolution, close to that of an RCM, and, if so, which is the better approach, are open questions. These questions are important for understanding and using these two kinds of simulation approaches, but have not yet been investigated. Accordingly, the present reported work compared simulation results over China from a very-fine-resolution GCM（VFRGCM） and from RCM dynamical downscaling. The results showed that：（1） The VFRGCM reproduces the climatologies and trends of both air temperature and precipitation, as well as inter-monthly variations of air temperature in terms of spatial pattern and amount, closer to observations than the coarse-resolution version of the GCM. This is not the case, however, for the inter-monthly variations of precipitation.（2） The VFRGCM captures the climatology, trend, and inter-monthly variation of air temperature, as well as the trend in precipitation, more reasonably than the RCM dynamical downscaling method.（3） The RCM dynamical downscaling method performs better than the VFRGCM in terms of the climatology and inter-monthly variation of precipitation. Overall,the results suggest that VFRGCMs possess great potential with regard to their application in climate simulation in the future,and the RCM dynamical downscaling method is still dominant in terms of regional precipitation simulation.展开更多
Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJO) in six integrations using an AGCM with different cumulus parameterization schemes and resolutions are examined to investigate their impacts on the MJO simulation. Results suggest that ...Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJO) in six integrations using an AGCM with different cumulus parameterization schemes and resolutions are examined to investigate their impacts on the MJO simulation. Results suggest that the MJO simulation can be affected by both resolution and cumulus parameterization, though the latter, which determines the fundamental ability of the AGCM in simulating the MJO and the characteristics of the simulated MJO, is more crucial than the former. Model resolution can substantially affect the simulated MJO in certain aspects. Increasing resolution cannot improve the simulated MJO substantially, but can significantly modulate the detailed character of the simulated MJO; meanwhile, the impacts of resolution are dependent on the cumulus parameterization, determining the basic features of the MJO. Changes in the resolution do not alter the nature of the simulated MJO but rather regulate the simulation itself, which is constrained by cumulus parameterization schemes. Therefore, the vertical resolution needs to be increased simultaneously. The vertical profile of diabatic heating may be a crucial factor that is responsible for these different modeling results. To a large extent, it is determined by the cumulus parameterization scheme used.展开更多
Both central-eastern U.S. and China are prone to increasing flooding from Mississippi River and Yangtze River basins respectively. This paper contrasts historical and projected spatialtemporal distribution of extreme ...Both central-eastern U.S. and China are prone to increasing flooding from Mississippi River and Yangtze River basins respectively. This paper contrasts historical and projected spatialtemporal distribution of extreme precipitation in these two large river basins using 31 CMIP5（coupled model intercomparison project phase 5） models＇ historical and RCP8.5（representative concentration pathway） experiments. Results show that（1） over both river basins, the heaviest rainfall events have increased in recent decades while the lightest precipitation reduced in frequency. Over Mississippi River Basin, both the lightest precipitation（〈2.5 mm/day） and heaviest（〉50 mm/day） would decrease in frequency notably after mid-2020 s while intermediate events occur more frequently in future; whereas over the Yangtze River Basin, all categories of precipitation are projected to increase in frequency over the coming decades.（2） Although the consensus of CMIP5 models was able to reproduce well domain-time mean and even time-averaged spatial distribution of precipitation, they failed to simulate precipitation trends both in spatial distribution and time means. In a similar fashion, models captured well statistics of precipitation but they had difficulty in representing temporal variations of different precipitation intensity categories.（3） The well-documented 2nd half of the 20 th century surface summer cooling over the two river basins showed different associations with precipitation trends with higher anti-correlation between them over the U.S. region, implying different processes contributing to the cooling mechanisms of the two river basins.展开更多
The unique seasonal surface dust storms on Mars have a significant impact on the Martian atmosphere.However,due to the lack of observations,semi-empirical models are difficult to simulate the density changes in the th...The unique seasonal surface dust storms on Mars have a significant impact on the Martian atmosphere.However,due to the lack of observations,semi-empirical models are difficult to simulate the density changes in the thermosphere with the existence of dust storms in detail.Data from multiple Mars probes now offer new opportunities to study the detailed response of Martian dust storms to the upper atmosphere.In this paper,we use MAVEN accelerometer and mass spectrometer to study the variations of the Martian thermosphere density in autumn between MY32 and MY34(The corresponding Earth dates:February 11,2015 to February 28,2019),and use the seasonal model with dust storm index to fit the annual data of the above three Martian years.The results show that the thermosphere density has a clear response to the surface dust storm activity.Furthermore,the spatial distribution of measured data in autumn(northern hemisphere)is compared with the atmospheric density distribution simulated by the general circulation model(GCM)under specific initial conditions.The model simulation results agree well with the thermospheric density distribution characteristics of each Martian year under the initial strong dust storm conditions.It proves the important role of global dust storm in changing the structure of the Martian thermospheric atmosphere.展开更多
A global general circulation model (AMS-GCM) including many physical processes is presented in this paper. And a month's simulation has been made by use of the globa/climate data in January. The results seem to be...A global general circulation model (AMS-GCM) including many physical processes is presented in this paper. And a month's simulation has been made by use of the globa/climate data in January. The results seem to be in agreement with the observations.展开更多
This paper describes a diagnostic study of the feedback mechanism in greenhouse effects of increased CO_2 and oth- er trace gases(CH_4,N_2O and CFCs),simulated by general circulation model.The study is based on two se...This paper describes a diagnostic study of the feedback mechanism in greenhouse effects of increased CO_2 and oth- er trace gases(CH_4,N_2O and CFCs),simulated by general circulation model.The study is based on two sensitivity exper- iments for doubled CO_2 and the inclusion of other trace gases,respectively,using version one of the community climate model(CCM1)developed at the National Centre for Atmospheric Research.A one-dimensional(1-D)and a two-dimensional(2-D)radiative-convective models are used to diagnose the feedback effect.It shows that the feedback factors in global and annual mean conditions are in the sequence of surface albedo,water vapor amount,water vapor distribution,cloud height,critical lapse rate and cloud cover,while in zonal and annual mean conditions in the tropical region the above sequence does not change except the two water vapor terms being the largest feedback compo- nents.Among the feedback components,the total water vapor feedback is the largest(about 50%).The diagnosis also gives a very small feedback of either the cloud cover or the lapse rate,which is substantially different from the 1-D feedback analysis by Hansen et al.(1984).The small lapse rate feedback is considered to be partly caused by the convective adjustment scheme adopted by CCM1 model. The feedback effect for doubled CO_2 is very different from that of the addition of other trace gases because of their different vertical distributions of radiative forcing although the non-feedback responses of surface air temperature for both cases are almost the same.For instance,the larger forcing at surface by the addition of other trace gases can cause stronger surface albedo feedback than by doubled CO_2.Besides,because of the negative forcing of doubled CO_2 in the stratosphere,cloud height feedback is more intense.The larger surface forcing in the case of other trace gases can also in- fluence atmospheric water vapor amount as well as the water vapor distribution,which will in turn have stronger feedback effects.All these indicate that it is incorrect to use“effective CO_2”to replace other trace gases in the general circulation model.展开更多
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41130103, 41421004 and 41405087)
文摘Regional climate simulation can generally be improved by using an RCM nested within a coarser-resolution GCM.However, whether or not it can also be improved by the direct use of a state-of-the-art GCM with very fine resolution, close to that of an RCM, and, if so, which is the better approach, are open questions. These questions are important for understanding and using these two kinds of simulation approaches, but have not yet been investigated. Accordingly, the present reported work compared simulation results over China from a very-fine-resolution GCM（VFRGCM） and from RCM dynamical downscaling. The results showed that：（1） The VFRGCM reproduces the climatologies and trends of both air temperature and precipitation, as well as inter-monthly variations of air temperature in terms of spatial pattern and amount, closer to observations than the coarse-resolution version of the GCM. This is not the case, however, for the inter-monthly variations of precipitation.（2） The VFRGCM captures the climatology, trend, and inter-monthly variation of air temperature, as well as the trend in precipitation, more reasonably than the RCM dynamical downscaling method.（3） The RCM dynamical downscaling method performs better than the VFRGCM in terms of the climatology and inter-monthly variation of precipitation. Overall,the results suggest that VFRGCMs possess great potential with regard to their application in climate simulation in the future,and the RCM dynamical downscaling method is still dominant in terms of regional precipitation simulation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40805027 40675051)
文摘Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJO) in six integrations using an AGCM with different cumulus parameterization schemes and resolutions are examined to investigate their impacts on the MJO simulation. Results suggest that the MJO simulation can be affected by both resolution and cumulus parameterization, though the latter, which determines the fundamental ability of the AGCM in simulating the MJO and the characteristics of the simulated MJO, is more crucial than the former. Model resolution can substantially affect the simulated MJO in certain aspects. Increasing resolution cannot improve the simulated MJO substantially, but can significantly modulate the detailed character of the simulated MJO; meanwhile, the impacts of resolution are dependent on the cumulus parameterization, determining the basic features of the MJO. Changes in the resolution do not alter the nature of the simulated MJO but rather regulate the simulation itself, which is constrained by cumulus parameterization schemes. Therefore, the vertical resolution needs to be increased simultaneously. The vertical profile of diabatic heating may be a crucial factor that is responsible for these different modeling results. To a large extent, it is determined by the cumulus parameterization scheme used.
基金the modeling groups, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI)the WCRP’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) for their roles in making available the WCRP CMIP5 multimodel dataset+2 种基金Support of this dataset is provided by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energysupport from NOAA MAPP (No. NA11OAR4310094) along with NSFC (Nos. 41290255, 41475085)CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams (No. KZZD-EW-TZ-03)
文摘Both central-eastern U.S. and China are prone to increasing flooding from Mississippi River and Yangtze River basins respectively. This paper contrasts historical and projected spatialtemporal distribution of extreme precipitation in these two large river basins using 31 CMIP5（coupled model intercomparison project phase 5） models＇ historical and RCP8.5（representative concentration pathway） experiments. Results show that（1） over both river basins, the heaviest rainfall events have increased in recent decades while the lightest precipitation reduced in frequency. Over Mississippi River Basin, both the lightest precipitation（〈2.5 mm/day） and heaviest（〉50 mm/day） would decrease in frequency notably after mid-2020 s while intermediate events occur more frequently in future; whereas over the Yangtze River Basin, all categories of precipitation are projected to increase in frequency over the coming decades.（2） Although the consensus of CMIP5 models was able to reproduce well domain-time mean and even time-averaged spatial distribution of precipitation, they failed to simulate precipitation trends both in spatial distribution and time means. In a similar fashion, models captured well statistics of precipitation but they had difficulty in representing temporal variations of different precipitation intensity categories.（3） The well-documented 2nd half of the 20 th century surface summer cooling over the two river basins showed different associations with precipitation trends with higher anti-correlation between them over the U.S. region, implying different processes contributing to the cooling mechanisms of the two river basins.
文摘The unique seasonal surface dust storms on Mars have a significant impact on the Martian atmosphere.However,due to the lack of observations,semi-empirical models are difficult to simulate the density changes in the thermosphere with the existence of dust storms in detail.Data from multiple Mars probes now offer new opportunities to study the detailed response of Martian dust storms to the upper atmosphere.In this paper,we use MAVEN accelerometer and mass spectrometer to study the variations of the Martian thermosphere density in autumn between MY32 and MY34(The corresponding Earth dates:February 11,2015 to February 28,2019),and use the seasonal model with dust storm index to fit the annual data of the above three Martian years.The results show that the thermosphere density has a clear response to the surface dust storm activity.Furthermore,the spatial distribution of measured data in autumn(northern hemisphere)is compared with the atmospheric density distribution simulated by the general circulation model(GCM)under specific initial conditions.The model simulation results agree well with the thermospheric density distribution characteristics of each Martian year under the initial strong dust storm conditions.It proves the important role of global dust storm in changing the structure of the Martian thermospheric atmosphere.
文摘A global general circulation model (AMS-GCM) including many physical processes is presented in this paper. And a month's simulation has been made by use of the globa/climate data in January. The results seem to be in agreement with the observations.
文摘This paper describes a diagnostic study of the feedback mechanism in greenhouse effects of increased CO_2 and oth- er trace gases(CH_4,N_2O and CFCs),simulated by general circulation model.The study is based on two sensitivity exper- iments for doubled CO_2 and the inclusion of other trace gases,respectively,using version one of the community climate model(CCM1)developed at the National Centre for Atmospheric Research.A one-dimensional(1-D)and a two-dimensional(2-D)radiative-convective models are used to diagnose the feedback effect.It shows that the feedback factors in global and annual mean conditions are in the sequence of surface albedo,water vapor amount,water vapor distribution,cloud height,critical lapse rate and cloud cover,while in zonal and annual mean conditions in the tropical region the above sequence does not change except the two water vapor terms being the largest feedback compo- nents.Among the feedback components,the total water vapor feedback is the largest(about 50%).The diagnosis also gives a very small feedback of either the cloud cover or the lapse rate,which is substantially different from the 1-D feedback analysis by Hansen et al.(1984).The small lapse rate feedback is considered to be partly caused by the convective adjustment scheme adopted by CCM1 model. The feedback effect for doubled CO_2 is very different from that of the addition of other trace gases because of their different vertical distributions of radiative forcing although the non-feedback responses of surface air temperature for both cases are almost the same.For instance,the larger forcing at surface by the addition of other trace gases can cause stronger surface albedo feedback than by doubled CO_2.Besides,because of the negative forcing of doubled CO_2 in the stratosphere,cloud height feedback is more intense.The larger surface forcing in the case of other trace gases can also in- fluence atmospheric water vapor amount as well as the water vapor distribution,which will in turn have stronger feedback effects.All these indicate that it is incorrect to use“effective CO_2”to replace other trace gases in the general circulation model.
