Fusarium ear rot(FER),caused by Fusarium verticillioides,is a destructive fungal disease of maize.FER resistance is a complex,quantitatively inherited trait controlled by multiple minor-effect genes.In this study,we e...Fusarium ear rot(FER),caused by Fusarium verticillioides,is a destructive fungal disease of maize.FER resistance is a complex,quantitatively inherited trait controlled by multiple minor-effect genes.In this study,we employed two recombinant inbred line(RIL)populations with the common resistant parental line CML304 to identify FER-resistance loci.Initial QTL analysis identified 23 FER-resistance QTL,each explaining 5.21%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.Notably,one major QTL,qRfv2,on chromosome 2 was repeatedly detected,accounting for 11.92%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.qRfv2 was fine mapped to an interval of 1.01 Mb,flanked by the markers IDP8 and IDP10.qRfv2 is a semidominant resistance gene that could reduce the disease severity index(DSI)by 12.4%-20%,suggesting its potential for enhancing FER resistance in maize.Transcriptome analysis showed that 22 of the 28 annotated functional genes in the qRfv2 region displayed differential expression between parental lines in response to FER.One of the candidate genes,ZmLOX6,was validated to presumably provide a positive effect on FER resistance.Our study provides a basis for the potential cloning and application of FER resistance genes in maize breeding.展开更多
In order to elucidate the relationship between the pathogen carriage rate in seeds of muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)and the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon(FWM),as well as to identify potential biological con...In order to elucidate the relationship between the pathogen carriage rate in seeds of muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)and the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon(FWM),as well as to identify potential biological control agents against FWM,this study conducted both pot and field experiments to evaluate the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin on FWM and its impact on muskmelon yield.The results indicated that the pathogen carriage rates of different species in muskmelon seeds varied significantly,showing a positive correlation with disease incidence during the seedling stage.The results from pot tests indicated that in comparison to the control,disease indices were significantly reduced following treatment with prochloraz and 100 times Gongzhulingmycin at both 7 days and 14 days post-emergence of FWM symptoms.Concurrently,root growth was enhanced.Field experiment outcomes demonstrated that relative to the control,there was a decrease in FWM incidence during the fruit-setting stage,along with an increase in theoretical output per square kilometer for muskmelon.Although the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin against FWM was lower than that observed for prochloraz,it exhibited significant effects on biomass enhancement and disease resistance.Therefore,it showed promise as a potential biological control agent for managing FWM.展开更多
Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we gen...Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we generated a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged Fob strain to track infection dynamics in sweet potato susceptible cultivar Xinzhonghua and resistant cultivar Xiangshu75-55,respectively.Through cytological observation,we found in the susceptible Xinzhonghua,Fob predominantly colonized stem villi,injured root growth points,and directly invaded vascular bundles through stemwounds.Spore germination peaked at 2-3 h post-inoculation(hpi),followed by cyclical mycelial expansion and sporulation within vascular tissues with sustaining infection.In contrast,the resistant Xiangshu75-55 exhibited strong suppression of Fob:spores rarely germinated in vascular bundles or on trichomes by 3 hpi,and mature hyphae were absent in stems at 24 hpi.Quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)confirmed significantly higher Fob biomass in Xinzhonghua than in Xiangshu75-55 by 16 hpi.Additionally,transcriptional profiling revealed distinct pathogen-host interactions during the compatible and incompatible reactions.In Xinzhonghua,Fob virulence genes FobPGX1,FobICL1,FobCTF2,FobFUB5 and FobFUB6 were upregulated within 16 hpi.Conversely,host defense genes IbMAPKK9,IbWRKY61,IbWRKY75,IbSWEET10,IbBBX24 and IbPIF4 were activated in Xiangshu75-55 during the same period.This study provides spatiotemporal cytological and molecular insights into Fob pathogenicity and host resistance,offering a foundation for early disease detection and improved Fusarium wilt management in sweet potato.展开更多
Yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.Tritici,YR)and fusarium head blight(Fusarium graminearum,FHB)are the two main diseases affecting wheat in the main grain-producing areas of East China,which is common for the two ...Yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.Tritici,YR)and fusarium head blight(Fusarium graminearum,FHB)are the two main diseases affecting wheat in the main grain-producing areas of East China,which is common for the two diseases to appear simultaneously in some main production areas.It is necessary to discriminate wheat YR and FHB at the regional scale to accurately locate the disease in space,conduct detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific control.Four images on different dates were acquired from Sentinel-2,Landsat-8,and Gaofen-1 during the critical period of winter wheat,and 22 remote sensing features that characterize the wheat growth status were then calculated.Meanwhile,6 meteorological parameters that reflect the wheat phenological information were also obtained by combining the site meteorological data and spatial interpolation technology.Then,the principal components(PCs)of comprehensive remote sensing and meteorological features were extracted with principal component analysis(PCA).The PCs-based discrimination models were established to map YR and FHB damage using the random forest(RF)and backpropagation neural network(BPNN).The models’performance was verified based on the disease field truth data(57 plots during the filling period)and 5-fold cross-validation.The results revealed that the PCs obtained after PCA dimensionality reduction outperformed the initial features(IFs)from remote sensing and meteorology in discriminating between the two diseases.Compared to the IFs,the average area under the curve for both micro-average and macro-average ROC curves increased by 0.07 in the PCs-based RF models and increased by 0.16 and 0.13,respectively,in the PCs-based BPNN models.Notably,the PCs-based BPNN discrimination model emerged as the most effective,achieving an overall accuracy of 83.9%.Our proposed discrimination model for wheat YR and FHB,coupled with multi-source remote sensing images and meteorological data,overcomes the limitations of a single-sensor and single-phase remote sensing information in multiple stress discrimination in cloudy and rainy areas.It performs well in revealing the damage spatial distribution of the two diseases at a regional scale,providing a basis for detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific prevention and control.展开更多
Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fu...Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fusarium solani disrupts the structure and function of the orchard soil ecosystem and inhibits the growth and development of apple trees,significantly impacting the quality and yield of apples.In this study,we conducted a transcriptome comparison between uninoculated apple saplings and those inoculated with F:solani.The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in processes such as response to symbiotic fungus.Plant defensins are antimicrobial peptides,but their roles during F.solani infection remain unclear.We performed a genome-wide identification of apple defensin genes and identified 25 genes with the conserved motif of eight cysteine residues.In wildtype apple rootstock inoculated with F.solani,the root surface cells experienced severe damage,and showed significant differences in the total root length,total root projection area,root tips,root forks,and total root surface area compared to the control group.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MdDEF3 and MdDEF25 were triggered in response to F.solani infection in apples.Subcellular localization showed specific expression of the MdDEF3-YFP and MdDEF25-YFP proteins on the cell membrane.Overexpressing theMdDEF25-YFP fusiongene enhanced resistance against F.solani in apple,providing a new strategy for the future prevention and biological control of apple replantdisease.展开更多
In yeast,the stress-responsive protein Whi2 interacts with phosphatase Psr1 to form a complex that regulates cell growth,reproduction,infection,and the stress response.However,the roles of Whi2 and Psr1 in Fusarium gr...In yeast,the stress-responsive protein Whi2 interacts with phosphatase Psr1 to form a complex that regulates cell growth,reproduction,infection,and the stress response.However,the roles of Whi2 and Psr1 in Fusarium graminearum remain unclear.In this study,we identified homologous genes of WHI2 and PSR1 in F.graminearum and evaluated their functions by constructing deletion mutants.By comparing the responses of the mutants to different stressors,we found that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in responding to osmotic,cell wall and cell membrane stresses,while also affecting the sexual and asexual reproduction in F.graminearum.Our studies demonstrated that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 regulate the biosynthesis of ergosterol and the transcriptional level of FgCYP51C,which is a CYP51 paralogues unique to Fusarium species.This study also found that the deoxynivalenol(DON)production of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 deletion mutants was reduced by≥90%and DON production was positively correlated with the transcriptional levels of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1.In addition,we observed that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in regulating the sensitivity of F.graminearum to chlorothalonil,fluazinam,azoxystrobin,phenamacril,and oligomycin.This study revealed cross-resistance between chlorothalonil and fluazinam.Meanwhile,chlorothalonil and fluazinam inhibited DON biosynthesis by altering the normal expression of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1.Interestingly,the subcellular localization of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1 was significantly altered after treatment with chlorothalonil and fluazinam,with increased co-localization.Collectively,these findings indicate that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 play crucial roles in stress response mechanisms,reproductive processes,secondary metabolite synthesis,and fungicide sensitivity in F.graminearum.展开更多
Elucidating the microbial mechanisms that trigger Fusarium wilt represents a key step in addressing the barriers to sustainable cropping.However,from the perspective of the complete microbiome,the integrated role of s...Elucidating the microbial mechanisms that trigger Fusarium wilt represents a key step in addressing the barriers to sustainable cropping.However,from the perspective of the complete microbiome,the integrated role of soil nutrients and microbial community in the fields with different rates of wilt disease remains unclear.In this study,we examined the potential interrelationships among the nutrients,bacteria,fungi,and protists in rhizospheric soils collected from the fields with watermelon cropping for 7 years at the Zhuanghang Experimental Station of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.The soils collected were characterized by a high(HW,81.25%)or low(LW,6.25%)wilting rate.The HW soil was found to contain a higher abundance of Fusarium oxysporum(1.30-fold higher)than the LW soil,along with higher contents of available phosphorus(1.31-fold higher)and available potassium(2.39-fold higher).In addition,the interkingdom correlation between protists and bacteria in the HW soil was 2.08-fold higher than that in the LW soil.Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that an excess of soil available potassium enhanced the predation by potentially detrimental phagotrophic protists on potentially beneficial bacteria.In summary,our findings indicated that a balanced nutrient input and the interactions between protists(Cercomonas and Colpoda)and beneficial bacteria(Bacillus)played important roles in controlling the incidence of watermelon Fusarium wilt.展开更多
The use of RNA interference(RNAi)technology to control pests is explored by researchers globally.Even though RNA is a new class of pest control compound unlike conventional chemical pesticides,the evolution of pest re...The use of RNA interference(RNAi)technology to control pests is explored by researchers globally.Even though RNA is a new class of pest control compound unlike conventional chemical pesticides,the evolution of pest resistance needs to be considered.Here,we first investigate RNAi-based biopesticide resistance of Fusarium asiaticum,which is responsible for devastating diseases of plants,for example,Fusarium head blight.Five resistant strains were isolated from 500 strains that treated with UV-mutagenesis.The mutation common to all of the five resistant mutants occurred in the gene encoding Dicer2(point mutations at codon 1005 and 1007),which were under strong purifying selection pressure.To confirm whether the mutations in Dicer2 confer resistance to RNAi,we exchanged the Dicer2 locus between the sensitive strain and the resistant strain by homologous double exchange.The transformed mutants,Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H),exhibited resistance to dsRNA in vitro.Further study showed that mutations of R1005D and E1007H affected the intramolecular interactions of Dicer2,resulting in the dysfunction of RNase III domain of Dicer2.The amount of sRNAs produced by Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H)was extremely reduced along with variation of sRNA length.Together,these findings revealed a new potential mechanism of RNAi resistance and provided insight into RNAi-related biopesticide deployment for fungal control.展开更多
Fusarium graminearum(F.graminearum)is a severe phytopathogen threatening agriculture production and food security.Paeonol,serves as a plant-derived natural component,is a promising antifungal agent.At a concentration ...Fusarium graminearum(F.graminearum)is a severe phytopathogen threatening agriculture production and food security.Paeonol,serves as a plant-derived natural component,is a promising antifungal agent.At a concentration of 0.3125 mg/mL,paeonol was adequate to fully inhibit the growth of F.graminearum mycelia within 3 days.Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis showed that paeonol had no impact on the outer surface of F.graminearum cell walls.While propidium iodide staining,extracellular conductivity,and pH value measurements demonstrated that paeonol disrupted the cell membrane.Furthermore,lipid oxidation and osmotic stress responses were observed in F.graminearum treated with paeonol,resulting in a 47.23%rise in malondialdehyde(MDA)levels and a 515.43%increase in glycerol levels.Moreover,on the 7th day after exposure to paeonol treatment,the deoxynivalenol(DON)level was significantly reduced,measuring only onefifth of that in the control group.Finally,paeonol was shown to inhibit F.graminearum on wheat grains and steamed bread slices.These results,for the first time,revealed the inhibitory mode of action of paeonol against F.graminearum as reflected by disruption of cell membrane integrity,induction of lipid oxidation and osmotic pressure,as well as DON biosynthesis.Furthermore,this study provided scientific evidence for the potential applications of paeonol in agriculture and food industry.展开更多
The natural curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation(PDI)was developed,and its inactivation potency against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in vivo was systematically investigated by fluorescence probe assay,tryp...The natural curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation(PDI)was developed,and its inactivation potency against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in vivo was systematically investigated by fluorescence probe assay,trypan blue staining,scanning electron microscope(SEM),confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM),etc.Results showed that under the irradiation of blue LED,the photosensitizer of curcumin was excited to generate massive reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cells of F.graminearum,and the PDI completely inactivated their mycelia and spores under the treatment of 150μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Further analysis found that the PDI ruptured the cellular microstructures,damaged the cell membrane by increasing its permeability and oxidizing the lipids,degraded the intracellular DNA and proteins inside the spores of F.graminearum.Meanwhile,the PDI also potently killed>99.99%spores of F.graminearum on maize under the treatment of 200μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Moreover,the PDI suppressed the production of zearalenone(ZEN),and residual ZEN could not be detected after the storage of maize for 10 days.Therefore,this study systematically explored the inactivation efficiency of curcumin-mediated PDI against both the mycelia and spores of F.graminearum,which provides a valid and promising method to control the fungal hazards in grains.展开更多
Fusarium graminearum is a fungal plant pathogen which causes Fusarium head blight(FHB), a devastating diseaseon cereal crops. Here we report that FgPMA1 could be a new target to control FHB by the application of doubl...Fusarium graminearum is a fungal plant pathogen which causes Fusarium head blight(FHB), a devastating diseaseon cereal crops. Here we report that FgPMA1 could be a new target to control FHB by the application of double-stranded RNA(dsRNA) of FgPMA1. FgPMA1 was divided into 6 segments to generated RNA interference(RNAi)constructs(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2,-3,-4,-5, and-6), and these constructs were transformed in F. graminearum strainPH-1. The expression of FgPMA1 reduced by 18.48, 33.48 and 56.93% in FgPMA1RNAi-1, FgPMA1RNAi-2 and FgPMA1RNAi-5, respectively. FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants inhibited fungal development, including mycelium growth, mycelial morphology, asexual and sexual development, and toxin production. The length of lesions on wheat leaves, wheat coleoptiles and wheat ears were shorter after infection with FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants thanwild type PH-1. These results showed that three segments(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5) exhibited effective silencing effects. After treatment with 25 ng μL^(–1)dsRNA of these segments in vitro, the growth rate of mycelium growth was significant decreased, mycelium became deformed with bulbous structure at the tip, and the mycelium lost the ability to produce conidia in F. graminearum strain PH-1, Fusarium asiacitum strain 2021 and phenamacril-resistant strainYP-1. After application of FgPMA1RNAi-1-dsRNA and FgPMA1RNAi-2-dsRNA to wheat ears, pathogenicity reduced 34.21–35.40%.展开更多
Rice bakanae disease(RBD)is a devastating plant disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cyclobutrifuram,a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor(SDHI),to control RBD,and det...Rice bakanae disease(RBD)is a devastating plant disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cyclobutrifuram,a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor(SDHI),to control RBD,and determine the risk and mechanism of resistance to cyclobutrifuram in F.fujikuroi.In vitro experiments showed that cyclobutrifuram significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination,and altered the morphology of mycelia and conidia.Treatment with cyclobutrifuram signifcantly decreased mycotoxin production and increased cell membrane permeability in F.fujikuroi.The baseline sensitivity of 72 F.fujikuroi isolates to cyclobutrifuram was determined using mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition assays,which revealed EC50values of 0.0114-0.1304 and 0.0012-0.016μg mL^(-1),with mean EC50values of(0.0410±0.0470)and(0.0038±0.0015)μg mL^(-1),respectively.Pot experiments demonstrated that the protective effect of cyclobutrifluram against F.fujikuroi was more significant than that of phenamacril and azoxystrobin,indicating that cyclobutrifuram is a promising antifungal agent for the control of RBD.Six cyclobutrifuramresistant mutants of F.fujikuroi were obtained via fungicide adaptation.Moreover,these mutants exhibited weaker ftness than their parental isolate and positive cross-resistance with other SDHI fungicides,including pydifumetofen and penfufen;however,no cross-resistance was detected with other classes of fungicides,including phenamacril,fudioxonil,prochloraz,or azoxystrobin.These results indicated that the resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram might be moderate.Sequencing analysis revealed that mutations,including H248D in Ff Sdh B,A83V in Ff Sdh C2,and S106F and E166K in Ff Sdh D,contributed to resistance,which was confrmed by molecular docking and homologous replacement experiments.The results suggest a high potential for cyclobutrifuram to control RBD and a moderate resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram,which are meaningful fndings for the scientifc application of cyclobutrifuram.展开更多
The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein famil...The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein family in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum(FON),a pathogen causing a highly destructive disease in watermelon.In this study,∆fovel1 and∆folae1 deletion mutants and∆fovel1-C and∆folae1-C corresponding complementation mutants of FON were validated.Additionally,the phenotypic,biochemical,and virulence effects of the deletion mutants were investigated.Compared to the wild-type strains,the∆fovel1 and∆folae1 mutants exhibited altered mycelial phenotype,reduced conidiation,and decreased production of bikaverin and fusaric acid.Furthermore,their virulence on watermelon plant roots significantly decreased.All these alterations in mutants were restored in corresponding complementation strains.Notably,yeast two-hybrid results demonstrated an interaction between FoVel1 and FoLae1.This study reveals that FoVEL1 and FoLAE1 play essential roles in secondary metabolism,conidiation,and virulence in FON.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and functional roles of VEL1 and LAE1 in pathogenic fungi.展开更多
Several fungal pathogens cause root rot of common bean,among which Fusarium spp.are the most common pathogens causing Fusarium root rot(FRR)worldwide.FRR has been becoming an increasingly severe disease of common bean...Several fungal pathogens cause root rot of common bean,among which Fusarium spp.are the most common pathogens causing Fusarium root rot(FRR)worldwide.FRR has been becoming an increasingly severe disease of common bean in China,but the species of Fusarium spp.have remained unclear.Thus,this study was performed to identify the pathogen causing common bean root rot in Liangcheng County,Inner Mongolia,China.Nineteen Fusarium-like isolates were obtained after pathogen isolation and purification.The pathogenicity test indicated that eight isolates caused severe disease symptoms on common bean,while 11 other isolates were not pathogenic.The eight pathogenic isolates,FCL1–FCL8,were identified as Fusarium cuneirostrum by morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of EF-1α,ITS,28S,and IGS regions.Host range test showed that the representative F.cuneirostrum isolate FCL3 was also pathogenic to mung bean,while not pathogenic to adzuki bean,chickpea,cowpea,faba bean,pea,and soybean.Moreover,50 common bean and 50 mung bean cultivars were screened for resistance to FRR,and seven highly resistant or resistant cultivars of common bean were identified,while no resistant cultivars of mung bean were screened.This study revealed that F.cuneirostrum was one of common bean FRR pathogens in Inner Mongolia and it could induce mung bean root rot as well.To our knowledge,this is the first report of F.cuneirostrum causing FRR of common bean in China.展开更多
Strawberry Fusarium wilt (SFW) is a systematic soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.fragaria (Fof),which infects the vascular bundles,blocking water and nutrient transport from roots to the aboveground...Strawberry Fusarium wilt (SFW) is a systematic soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.fragaria (Fof),which infects the vascular bundles,blocking water and nutrient transport from roots to the aboveground.It is a severe pathogen which spreads rapidly and destroys strawberry production.Finding a way to control this disease is of great scientific value and practical importance.In this study,three fungi were isolated from the vascular tissues of sick strawberries in the field.After DNA sequencing,they were identified as Fof,Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichoderma harzianum,respectively,among which the first two are pathogens and the third is a probiotic.All fungi were controlled by thiophanate-methyl (TM),a commercial fungicide.On PDA medium,20 mg·L^(-1)5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA),a natural non-protein amino acid,promoted T.harzianum proliferation,but inhibited Fof and A.fumigatus.In confrontation test,the growth of Fof or A.fumigatus was inhibited by T.harzianum and exogenous ALA promoted T.harzianum growth but significantly inhibited the pathogen growth.When three species of fungi were separately or combinedly inoculated on healthy strawberry plants,T.harzianum promoted plant growth and development while Fof or A.fumigatus caused growth retardation,where Fof directly caused leaf yellowing and plant wilting.When the plants inoculated with different fungus were treated with ALA,the results turned out that ALA alleviated SFW symptoms by bidirectionally promoting T.harzianum proliferation and inhibiting Fof and A.fumigatus.Thus,ALA might be used in comprehensively controlling SFW in strawberry industry.展开更多
Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most destructive wheat diseases.Besides directly affecting the yield,the mycotoxin residing in the kernel greatly threa...Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most destructive wheat diseases.Besides directly affecting the yield,the mycotoxin residing in the kernel greatly threatens the health of humans and livestock.Xinong 979(XN979)is a widely cultivated wheat elite with high yield and FHB resistance.However,its resistance mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we studied the expression of genes involved in plant defense in XN979 by comparative transcriptomics.We found that the FHB resistance in XN979 consists of two lines of defense.The first line of defense,which is constitutive,is knitted via the enhanced basal expression of lignin and jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis genes.The second line of defense,which is induced upon F.graminearum infection,is contributed by the limited suppression of photosynthesis and the struggle of biotic stress-responding genes.Meanwhile,the effective defense in XN979 leads to an inhibition of fungal gene expression,especially in the early infection stage.The formation of the FHB resistance in XN979 may coincide with the breeding strategies,such as selecting high grain yield and lodging resistance traits.This study will facilitate our understanding of wheat-F.graminearum interaction and is insightful for breeding FHB-resistant wheat.展开更多
基金financially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2004205)the China Agricultural University-Syngenta Project.
文摘Fusarium ear rot(FER),caused by Fusarium verticillioides,is a destructive fungal disease of maize.FER resistance is a complex,quantitatively inherited trait controlled by multiple minor-effect genes.In this study,we employed two recombinant inbred line(RIL)populations with the common resistant parental line CML304 to identify FER-resistance loci.Initial QTL analysis identified 23 FER-resistance QTL,each explaining 5.21%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.Notably,one major QTL,qRfv2,on chromosome 2 was repeatedly detected,accounting for 11.92%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.qRfv2 was fine mapped to an interval of 1.01 Mb,flanked by the markers IDP8 and IDP10.qRfv2 is a semidominant resistance gene that could reduce the disease severity index(DSI)by 12.4%-20%,suggesting its potential for enhancing FER resistance in maize.Transcriptome analysis showed that 22 of the 28 annotated functional genes in the qRfv2 region displayed differential expression between parental lines in response to FER.One of the candidate genes,ZmLOX6,was validated to presumably provide a positive effect on FER resistance.Our study provides a basis for the potential cloning and application of FER resistance genes in maize breeding.
基金Supported by the Key Research and Development Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20230203175SF)。
文摘In order to elucidate the relationship between the pathogen carriage rate in seeds of muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)and the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon(FWM),as well as to identify potential biological control agents against FWM,this study conducted both pot and field experiments to evaluate the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin on FWM and its impact on muskmelon yield.The results indicated that the pathogen carriage rates of different species in muskmelon seeds varied significantly,showing a positive correlation with disease incidence during the seedling stage.The results from pot tests indicated that in comparison to the control,disease indices were significantly reduced following treatment with prochloraz and 100 times Gongzhulingmycin at both 7 days and 14 days post-emergence of FWM symptoms.Concurrently,root growth was enhanced.Field experiment outcomes demonstrated that relative to the control,there was a decrease in FWM incidence during the fruit-setting stage,along with an increase in theoretical output per square kilometer for muskmelon.Although the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin against FWM was lower than that observed for prochloraz,it exhibited significant effects on biomass enhancement and disease resistance.Therefore,it showed promise as a potential biological control agent for managing FWM.
基金supported by the following grants,Earmarked fund for CARS-10-Sweet potato,High-quality development of agriculture“5511”collaborative innovation project(XTCXGC2021005)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian province(2021J01495)+1 种基金Basic Scientific Research Special Project for Fujian Provincial Public Research Institutes(2021R1031008)Science and Technology Innovation Team of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXTD2021012-1).
文摘Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we generated a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged Fob strain to track infection dynamics in sweet potato susceptible cultivar Xinzhonghua and resistant cultivar Xiangshu75-55,respectively.Through cytological observation,we found in the susceptible Xinzhonghua,Fob predominantly colonized stem villi,injured root growth points,and directly invaded vascular bundles through stemwounds.Spore germination peaked at 2-3 h post-inoculation(hpi),followed by cyclical mycelial expansion and sporulation within vascular tissues with sustaining infection.In contrast,the resistant Xiangshu75-55 exhibited strong suppression of Fob:spores rarely germinated in vascular bundles or on trichomes by 3 hpi,and mature hyphae were absent in stems at 24 hpi.Quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)confirmed significantly higher Fob biomass in Xinzhonghua than in Xiangshu75-55 by 16 hpi.Additionally,transcriptional profiling revealed distinct pathogen-host interactions during the compatible and incompatible reactions.In Xinzhonghua,Fob virulence genes FobPGX1,FobICL1,FobCTF2,FobFUB5 and FobFUB6 were upregulated within 16 hpi.Conversely,host defense genes IbMAPKK9,IbWRKY61,IbWRKY75,IbSWEET10,IbBBX24 and IbPIF4 were activated in Xiangshu75-55 during the same period.This study provides spatiotemporal cytological and molecular insights into Fob pathogenicity and host resistance,offering a foundation for early disease detection and improved Fusarium wilt management in sweet potato.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD2000100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42401400)Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2023C02018).
文摘Yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.Tritici,YR)and fusarium head blight(Fusarium graminearum,FHB)are the two main diseases affecting wheat in the main grain-producing areas of East China,which is common for the two diseases to appear simultaneously in some main production areas.It is necessary to discriminate wheat YR and FHB at the regional scale to accurately locate the disease in space,conduct detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific control.Four images on different dates were acquired from Sentinel-2,Landsat-8,and Gaofen-1 during the critical period of winter wheat,and 22 remote sensing features that characterize the wheat growth status were then calculated.Meanwhile,6 meteorological parameters that reflect the wheat phenological information were also obtained by combining the site meteorological data and spatial interpolation technology.Then,the principal components(PCs)of comprehensive remote sensing and meteorological features were extracted with principal component analysis(PCA).The PCs-based discrimination models were established to map YR and FHB damage using the random forest(RF)and backpropagation neural network(BPNN).The models’performance was verified based on the disease field truth data(57 plots during the filling period)and 5-fold cross-validation.The results revealed that the PCs obtained after PCA dimensionality reduction outperformed the initial features(IFs)from remote sensing and meteorology in discriminating between the two diseases.Compared to the IFs,the average area under the curve for both micro-average and macro-average ROC curves increased by 0.07 in the PCs-based RF models and increased by 0.16 and 0.13,respectively,in the PCs-based BPNN models.Notably,the PCs-based BPNN discrimination model emerged as the most effective,achieving an overall accuracy of 83.9%.Our proposed discrimination model for wheat YR and FHB,coupled with multi-source remote sensing images and meteorological data,overcomes the limitations of a single-sensor and single-phase remote sensing information in multiple stress discrimination in cloudy and rainy areas.It performs well in revealing the damage spatial distribution of the two diseases at a regional scale,providing a basis for detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific prevention and control.
基金supported by a project grant from the Key Research and Development and Promotion Projects of Henan Province,China(212102110113)the Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System,China(HARS-22-09-Z2).
文摘Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fusarium solani disrupts the structure and function of the orchard soil ecosystem and inhibits the growth and development of apple trees,significantly impacting the quality and yield of apples.In this study,we conducted a transcriptome comparison between uninoculated apple saplings and those inoculated with F:solani.The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in processes such as response to symbiotic fungus.Plant defensins are antimicrobial peptides,but their roles during F.solani infection remain unclear.We performed a genome-wide identification of apple defensin genes and identified 25 genes with the conserved motif of eight cysteine residues.In wildtype apple rootstock inoculated with F.solani,the root surface cells experienced severe damage,and showed significant differences in the total root length,total root projection area,root tips,root forks,and total root surface area compared to the control group.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MdDEF3 and MdDEF25 were triggered in response to F.solani infection in apples.Subcellular localization showed specific expression of the MdDEF3-YFP and MdDEF25-YFP proteins on the cell membrane.Overexpressing theMdDEF25-YFP fusiongene enhanced resistance against F.solani in apple,providing a new strategy for the future prevention and biological control of apple replantdisease.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1400100)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(21)2037)+1 种基金the Guidance Foundation of the Hainan Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University,China(NAUSY-MS03)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX20_0596)。
文摘In yeast,the stress-responsive protein Whi2 interacts with phosphatase Psr1 to form a complex that regulates cell growth,reproduction,infection,and the stress response.However,the roles of Whi2 and Psr1 in Fusarium graminearum remain unclear.In this study,we identified homologous genes of WHI2 and PSR1 in F.graminearum and evaluated their functions by constructing deletion mutants.By comparing the responses of the mutants to different stressors,we found that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in responding to osmotic,cell wall and cell membrane stresses,while also affecting the sexual and asexual reproduction in F.graminearum.Our studies demonstrated that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 regulate the biosynthesis of ergosterol and the transcriptional level of FgCYP51C,which is a CYP51 paralogues unique to Fusarium species.This study also found that the deoxynivalenol(DON)production of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 deletion mutants was reduced by≥90%and DON production was positively correlated with the transcriptional levels of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1.In addition,we observed that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in regulating the sensitivity of F.graminearum to chlorothalonil,fluazinam,azoxystrobin,phenamacril,and oligomycin.This study revealed cross-resistance between chlorothalonil and fluazinam.Meanwhile,chlorothalonil and fluazinam inhibited DON biosynthesis by altering the normal expression of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1.Interestingly,the subcellular localization of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1 was significantly altered after treatment with chlorothalonil and fluazinam,with increased co-localization.Collectively,these findings indicate that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 play crucial roles in stress response mechanisms,reproductive processes,secondary metabolite synthesis,and fungicide sensitivity in F.graminearum.
基金supported by Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau,China(Nos.2021Z0472021Z04)+3 种基金the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Zhejiang Province,China(No.2022SNJF024)the Outstanding Team Program of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science 425,China(No.Hu-Nong-Ke-Zhuo 2022(008))the National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment,Fengxian,China(No.NAES035AE03)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,China。
文摘Elucidating the microbial mechanisms that trigger Fusarium wilt represents a key step in addressing the barriers to sustainable cropping.However,from the perspective of the complete microbiome,the integrated role of soil nutrients and microbial community in the fields with different rates of wilt disease remains unclear.In this study,we examined the potential interrelationships among the nutrients,bacteria,fungi,and protists in rhizospheric soils collected from the fields with watermelon cropping for 7 years at the Zhuanghang Experimental Station of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.The soils collected were characterized by a high(HW,81.25%)or low(LW,6.25%)wilting rate.The HW soil was found to contain a higher abundance of Fusarium oxysporum(1.30-fold higher)than the LW soil,along with higher contents of available phosphorus(1.31-fold higher)and available potassium(2.39-fold higher).In addition,the interkingdom correlation between protists and bacteria in the HW soil was 2.08-fold higher than that in the LW soil.Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that an excess of soil available potassium enhanced the predation by potentially detrimental phagotrophic protists on potentially beneficial bacteria.In summary,our findings indicated that a balanced nutrient input and the interactions between protists(Cercomonas and Colpoda)and beneficial bacteria(Bacillus)played important roles in controlling the incidence of watermelon Fusarium wilt.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372585)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20231471)the National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates,China(202210307013Z)。
文摘The use of RNA interference(RNAi)technology to control pests is explored by researchers globally.Even though RNA is a new class of pest control compound unlike conventional chemical pesticides,the evolution of pest resistance needs to be considered.Here,we first investigate RNAi-based biopesticide resistance of Fusarium asiaticum,which is responsible for devastating diseases of plants,for example,Fusarium head blight.Five resistant strains were isolated from 500 strains that treated with UV-mutagenesis.The mutation common to all of the five resistant mutants occurred in the gene encoding Dicer2(point mutations at codon 1005 and 1007),which were under strong purifying selection pressure.To confirm whether the mutations in Dicer2 confer resistance to RNAi,we exchanged the Dicer2 locus between the sensitive strain and the resistant strain by homologous double exchange.The transformed mutants,Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H),exhibited resistance to dsRNA in vitro.Further study showed that mutations of R1005D and E1007H affected the intramolecular interactions of Dicer2,resulting in the dysfunction of RNase III domain of Dicer2.The amount of sRNAs produced by Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H)was extremely reduced along with variation of sRNA length.Together,these findings revealed a new potential mechanism of RNAi resistance and provided insight into RNAi-related biopesticide deployment for fungal control.
基金support from the Grain,Oil,and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province(GO202206)the Cultivation Program for Young Backbone Teachers at Henan University of Technology+3 种基金the Key R&D Projects in Henan Province(231111113300)Double First-Class Discipline Construction Program of Henan University of Technology(0517-24410014)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1104600)Joint Research Fund for science and technology R&D Projects of Henan Province(225200810066).
文摘Fusarium graminearum(F.graminearum)is a severe phytopathogen threatening agriculture production and food security.Paeonol,serves as a plant-derived natural component,is a promising antifungal agent.At a concentration of 0.3125 mg/mL,paeonol was adequate to fully inhibit the growth of F.graminearum mycelia within 3 days.Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis showed that paeonol had no impact on the outer surface of F.graminearum cell walls.While propidium iodide staining,extracellular conductivity,and pH value measurements demonstrated that paeonol disrupted the cell membrane.Furthermore,lipid oxidation and osmotic stress responses were observed in F.graminearum treated with paeonol,resulting in a 47.23%rise in malondialdehyde(MDA)levels and a 515.43%increase in glycerol levels.Moreover,on the 7th day after exposure to paeonol treatment,the deoxynivalenol(DON)level was significantly reduced,measuring only onefifth of that in the control group.Finally,paeonol was shown to inhibit F.graminearum on wheat grains and steamed bread slices.These results,for the first time,revealed the inhibitory mode of action of paeonol against F.graminearum as reflected by disruption of cell membrane integrity,induction of lipid oxidation and osmotic pressure,as well as DON biosynthesis.Furthermore,this study provided scientific evidence for the potential applications of paeonol in agriculture and food industry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0139500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102105)+3 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A15150130262023A1515140136)Special Projects in Key Areas of Higher Education Institution in Guangdong Province(2024ZDZX2090)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing(2022B1212010015)。
文摘The natural curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation(PDI)was developed,and its inactivation potency against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in vivo was systematically investigated by fluorescence probe assay,trypan blue staining,scanning electron microscope(SEM),confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM),etc.Results showed that under the irradiation of blue LED,the photosensitizer of curcumin was excited to generate massive reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cells of F.graminearum,and the PDI completely inactivated their mycelia and spores under the treatment of 150μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Further analysis found that the PDI ruptured the cellular microstructures,damaged the cell membrane by increasing its permeability and oxidizing the lipids,degraded the intracellular DNA and proteins inside the spores of F.graminearum.Meanwhile,the PDI also potently killed>99.99%spores of F.graminearum on maize under the treatment of 200μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Moreover,the PDI suppressed the production of zearalenone(ZEN),and residual ZEN could not be detected after the storage of maize for 10 days.Therefore,this study systematically explored the inactivation efficiency of curcumin-mediated PDI against both the mycelia and spores of F.graminearum,which provides a valid and promising method to control the fungal hazards in grains.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272585)the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1400900)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (KYCXJC2023003)。
文摘Fusarium graminearum is a fungal plant pathogen which causes Fusarium head blight(FHB), a devastating diseaseon cereal crops. Here we report that FgPMA1 could be a new target to control FHB by the application of double-stranded RNA(dsRNA) of FgPMA1. FgPMA1 was divided into 6 segments to generated RNA interference(RNAi)constructs(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2,-3,-4,-5, and-6), and these constructs were transformed in F. graminearum strainPH-1. The expression of FgPMA1 reduced by 18.48, 33.48 and 56.93% in FgPMA1RNAi-1, FgPMA1RNAi-2 and FgPMA1RNAi-5, respectively. FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants inhibited fungal development, including mycelium growth, mycelial morphology, asexual and sexual development, and toxin production. The length of lesions on wheat leaves, wheat coleoptiles and wheat ears were shorter after infection with FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants thanwild type PH-1. These results showed that three segments(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5) exhibited effective silencing effects. After treatment with 25 ng μL^(–1)dsRNA of these segments in vitro, the growth rate of mycelium growth was significant decreased, mycelium became deformed with bulbous structure at the tip, and the mycelium lost the ability to produce conidia in F. graminearum strain PH-1, Fusarium asiacitum strain 2021 and phenamacril-resistant strainYP-1. After application of FgPMA1RNAi-1-dsRNA and FgPMA1RNAi-2-dsRNA to wheat ears, pathogenicity reduced 34.21–35.40%.
基金the National Natural Science Fundation of China(32302392)the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Provincial Department of Education,China(2022AH050877 and 2023AH040129)+4 种基金the Programs for the Scientific Research Activities of Academic and Technical Leaders of Anhui Province,China(2020D251)the Development Fund for Talent Personnel of Anhui Agricultural University,China(rc342006 and rc342008)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province,China(GXXT-2021-059)the Grants from Anhui Agricultural University,China(2020zd27)the Anhui Province Agricultural Eco-Environmental Protection and Quality Safety Industry Technology System,China。
文摘Rice bakanae disease(RBD)is a devastating plant disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cyclobutrifuram,a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor(SDHI),to control RBD,and determine the risk and mechanism of resistance to cyclobutrifuram in F.fujikuroi.In vitro experiments showed that cyclobutrifuram significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination,and altered the morphology of mycelia and conidia.Treatment with cyclobutrifuram signifcantly decreased mycotoxin production and increased cell membrane permeability in F.fujikuroi.The baseline sensitivity of 72 F.fujikuroi isolates to cyclobutrifuram was determined using mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition assays,which revealed EC50values of 0.0114-0.1304 and 0.0012-0.016μg mL^(-1),with mean EC50values of(0.0410±0.0470)and(0.0038±0.0015)μg mL^(-1),respectively.Pot experiments demonstrated that the protective effect of cyclobutrifluram against F.fujikuroi was more significant than that of phenamacril and azoxystrobin,indicating that cyclobutrifuram is a promising antifungal agent for the control of RBD.Six cyclobutrifuramresistant mutants of F.fujikuroi were obtained via fungicide adaptation.Moreover,these mutants exhibited weaker ftness than their parental isolate and positive cross-resistance with other SDHI fungicides,including pydifumetofen and penfufen;however,no cross-resistance was detected with other classes of fungicides,including phenamacril,fudioxonil,prochloraz,or azoxystrobin.These results indicated that the resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram might be moderate.Sequencing analysis revealed that mutations,including H248D in Ff Sdh B,A83V in Ff Sdh C2,and S106F and E166K in Ff Sdh D,contributed to resistance,which was confrmed by molecular docking and homologous replacement experiments.The results suggest a high potential for cyclobutrifuram to control RBD and a moderate resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram,which are meaningful fndings for the scientifc application of cyclobutrifuram.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072461)the Open Foundation of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology,China(2021-SKL-01).
文摘The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein family in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum(FON),a pathogen causing a highly destructive disease in watermelon.In this study,∆fovel1 and∆folae1 deletion mutants and∆fovel1-C and∆folae1-C corresponding complementation mutants of FON were validated.Additionally,the phenotypic,biochemical,and virulence effects of the deletion mutants were investigated.Compared to the wild-type strains,the∆fovel1 and∆folae1 mutants exhibited altered mycelial phenotype,reduced conidiation,and decreased production of bikaverin and fusaric acid.Furthermore,their virulence on watermelon plant roots significantly decreased.All these alterations in mutants were restored in corresponding complementation strains.Notably,yeast two-hybrid results demonstrated an interaction between FoVel1 and FoLae1.This study reveals that FoVEL1 and FoLAE1 play essential roles in secondary metabolism,conidiation,and virulence in FON.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and functional roles of VEL1 and LAE1 in pathogenic fungi.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-08)the Scientific Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Several fungal pathogens cause root rot of common bean,among which Fusarium spp.are the most common pathogens causing Fusarium root rot(FRR)worldwide.FRR has been becoming an increasingly severe disease of common bean in China,but the species of Fusarium spp.have remained unclear.Thus,this study was performed to identify the pathogen causing common bean root rot in Liangcheng County,Inner Mongolia,China.Nineteen Fusarium-like isolates were obtained after pathogen isolation and purification.The pathogenicity test indicated that eight isolates caused severe disease symptoms on common bean,while 11 other isolates were not pathogenic.The eight pathogenic isolates,FCL1–FCL8,were identified as Fusarium cuneirostrum by morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of EF-1α,ITS,28S,and IGS regions.Host range test showed that the representative F.cuneirostrum isolate FCL3 was also pathogenic to mung bean,while not pathogenic to adzuki bean,chickpea,cowpea,faba bean,pea,and soybean.Moreover,50 common bean and 50 mung bean cultivars were screened for resistance to FRR,and seven highly resistant or resistant cultivars of common bean were identified,while no resistant cultivars of mung bean were screened.This study revealed that F.cuneirostrum was one of common bean FRR pathogens in Inner Mongolia and it could induce mung bean root rot as well.To our knowledge,this is the first report of F.cuneirostrum causing FRR of common bean in China.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.32172512)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund[Grant No.CX(20)2023]+1 种基金the Jiangsu Special Fund for Frontier Foundation Research of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization (Grant No.BK20220005)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Strawberry Fusarium wilt (SFW) is a systematic soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.fragaria (Fof),which infects the vascular bundles,blocking water and nutrient transport from roots to the aboveground.It is a severe pathogen which spreads rapidly and destroys strawberry production.Finding a way to control this disease is of great scientific value and practical importance.In this study,three fungi were isolated from the vascular tissues of sick strawberries in the field.After DNA sequencing,they were identified as Fof,Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichoderma harzianum,respectively,among which the first two are pathogens and the third is a probiotic.All fungi were controlled by thiophanate-methyl (TM),a commercial fungicide.On PDA medium,20 mg·L^(-1)5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA),a natural non-protein amino acid,promoted T.harzianum proliferation,but inhibited Fof and A.fumigatus.In confrontation test,the growth of Fof or A.fumigatus was inhibited by T.harzianum and exogenous ALA promoted T.harzianum growth but significantly inhibited the pathogen growth.When three species of fungi were separately or combinedly inoculated on healthy strawberry plants,T.harzianum promoted plant growth and development while Fof or A.fumigatus caused growth retardation,where Fof directly caused leaf yellowing and plant wilting.When the plants inoculated with different fungus were treated with ALA,the results turned out that ALA alleviated SFW symptoms by bidirectionally promoting T.harzianum proliferation and inhibiting Fof and A.fumigatus.Thus,ALA might be used in comprehensively controlling SFW in strawberry industry.
基金This work was supported by the grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1400100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072505 and 31701747)+1 种基金the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(2452020222)the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students China(202110712255)。
文摘Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most destructive wheat diseases.Besides directly affecting the yield,the mycotoxin residing in the kernel greatly threatens the health of humans and livestock.Xinong 979(XN979)is a widely cultivated wheat elite with high yield and FHB resistance.However,its resistance mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we studied the expression of genes involved in plant defense in XN979 by comparative transcriptomics.We found that the FHB resistance in XN979 consists of two lines of defense.The first line of defense,which is constitutive,is knitted via the enhanced basal expression of lignin and jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis genes.The second line of defense,which is induced upon F.graminearum infection,is contributed by the limited suppression of photosynthesis and the struggle of biotic stress-responding genes.Meanwhile,the effective defense in XN979 leads to an inhibition of fungal gene expression,especially in the early infection stage.The formation of the FHB resistance in XN979 may coincide with the breeding strategies,such as selecting high grain yield and lodging resistance traits.This study will facilitate our understanding of wheat-F.graminearum interaction and is insightful for breeding FHB-resistant wheat.
