This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archiv...This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.展开更多
针对传统综合能源系统存在的能源产物种类单一、污染气体排放量高以及经济性差等问题,提出一种集成电转氢(power to hydrogen,P2H)、氢转气(hydrogen to gas,H2G)、氢转氨(hydrogen to ammonia,H2A)等电力多元转换(power to X,P2X)技术...针对传统综合能源系统存在的能源产物种类单一、污染气体排放量高以及经济性差等问题,提出一种集成电转氢(power to hydrogen,P2H)、氢转气(hydrogen to gas,H2G)、氢转氨(hydrogen to ammonia,H2A)等电力多元转换(power to X,P2X)技术的电热联供综合能源系统构型。首先,在系统模型方面,通过引入碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)与火电机组富氧/掺氨燃烧等技术,构建电转氢/气/氨(power to hydrogen/gas/ammonia,P2H/G/A)耦合系统;其次,在电力系统低碳经济转型方面,构建综合考虑富氧燃烧-H2G耦合模型碳减排、增加供热经济收益效果以及H2A-掺氨燃烧耦合模型降低煤耗成本和燃煤碳排放效果的综合能源系统目标函数;最后,基于内蒙古某示范基地构建算例,对比分析不同能源转化技术的经济效益与碳减排效果,结果表明:所提集成系统能够显著优化能源结构,实现多能协同低碳经济运行;相比传统综合能源系统,经济性成本减少了7.5×10^(5)元(19.5%),环保性成本减少了5.0×10^(5)元(11.5%)。展开更多
文摘This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.
文摘针对传统综合能源系统存在的能源产物种类单一、污染气体排放量高以及经济性差等问题,提出一种集成电转氢(power to hydrogen,P2H)、氢转气(hydrogen to gas,H2G)、氢转氨(hydrogen to ammonia,H2A)等电力多元转换(power to X,P2X)技术的电热联供综合能源系统构型。首先,在系统模型方面,通过引入碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)与火电机组富氧/掺氨燃烧等技术,构建电转氢/气/氨(power to hydrogen/gas/ammonia,P2H/G/A)耦合系统;其次,在电力系统低碳经济转型方面,构建综合考虑富氧燃烧-H2G耦合模型碳减排、增加供热经济收益效果以及H2A-掺氨燃烧耦合模型降低煤耗成本和燃煤碳排放效果的综合能源系统目标函数;最后,基于内蒙古某示范基地构建算例,对比分析不同能源转化技术的经济效益与碳减排效果,结果表明:所提集成系统能够显著优化能源结构,实现多能协同低碳经济运行;相比传统综合能源系统,经济性成本减少了7.5×10^(5)元(19.5%),环保性成本减少了5.0×10^(5)元(11.5%)。
