Objective:To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene—rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp.capitation(L.).Methods:The fumigant toxicity test was performed at(27±1)℃.(65± 5)%relative...Objective:To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene—rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp.capitation(L.).Methods:The fumigant toxicity test was performed at(27±1)℃.(65± 5)%relative humidity,and under darkness condition and 24 h exposure time.The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry.Results:The major compounds were α-cadiuol(46.2%),earyophyllene oxide(25.9%),α muurolol epi(8.1%),cadalene(3.7%) and longiverbenone(2.9%).In all cases,considerable differences in mortality of insect to essential oil vapor were observed in different concentrations and exposure times.Callosobruchus maculatus(C.maculates)(LC_(50)=148.9μL/L air) was more susceptible to the tested plant product than Teucrium castaneum(T.castaneum)(LC_(50)=360.2μL/L ain based on LC_(50)values.In the present investigation,the concentration of 3μ L /mL acetone showed 60% and 52% repellency against T.casteneum and C.maculatus adults,respectively.Conclusions:The results suggests that sesquiterpene—rich essential oils from the tested plant could be used as a potential control agent for stored—product insects.展开更多
Essential oil from clove buds Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. ＆ Perry （Myrtaceae） was extracted using petroleum ether in Soxhlet apparatus. The resultant oil contained eugenol （48.92%）, caryophyllene （18.55%）, α-...Essential oil from clove buds Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. ＆ Perry （Myrtaceae） was extracted using petroleum ether in Soxhlet apparatus. The resultant oil contained eugenol （48.92%）, caryophyllene （18.55%）, α-caryophyllene （3.25%）, eugenol acetate （23%）, cis-13-docosenamide （3.2 1%）, presenting more than 96% of the oil. This oil was examined as a fumigant and repellent agent against adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Data showed that various concentrations of the oil have revealed dramatic repellent activity against the tested insect, where it gave 100% repellency by 1.0, 0.8, and 0.2% clove oil at 4, 8, 10 min, respectively. The RTs0 and RT95 were 1.1 and 8.0 min at 0.2% and 0.4, 2.6 min at 0.8%, respectively. In addition, fumigation assay has also exhibited strong fumigant activity toward the adults of T. castaneum. At 100 μL oil/L air, mortality was 75, 80 and 100% after 6, 7, and 8 days exposure period with LCs0 and LC95 17 and 70 μL/L air, respectively. The utilization of clove oil for its potential effects against stored product insect is discussed.展开更多
Combined use of chloropicrin （Pic） and 1,3-dicloropropene （1,3-D） is as effective as methyl bromide （MB） at controlling soilborne diseases in many trials and commercial uses. However, Pic and 1,3-D are both high...Combined use of chloropicrin （Pic） and 1,3-dicloropropene （1,3-D） is as effective as methyl bromide （MB） at controlling soilborne diseases in many trials and commercial uses. However, Pic and 1,3-D are both highly volatile and may pose strong exposure risks to humans and the environment. A gelatin capsule formulation containing Pic and 1,3-D has been developed to reduce exposure risks to workers and bystanders and improved application safety. We conducted two experiments in tomato and cucumber greenhouses located in Beijing and Qingdao, China, to study the efficacy of Pic plus 1,3-D gelatin capsules applied at different dosages and soil depths. Results indicated that both injection and gelatin capsules of Pic plus 1,3-D provided good control of soil nematodes and reduced disease index of Fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode. Plant yield of tomato and cucumber treated with gelatin capsules was similar to MB treatment. Based on our results, gelatin capsules applied at a soil depth of 15 cm provided better control of soilborne diseases and led to higher fruit yield compared to an application depth of 5 cm. In conclusion, a gelatin capsule of Pic plus 1,3-D is a promising and novel formulation, which not only shows good efficacy in controlling soilborne diseases, but also reduces potential exposure risks of fumigants.展开更多
Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke （Apiaceae） is o...Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke （Apiaceae） is one of these plants that have medicinal effects on humans. The chemical composition of the essential oil from dry seeds of C. copticum was studied by gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Thymol （41.34%）,α-terpinolene （17.46%） and ρ-cymene （11.76%） were found to be the major constituents of the oil. In fumigant toxicity tests with the essential oil against adults of Sitophilus oryzae （L.） and Tribolium castaneum （Herbst） at 27 ±1℃ and 60% ± 5% RH, it was observed that S. oryzae （LC50 = 0.91 μL/L） were significantly susceptible than T. castaneum （LC50 = 33.14 μL/L）. The mortalities of the insect species reached 100% at concentrations higher than 185.2 μL/L and 12-h exposure time. The findings indicate the strong insecticidal activity of C. copticum oil and its potential role as a fumigant for storedproduct insects.展开更多
Objective: Black bean aphid(Aphis fabae) is one of the most important greenhouse and crop pests with a wide range of hosts, which causes damages through feeding on vegetable sap and transmitting viral diseases. Curren...Objective: Black bean aphid(Aphis fabae) is one of the most important greenhouse and crop pests with a wide range of hosts, which causes damages through feeding on vegetable sap and transmitting viral diseases. Currently, chemical methods are mainly used to control this pest. Considering the adverse effects of pesticides, it is essential to apply less chemical pesticide in pest control programs. The lethal and sublethal effects of the essential oil(EO) of Teucrium polium leaves on one-day-old adults of black bean aphid were investigated under laboratory conditions.Method: The bioassay was evaluated at the concentrations of 0.88-12 μL/L air, for 24 h after treatment.Reproductive life table parameters of new emerged aphid surveyed at sub-lethal concentrations(LC20 and LC40) of EO and the biological reproductive table was calculated by Jackknife method.Results: The mortality rate increased significantly with the increasing of EO concentration. The estimated LC50 value was 4.5 μL/L air. Laboratory exposure to sublethal concentrations of EO caused significant decrease in adult female longevity and fertility of surviving aphids and as a result caused significant reduction in the intrinsic rate of natural increase(rmvalue).Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that EO of T. polium could be used as a potential control agent for the aphid.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the use of the classical Chinese medicine formula Sihu Powder modified decoction for postoperative fumigation and sitz bath in patients with perianal abscess,aiming to promote wound healing ...[Objectives]To investigate the use of the classical Chinese medicine formula Sihu Powder modified decoction for postoperative fumigation and sitz bath in patients with perianal abscess,aiming to promote wound healing and reduce medical burden.[Methods]An observational cohort study was conducted,selecting 200 patients with perianal abscess who underwent surgery in Shenzhen Guangming District People's Hospital.They were randomly divided into a treatment group and an observation group,with 100 cases in each group.Both groups followed the same surgical and antibiotic treatment principles.Starting from the first postoperative day,the treatment group received fumigation and sitz bath with modified Sihu Powder for decoction twice daily;the observation group used Compound Huangbai Liquid for fumigation and sitz bath twice daily.Indicators including pain score,wound secretion score,wound granulation tissue growth score,multidrug-resistant bacterial infection clearance rate,antibiotic usage days,and wound healing rate were observed in both groups 7,14 and 21 d after operation.[Results]On postoperative day 7,the differences in postoperative pain score,wound secretions,and multidrug-resistant bacterial clearance rate between the treatment group and the observation group were statistically significant.On postoperative day 14,the differences between the two groups were significant in indicators including pain score,wound secretions,wound granulation tissue growth,multidrug-resistant bacterial clearance rate,and wound healing rate.On postoperative day 21,the difference in wound healing rate between the two groups was significant;furthermore,the antibiotic usage days in the treatment group were significantly fewer than those in the observation group.[Conclusions]Modified Sihu Powder for fumigation and washing can effectively alleviate postoperative pain in perianal abscess patients,inhibit the colonization and infection of multidrug-resistant bacteria at the wound site,accelerate wound healing,reduce antibiotic usage intensity and medical burden.It possesses advantages such as being economical,effective,safe,and easy to operate,making it worthy of clinical promotion.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the mechanism by which An's anorectal fumigation lotion(AAFL)treats inflammatory mixed hemorrhoids.METHODS:Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats,with an equal number of males and females,were randoml...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the mechanism by which An's anorectal fumigation lotion(AAFL)treats inflammatory mixed hemorrhoids.METHODS:Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats,with an equal number of males and females,were randomly assigned to the following four groups:control,model,AAFL,and positive groups.Following hemorrhoid induction,hemorrhoidal tissues were collected from the rats for analysis.Pathological alterations in these tissues were examined via hematoxylin-eosin staining.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect inflammatory markers.The ultrastructural pathological changes in these tissues were observed by transmission electron microscopy.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to analyze the gene and protein expression of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)p65,inhibitor of kappa-B(IκB),inhibitor of NF-κB kinase(IκK-β),interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α).RESULTS:Compared with the control group,the rats in each treatment group showed general improvements in hemorrhoidal tissue pathology.The AAFL group showed increased IκB expression and decreased IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,p65,and IκK-βexpressions.CONCLUSION:AAFL can decrease the production of inflammatory markers by targeting the NF-κB pathway,resulting in improved pathological conditions in mixed hemorrhoids.Our findings will aid in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids.展开更多
Pulses are important source of nutrition.Safe and effective storage of pulses till consumption is a challenging task.Spoilage of pulses by invertebrate pests occurs at both pre and post-harvest conditions.Plant based ...Pulses are important source of nutrition.Safe and effective storage of pulses till consumption is a challenging task.Spoilage of pulses by invertebrate pests occurs at both pre and post-harvest conditions.Plant based food protectants is an emerging area of grain protection.This study assessed the differential biotoxicities of Indian sweet basil(Ocimum basilicum essential oil)and its major chemical constituent estragole against the pulse beetle,Callosobruchus chinensis.GC-MS analysis of O.basilicum essential oil(EO)showed estragole(69.77%)and linalool(18.29%)as the main chemical constituent.O.basilicum EO and estragole exhibited a strong fumigant and contact toxicity giving 100%mortality against C.chinensis within an exposure period of 24 h in both without and with food conditions.LC50 of O.basilicum EO and estragole in presence of grain,were 83.33μL/L air and 185.66μL/L air and the LD50 values were 0.81μL/cm^(2) and 1.67μL/cm^(2) respectively.Furthermore,SEM analysis of EO and estragole treated C.chinensis exhibited significant changes in topology of scales on elytron.In-vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition of C.chinensis,was moderately higher in the treatment with estragole(43.01%)than O.basilicum EO(29.03%).Besides,a significant percent of oviposition deterrence effect was noticed in EO and estragole treated grains.Thus,Indian Ocimum chemotype(O.basilicum)and its active biological compound estragole showed effective potentiality as biorational insecticide for the control of pulse beetle.The main aim of the work was to develop biorational alternative for chemical pesticides by exploring the potential insecticidal activity of O.basilicum essential oil as an ecofriendly approach.展开更多
At present,there is little research on the application of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions in skin diseases,and there is no research on related preparation processes and quality standards.In this paper,the character...At present,there is little research on the application of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions in skin diseases,and there is no research on related preparation processes and quality standards.In this paper,the characteristics of its formulation and the research progress in skin diseases are reviewed,in order to deepen the understanding of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions and provide a more detailed theoretical basis for its clinical research,development and application.展开更多
Orthopedic surgeries often require a long recovery period, but Hui medicine offers promising strategies for rapid rehabilitation. This paper explores the integration of Hui medicine into postoperative care, focusing o...Orthopedic surgeries often require a long recovery period, but Hui medicine offers promising strategies for rapid rehabilitation. This paper explores the integration of Hui medicine into postoperative care, focusing on herbal remedies, physical therapies, and dietary adjustments. It uses a variety of methods, such as pasting, Tazi, acupuncture, diet therapy, medicine therapy, etc., to provide comprehensive treatment for various bone diseases. In the field of Hui medicine, through in-depth research and clinical verification, more therapies and drugs with unique curative effects have been discovered. Orthopedic rehabilitation and fumigation therapy play an important role in the rehabilitation stage of the disease, helping patients recover limb function, reduce pain, and improve quality of life. This paper elaborates on the spread and influence of Islamic Arab medical civilization in China and introduces the outstanding achievements of Hui medicine department and Hui medicine as important branches of this medical system. Through the in-depth study of relevant literature and historical data, the brilliant achievements of Hui medicine in inheritance and innovation are further revealed. In addition, the article also discusses the combination of modern science, technology, and traditional medicine--which has injected new vitality into the development of traditional medicine. Hui medicine, with its unique theoretical system and therapeutic methods, offers promising approaches to enhance the recovery process. Rehabilitation, acupuncture and fumigation treatment are typical representatives of the Sinicization of Islamic Arab medical civilization, and have made important contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. At the same time, the rich experience and unique therapy of Hui medicine provide useful reference and inspiration for modern medicine. This paper overviews the effectiveness of Hui medicine in promoting rapid rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the biological activity of insecticidal components of Seleng Wormwood on cabbage butterfly （Pieris rapae）.[Method] With the assisted condition of microwave heating,ethanol,ethyl ethe...[Objective] The aim was to study the biological activity of insecticidal components of Seleng Wormwood on cabbage butterfly （Pieris rapae）.[Method] With the assisted condition of microwave heating,ethanol,ethyl ether,water and methylbenzene were selected as solvents to extract Seleng Wormwood,and the antifeedant,stomach toxicity,contact toxicity and fumigation activities of various solvent extracts against cabbage butterfly were determined.[Result] Various solvent extracts all showed certain antifeedant,stomach toxicity,contact toxicity and fumigation activity against the larvae of cabbage butterfly,and the biological activity of ethanol extract was the strongest.[Conclusion]The results could provide reference for development and utilization of botanical pesticides of Seleng Wormwood.展开更多
Essential oil （EO） of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GCMS） and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Si...Essential oil （EO） of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GCMS） and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Sixteen compounds predominated by monoterpenes were identified. The major compounds were Eucalyptol （28.36%）, α-Terpineol （25.99%）, γ-Terpinene （15.24%）, α-Pinene （5.08%）, 1H-Cyclopropa[a]naphthalene （4.25%） and 1, 3, 6, 10-Dodeeatetraene （3.74%）. Percentage mortality due to fumigant toxicity was dose- and exposure period-dependent. One hour after treatment （HAT）, application of L. adoensis leaf EO at 107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly （p〈0.05） higher mortality （50.00%） than 0.00% mortality observed at 0-53 μL· L^-1 air, but not significantly （p〉0.05） different from 22.50% observed in 80 μL· L^-1 air. At 3 HAT, application ofL. adoensis EO at 80 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality （90.00 %） than mortality observed at 0 μL· L^-1 air. At 6 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 53-107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality （100.00 %） than that was observed in the control. The same trend was observed at 12 HAT where 100 % mortality observed in 27-107 μL· L^-1 air was significantly greater than 13.33 % observed in the control. At 3 HAT, percentage repellence was significantly （p〈0.05） affected by doses. Application of EO at 10-30 μL· cm^2 caused class V repellence （86.67%-100%） compared with the control which caused class I repellence （0-20%）.展开更多
Objective: This paper mainly determined the action modes of extract of Aloe vera L. against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Methods: The different action modes, contact action, repellent, fumigant, and oviposition...Objective: This paper mainly determined the action modes of extract of Aloe vera L. against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Methods: The different action modes, contact action, repellent, fumigant, and oviposition inhibition property of the acetone extract of Aloe vera L. leaf against the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabaribus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were investigated at 26°C ± 1°C, 75% - 80% relative humidity, and 14:10 light: day cycle in the laboratory. Results: Based on the established toxicity regression line of the Aloe vera L. acetone extract against female adult mites, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.836 and 0.167 mg/mL for 48 and 72 h, respectively. With processing time increased, the contact acaricidal activity increased and the repellent activity gradually decreased. The main modes of action of the extract against female adult mites were contact and repellent, and preferable effects were observed on adult mites. These results indicate that A. vera L. extract contains acaricidal and repellent bioactive components that may be useful in future control of the phytophagous mites.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the killing effect of mixed fumi- gation of phosphine and carbon dioxide on eggs of Lasioderma serricorne F. [Method] The outside-storage phosphine generator was placed in a...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the killing effect of mixed fumi- gation of phosphine and carbon dioxide on eggs of Lasioderma serricorne F. [Method] The outside-storage phosphine generator was placed in a tabernacled smoke box, and the mortality rates of L. serricome F. eggs in the smoke box under conditions of different aluminium phosphide usage amount and different fumigation time were studied. In addition, the times needed by tabernacle and smoke box cen- ter to reach the phosphine concentration peak were recorded. [Result] The optimum conditions for killing the eggs of L. serricorne were as follows： temperature of （27± 2） ℃, relatively humidity of （45±5）%, aluminium phosphide usage amount of 1.5 g/m3 and effective exposure time of 96 h. The killing effect of mixed fumigation of phos- phine and carbon dioxide was increased with the extension of fumigation time. The increased usage amount of aluminium phosphide showed no significant effect on killing effect. The tabernacle space and smoke box center all required relatively short time to reach the phosphine concentration peak. If the tabernacle had a good airtightness, the overall fumigation time could be shortened. [Conclusion] The fumi- gation method is reliable, and it can be used for the control of L. serricorne F. in tobacco storage.展开更多
This study was designed to understand the impact of methyl bromide (MB) (CH3Br) and its alternatives on both free-living and root-knot nematodes in the soil. A randomized complete block experiment with six treatments ...This study was designed to understand the impact of methyl bromide (MB) (CH3Br) and its alternatives on both free-living and root-knot nematodes in the soil. A randomized complete block experiment with six treatments and 4 replicates (each replicate in a separate greenhouse) was established in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China. In addition to MB and untreated control (CK) treatments there were four alternative soil fumigation practices including MB+virtually impermeable films (VIF), metam sodium (MS), MS +VIF and soil solarization combined with selected biological control agents (SS+BCA). Two tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) cultivars, cv. Maofen-802 from the Xian Institute of Vegetable Science, China, and cv. AF179 Brillante from the Israeli Hazera Quality Seeds, were selected as test crops. The results indicated that Rhabditidae was the most dominant population with percentage abundance as high as 85% of the total number of identified free-living nematodes, followed by that of Cephalobidae. Methyl bromide and its alternatives except for the non-chemical SS+BCA treatment controlled the target pest, root-knot nematodes. Also, the impact of the three chemical alternatives on free-living nematode number and functional group abundance was similar to the impact associated with a typical methyl bromide application. Chemical fumigation practices, especially that with MB, significantly reduced the number of nematodes in the soil and simultaneously significantly reduced the number of nematode genera thereby reducing nematode diversity. All the four soil chemical fumigation activities decreased soil microbial biomass and had an obvious initial impact on microorganism biomass. Furthermore, both plant-parasitic and fungivore nematodes were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass.展开更多
Objective： To study the oxidative stress and antioxidative response of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings exposed to nitrogen dioxide （NO2） fumigation. Methods： Measurements were made up of the growth, chlorophyll cont...Objective： To study the oxidative stress and antioxidative response of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings exposed to nitrogen dioxide （NO2） fumigation. Methods： Measurements were made up of the growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation of one-year-old C. camphora seedlings exposed to NO2 （0.1, 0.5, and 4 μl/L） fumigation in open top chambers over a period of 60 d. Results： After the first 30 d, 0.5 and 4.0 μl/L NO2 showed insignificant effects on the growth of C. camphora seedlings. However, exposure to 0.5 and 4.0 pilL NO2 for 15 d significantly reduced their chlorophyll content （P〈0.05）, enhanced their malondialdehyde （MDA） content and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity （P〈0.05）, and also significantly reduced the maximal quantum yield of PSII in the dark [the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence （Fv/Fm）] （P〈0.05）. In the latter 30 d, 0.5μl/L NO2 showed a positive effect on the vitality of the seedlings, which was reflected by a recovery in the ratio of Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content, and obviously enhanced growth, SOD activity, ascorbate （AsA） content and glutathione reductase （GR） activity （P〈0.05）; 4.0 pilL NO2 then showed a negative effect, indicated by significant reductions in chlorophyll content and the ratio of Fv/Fm, and inhibited growth （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The results suggest adaptation of C. camphora seedlings to 60-d exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 μl/L NO2, but not to 60-d exposure to 4.0 pilL NO2 C. camphora seedlings may protect themselves from injury by strengthening their antioxidant system in response to NO2-induced oxidative stress.展开更多
Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(LJF),a kind of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs),has functions of detoxifying and evacuating heat.In the study,a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with lin...Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(LJF),a kind of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs),has functions of detoxifying and evacuating heat.In the study,a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS)was developed for the chemical constituent analysis of organic acids,flavonoids,iridoids and new-generated compounds in sulfur-fumigated LJF(SF-LJF).Based on the accurate mass measurement(<±5 ppm),chromatographic behavior and diagnostic product ions(DPIs),113 constituents were unambiguously or tentatively characterized from SFLJF extract,including 46 chlorogenic acids,19 flavonoids,29 iridoid glycosides and 19 newly-generated compounds(including 17 sulfur-containing derivatives).In addition,5-CQA(5-caffeoylquinic acid,chlorogenic acid)was chosen to be sulfur-fumigated for the result validation.It was found that the most significant change of LJF after sulfur fumigation was the occurrence of sulfate or sulfite esterification reactions,which resulted in the emergence of many new sulfur-containing components.Our results demonstrated that the established method was a useful and efficient analytical tool to comprehensively characterize the material basis of SF-LJF,and also an excellent guidance of quality control about LJF.展开更多
Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation （ASD...Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation （ASD） is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry （e.g., rice bran） and liquid （e.g., ethanol） carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide （VHP） for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air （HEPA） filter unit. Methods Self-made or commercially available bioindi...Objective To evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide （VHP） for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air （HEPA） filter unit. Methods Self-made or commercially available bioindicators were placed at designated locations in the HEPA filter unit under VHP fumigation. The spores on coupons were then extracted by 0.5 h submergence in eluent followed by 200- time violent knocks. Results Due to the presence of HEPA filter in the box, spore recovery from coupons placed at the bottom of the filter downstream was significantly higher than that from coupons placed at the other locations. The gap of decontamination efficiency between the top and the bottom of the filter downstream became narrower with the exposure time extended. The decontamination efficiency of the bottom of the filter downstream only improved gently with the injection rate of H202 increased and the decontamination efficiency decreased instead when the injection rate exceeded 2.5 g/min. The commercially available bioindicators were competent to indicate the disinfection efficiency of VHP for the HEPA filter unit. Conclusion The HEPA filter unit is more difficult than common enclosure to decontaminate using VHP fumigation. Complete decontamination can be achieved by extending fumigation time. VHP fumigation can be applied for in-situ biodecontamination of the HEPA filter unit as an alternative method to formaldehyde fumigation.展开更多
文摘Objective:To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene—rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp.capitation(L.).Methods:The fumigant toxicity test was performed at(27±1)℃.(65± 5)%relative humidity,and under darkness condition and 24 h exposure time.The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry.Results:The major compounds were α-cadiuol(46.2%),earyophyllene oxide(25.9%),α muurolol epi(8.1%),cadalene(3.7%) and longiverbenone(2.9%).In all cases,considerable differences in mortality of insect to essential oil vapor were observed in different concentrations and exposure times.Callosobruchus maculatus(C.maculates)(LC_(50)=148.9μL/L air) was more susceptible to the tested plant product than Teucrium castaneum(T.castaneum)(LC_(50)=360.2μL/L ain based on LC_(50)values.In the present investigation,the concentration of 3μ L /mL acetone showed 60% and 52% repellency against T.casteneum and C.maculatus adults,respectively.Conclusions:The results suggests that sesquiterpene—rich essential oils from the tested plant could be used as a potential control agent for stored—product insects.
文摘Essential oil from clove buds Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. ＆ Perry （Myrtaceae） was extracted using petroleum ether in Soxhlet apparatus. The resultant oil contained eugenol （48.92%）, caryophyllene （18.55%）, α-caryophyllene （3.25%）, eugenol acetate （23%）, cis-13-docosenamide （3.2 1%）, presenting more than 96% of the oil. This oil was examined as a fumigant and repellent agent against adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Data showed that various concentrations of the oil have revealed dramatic repellent activity against the tested insect, where it gave 100% repellency by 1.0, 0.8, and 0.2% clove oil at 4, 8, 10 min, respectively. The RTs0 and RT95 were 1.1 and 8.0 min at 0.2% and 0.4, 2.6 min at 0.8%, respectively. In addition, fumigation assay has also exhibited strong fumigant activity toward the adults of T. castaneum. At 100 μL oil/L air, mortality was 75, 80 and 100% after 6, 7, and 8 days exposure period with LCs0 and LC95 17 and 70 μL/L air, respectively. The utilization of clove oil for its potential effects against stored product insect is discussed.
基金the financial support from the projects of Dow Agro Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture of China (2110402)the Beijing Agriculture Innovation Consortium (BAIC01-2017) over the years
文摘Combined use of chloropicrin （Pic） and 1,3-dicloropropene （1,3-D） is as effective as methyl bromide （MB） at controlling soilborne diseases in many trials and commercial uses. However, Pic and 1,3-D are both highly volatile and may pose strong exposure risks to humans and the environment. A gelatin capsule formulation containing Pic and 1,3-D has been developed to reduce exposure risks to workers and bystanders and improved application safety. We conducted two experiments in tomato and cucumber greenhouses located in Beijing and Qingdao, China, to study the efficacy of Pic plus 1,3-D gelatin capsules applied at different dosages and soil depths. Results indicated that both injection and gelatin capsules of Pic plus 1,3-D provided good control of soil nematodes and reduced disease index of Fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode. Plant yield of tomato and cucumber treated with gelatin capsules was similar to MB treatment. Based on our results, gelatin capsules applied at a soil depth of 15 cm provided better control of soilborne diseases and led to higher fruit yield compared to an application depth of 5 cm. In conclusion, a gelatin capsule of Pic plus 1,3-D is a promising and novel formulation, which not only shows good efficacy in controlling soilborne diseases, but also reduces potential exposure risks of fumigants.
文摘Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke （Apiaceae） is one of these plants that have medicinal effects on humans. The chemical composition of the essential oil from dry seeds of C. copticum was studied by gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Thymol （41.34%）,α-terpinolene （17.46%） and ρ-cymene （11.76%） were found to be the major constituents of the oil. In fumigant toxicity tests with the essential oil against adults of Sitophilus oryzae （L.） and Tribolium castaneum （Herbst） at 27 ±1℃ and 60% ± 5% RH, it was observed that S. oryzae （LC50 = 0.91 μL/L） were significantly susceptible than T. castaneum （LC50 = 33.14 μL/L）. The mortalities of the insect species reached 100% at concentrations higher than 185.2 μL/L and 12-h exposure time. The findings indicate the strong insecticidal activity of C. copticum oil and its potential role as a fumigant for storedproduct insects.
文摘Objective: Black bean aphid(Aphis fabae) is one of the most important greenhouse and crop pests with a wide range of hosts, which causes damages through feeding on vegetable sap and transmitting viral diseases. Currently, chemical methods are mainly used to control this pest. Considering the adverse effects of pesticides, it is essential to apply less chemical pesticide in pest control programs. The lethal and sublethal effects of the essential oil(EO) of Teucrium polium leaves on one-day-old adults of black bean aphid were investigated under laboratory conditions.Method: The bioassay was evaluated at the concentrations of 0.88-12 μL/L air, for 24 h after treatment.Reproductive life table parameters of new emerged aphid surveyed at sub-lethal concentrations(LC20 and LC40) of EO and the biological reproductive table was calculated by Jackknife method.Results: The mortality rate increased significantly with the increasing of EO concentration. The estimated LC50 value was 4.5 μL/L air. Laboratory exposure to sublethal concentrations of EO caused significant decrease in adult female longevity and fertility of surviving aphids and as a result caused significant reduction in the intrinsic rate of natural increase(rmvalue).Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that EO of T. polium could be used as a potential control agent for the aphid.
基金Supported by Shenzhen Guangming District Health System Scientific Research Project(2020R01120).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the use of the classical Chinese medicine formula Sihu Powder modified decoction for postoperative fumigation and sitz bath in patients with perianal abscess,aiming to promote wound healing and reduce medical burden.[Methods]An observational cohort study was conducted,selecting 200 patients with perianal abscess who underwent surgery in Shenzhen Guangming District People's Hospital.They were randomly divided into a treatment group and an observation group,with 100 cases in each group.Both groups followed the same surgical and antibiotic treatment principles.Starting from the first postoperative day,the treatment group received fumigation and sitz bath with modified Sihu Powder for decoction twice daily;the observation group used Compound Huangbai Liquid for fumigation and sitz bath twice daily.Indicators including pain score,wound secretion score,wound granulation tissue growth score,multidrug-resistant bacterial infection clearance rate,antibiotic usage days,and wound healing rate were observed in both groups 7,14 and 21 d after operation.[Results]On postoperative day 7,the differences in postoperative pain score,wound secretions,and multidrug-resistant bacterial clearance rate between the treatment group and the observation group were statistically significant.On postoperative day 14,the differences between the two groups were significant in indicators including pain score,wound secretions,wound granulation tissue growth,multidrug-resistant bacterial clearance rate,and wound healing rate.On postoperative day 21,the difference in wound healing rate between the two groups was significant;furthermore,the antibiotic usage days in the treatment group were significantly fewer than those in the observation group.[Conclusions]Modified Sihu Powder for fumigation and washing can effectively alleviate postoperative pain in perianal abscess patients,inhibit the colonization and infection of multidrug-resistant bacteria at the wound site,accelerate wound healing,reduce antibiotic usage intensity and medical burden.It possesses advantages such as being economical,effective,safe,and easy to operate,making it worthy of clinical promotion.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Mechanism of An's Anorectal Fumigation Lotion in the Treatment of Inflammatory Mixed hemorrhoids based on Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Pathway(No.CI2021A02104)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the mechanism by which An's anorectal fumigation lotion(AAFL)treats inflammatory mixed hemorrhoids.METHODS:Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats,with an equal number of males and females,were randomly assigned to the following four groups:control,model,AAFL,and positive groups.Following hemorrhoid induction,hemorrhoidal tissues were collected from the rats for analysis.Pathological alterations in these tissues were examined via hematoxylin-eosin staining.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect inflammatory markers.The ultrastructural pathological changes in these tissues were observed by transmission electron microscopy.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to analyze the gene and protein expression of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)p65,inhibitor of kappa-B(IκB),inhibitor of NF-κB kinase(IκK-β),interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α).RESULTS:Compared with the control group,the rats in each treatment group showed general improvements in hemorrhoidal tissue pathology.The AAFL group showed increased IκB expression and decreased IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,p65,and IκK-βexpressions.CONCLUSION:AAFL can decrease the production of inflammatory markers by targeting the NF-κB pathway,resulting in improved pathological conditions in mixed hemorrhoids.Our findings will aid in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids.
基金support of MLP 297 In-house project for the financial assistance to carry out the work.Authors,acknowledge the support of Director,CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore(CFTRI),570020Karnataka for providing the necessary facilities.Authors thank Mr.Bhavani Eswaran M(Sr.Technical Officer)CIFS,CSIR-CFTRI for GC-MS analysis.(PMC Communication Number:PMC/2022-23/102).
文摘Pulses are important source of nutrition.Safe and effective storage of pulses till consumption is a challenging task.Spoilage of pulses by invertebrate pests occurs at both pre and post-harvest conditions.Plant based food protectants is an emerging area of grain protection.This study assessed the differential biotoxicities of Indian sweet basil(Ocimum basilicum essential oil)and its major chemical constituent estragole against the pulse beetle,Callosobruchus chinensis.GC-MS analysis of O.basilicum essential oil(EO)showed estragole(69.77%)and linalool(18.29%)as the main chemical constituent.O.basilicum EO and estragole exhibited a strong fumigant and contact toxicity giving 100%mortality against C.chinensis within an exposure period of 24 h in both without and with food conditions.LC50 of O.basilicum EO and estragole in presence of grain,were 83.33μL/L air and 185.66μL/L air and the LD50 values were 0.81μL/cm^(2) and 1.67μL/cm^(2) respectively.Furthermore,SEM analysis of EO and estragole treated C.chinensis exhibited significant changes in topology of scales on elytron.In-vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition of C.chinensis,was moderately higher in the treatment with estragole(43.01%)than O.basilicum EO(29.03%).Besides,a significant percent of oviposition deterrence effect was noticed in EO and estragole treated grains.Thus,Indian Ocimum chemotype(O.basilicum)and its active biological compound estragole showed effective potentiality as biorational insecticide for the control of pulse beetle.The main aim of the work was to develop biorational alternative for chemical pesticides by exploring the potential insecticidal activity of O.basilicum essential oil as an ecofriendly approach.
基金Supported by Key R&D Projects of Guangxi Science and Technology Department(GUIKE AB21196057)Science and Technology Plan Project of Liangqing District in 2022(202202)+4 种基金Self Funded Research Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration(GXZYZ20210193)"Young Seedling Project"Talent Cultivation Project in Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital(2022001)Construction Project of High-level Key Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Zhuang Pharmacy)in National Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineHigh-level Talent Cultivation and Innovation Team Funding Project in Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2022A008)Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Multidisciplinary Cross Innovation Team Project(GZKJ2309).
文摘At present,there is little research on the application of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions in skin diseases,and there is no research on related preparation processes and quality standards.In this paper,the characteristics of its formulation and the research progress in skin diseases are reviewed,in order to deepen the understanding of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions and provide a more detailed theoretical basis for its clinical research,development and application.
文摘Orthopedic surgeries often require a long recovery period, but Hui medicine offers promising strategies for rapid rehabilitation. This paper explores the integration of Hui medicine into postoperative care, focusing on herbal remedies, physical therapies, and dietary adjustments. It uses a variety of methods, such as pasting, Tazi, acupuncture, diet therapy, medicine therapy, etc., to provide comprehensive treatment for various bone diseases. In the field of Hui medicine, through in-depth research and clinical verification, more therapies and drugs with unique curative effects have been discovered. Orthopedic rehabilitation and fumigation therapy play an important role in the rehabilitation stage of the disease, helping patients recover limb function, reduce pain, and improve quality of life. This paper elaborates on the spread and influence of Islamic Arab medical civilization in China and introduces the outstanding achievements of Hui medicine department and Hui medicine as important branches of this medical system. Through the in-depth study of relevant literature and historical data, the brilliant achievements of Hui medicine in inheritance and innovation are further revealed. In addition, the article also discusses the combination of modern science, technology, and traditional medicine--which has injected new vitality into the development of traditional medicine. Hui medicine, with its unique theoretical system and therapeutic methods, offers promising approaches to enhance the recovery process. Rehabilitation, acupuncture and fumigation treatment are typical representatives of the Sinicization of Islamic Arab medical civilization, and have made important contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. At the same time, the rich experience and unique therapy of Hui medicine provide useful reference and inspiration for modern medicine. This paper overviews the effectiveness of Hui medicine in promoting rapid rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery.
基金Supported by Doctoral Research Fund of Yangtze UniversityEducational Commission of Hubei Province of China(Q200712003)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the biological activity of insecticidal components of Seleng Wormwood on cabbage butterfly （Pieris rapae）.[Method] With the assisted condition of microwave heating,ethanol,ethyl ether,water and methylbenzene were selected as solvents to extract Seleng Wormwood,and the antifeedant,stomach toxicity,contact toxicity and fumigation activities of various solvent extracts against cabbage butterfly were determined.[Result] Various solvent extracts all showed certain antifeedant,stomach toxicity,contact toxicity and fumigation activity against the larvae of cabbage butterfly,and the biological activity of ethanol extract was the strongest.[Conclusion]The results could provide reference for development and utilization of botanical pesticides of Seleng Wormwood.
基金Supported by the Senate of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology(LAUTECH)Ogbomoso,Nigeria Under the University Senate Research(LAU/SRG/13/045)
文摘Essential oil （EO） of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GCMS） and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Sixteen compounds predominated by monoterpenes were identified. The major compounds were Eucalyptol （28.36%）, α-Terpineol （25.99%）, γ-Terpinene （15.24%）, α-Pinene （5.08%）, 1H-Cyclopropa[a]naphthalene （4.25%） and 1, 3, 6, 10-Dodeeatetraene （3.74%）. Percentage mortality due to fumigant toxicity was dose- and exposure period-dependent. One hour after treatment （HAT）, application of L. adoensis leaf EO at 107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly （p〈0.05） higher mortality （50.00%） than 0.00% mortality observed at 0-53 μL· L^-1 air, but not significantly （p〉0.05） different from 22.50% observed in 80 μL· L^-1 air. At 3 HAT, application ofL. adoensis EO at 80 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality （90.00 %） than mortality observed at 0 μL· L^-1 air. At 6 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 53-107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality （100.00 %） than that was observed in the control. The same trend was observed at 12 HAT where 100 % mortality observed in 27-107 μL· L^-1 air was significantly greater than 13.33 % observed in the control. At 3 HAT, percentage repellence was significantly （p〈0.05） affected by doses. Application of EO at 10-30 μL· cm^2 caused class V repellence （86.67%-100%） compared with the control which caused class I repellence （0-20%）.
文摘Objective: This paper mainly determined the action modes of extract of Aloe vera L. against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Methods: The different action modes, contact action, repellent, fumigant, and oviposition inhibition property of the acetone extract of Aloe vera L. leaf against the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabaribus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were investigated at 26°C ± 1°C, 75% - 80% relative humidity, and 14:10 light: day cycle in the laboratory. Results: Based on the established toxicity regression line of the Aloe vera L. acetone extract against female adult mites, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.836 and 0.167 mg/mL for 48 and 72 h, respectively. With processing time increased, the contact acaricidal activity increased and the repellent activity gradually decreased. The main modes of action of the extract against female adult mites were contact and repellent, and preferable effects were observed on adult mites. These results indicate that A. vera L. extract contains acaricidal and repellent bioactive components that may be useful in future control of the phytophagous mites.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the killing effect of mixed fumi- gation of phosphine and carbon dioxide on eggs of Lasioderma serricorne F. [Method] The outside-storage phosphine generator was placed in a tabernacled smoke box, and the mortality rates of L. serricome F. eggs in the smoke box under conditions of different aluminium phosphide usage amount and different fumigation time were studied. In addition, the times needed by tabernacle and smoke box cen- ter to reach the phosphine concentration peak were recorded. [Result] The optimum conditions for killing the eggs of L. serricorne were as follows： temperature of （27± 2） ℃, relatively humidity of （45±5）%, aluminium phosphide usage amount of 1.5 g/m3 and effective exposure time of 96 h. The killing effect of mixed fumigation of phos- phine and carbon dioxide was increased with the extension of fumigation time. The increased usage amount of aluminium phosphide showed no significant effect on killing effect. The tabernacle space and smoke box center all required relatively short time to reach the phosphine concentration peak. If the tabernacle had a good airtightness, the overall fumigation time could be shortened. [Conclusion] The fumi- gation method is reliable, and it can be used for the control of L. serricorne F. in tobacco storage.
基金Project supported by the Sino-Italy Environmental Cooperation Fund.
文摘This study was designed to understand the impact of methyl bromide (MB) (CH3Br) and its alternatives on both free-living and root-knot nematodes in the soil. A randomized complete block experiment with six treatments and 4 replicates (each replicate in a separate greenhouse) was established in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China. In addition to MB and untreated control (CK) treatments there were four alternative soil fumigation practices including MB+virtually impermeable films (VIF), metam sodium (MS), MS +VIF and soil solarization combined with selected biological control agents (SS+BCA). Two tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) cultivars, cv. Maofen-802 from the Xian Institute of Vegetable Science, China, and cv. AF179 Brillante from the Israeli Hazera Quality Seeds, were selected as test crops. The results indicated that Rhabditidae was the most dominant population with percentage abundance as high as 85% of the total number of identified free-living nematodes, followed by that of Cephalobidae. Methyl bromide and its alternatives except for the non-chemical SS+BCA treatment controlled the target pest, root-knot nematodes. Also, the impact of the three chemical alternatives on free-living nematode number and functional group abundance was similar to the impact associated with a typical methyl bromide application. Chemical fumigation practices, especially that with MB, significantly reduced the number of nematodes in the soil and simultaneously significantly reduced the number of nematode genera thereby reducing nematode diversity. All the four soil chemical fumigation activities decreased soil microbial biomass and had an obvious initial impact on microorganism biomass. Furthermore, both plant-parasitic and fungivore nematodes were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass.
基金Project supported by Zhejiang Keystone Projects (No.2005C22056)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.Y5080011)
文摘Objective： To study the oxidative stress and antioxidative response of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings exposed to nitrogen dioxide （NO2） fumigation. Methods： Measurements were made up of the growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation of one-year-old C. camphora seedlings exposed to NO2 （0.1, 0.5, and 4 μl/L） fumigation in open top chambers over a period of 60 d. Results： After the first 30 d, 0.5 and 4.0 μl/L NO2 showed insignificant effects on the growth of C. camphora seedlings. However, exposure to 0.5 and 4.0 pilL NO2 for 15 d significantly reduced their chlorophyll content （P〈0.05）, enhanced their malondialdehyde （MDA） content and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity （P〈0.05）, and also significantly reduced the maximal quantum yield of PSII in the dark [the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence （Fv/Fm）] （P〈0.05）. In the latter 30 d, 0.5μl/L NO2 showed a positive effect on the vitality of the seedlings, which was reflected by a recovery in the ratio of Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content, and obviously enhanced growth, SOD activity, ascorbate （AsA） content and glutathione reductase （GR） activity （P〈0.05）; 4.0 pilL NO2 then showed a negative effect, indicated by significant reductions in chlorophyll content and the ratio of Fv/Fm, and inhibited growth （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The results suggest adaptation of C. camphora seedlings to 60-d exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 μl/L NO2, but not to 60-d exposure to 4.0 pilL NO2 C. camphora seedlings may protect themselves from injury by strengthening their antioxidant system in response to NO2-induced oxidative stress.
基金supported by Beijing Nova Program(No.Z171100001117029)Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2018-JYB-XJ008)+1 种基金the Independent Topic Selection of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(Innovation and Entre-preneurship Project,No.2019-JYB-XSCXCY-06)the Second Batch of Scientific Research Projects for the Construction of National TCM Clinical Research Base(JDZX2015181)。
文摘Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(LJF),a kind of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs),has functions of detoxifying and evacuating heat.In the study,a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS)was developed for the chemical constituent analysis of organic acids,flavonoids,iridoids and new-generated compounds in sulfur-fumigated LJF(SF-LJF).Based on the accurate mass measurement(<±5 ppm),chromatographic behavior and diagnostic product ions(DPIs),113 constituents were unambiguously or tentatively characterized from SFLJF extract,including 46 chlorogenic acids,19 flavonoids,29 iridoid glycosides and 19 newly-generated compounds(including 17 sulfur-containing derivatives).In addition,5-CQA(5-caffeoylquinic acid,chlorogenic acid)was chosen to be sulfur-fumigated for the result validation.It was found that the most significant change of LJF after sulfur fumigation was the occurrence of sulfate or sulfite esterification reactions,which resulted in the emergence of many new sulfur-containing components.Our results demonstrated that the established method was a useful and efficient analytical tool to comprehensively characterize the material basis of SF-LJF,and also an excellent guidance of quality control about LJF.
基金the California Department of Food and Agriculture Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine Improvement Advisory Board, USA
文摘Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation （ASD） is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry （e.g., rice bran） and liquid （e.g., ethanol） carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.
基金supported by the Research Fund from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, 2009ZX10004-502 and 2009ZX10004-709
文摘Objective To evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide （VHP） for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air （HEPA） filter unit. Methods Self-made or commercially available bioindicators were placed at designated locations in the HEPA filter unit under VHP fumigation. The spores on coupons were then extracted by 0.5 h submergence in eluent followed by 200- time violent knocks. Results Due to the presence of HEPA filter in the box, spore recovery from coupons placed at the bottom of the filter downstream was significantly higher than that from coupons placed at the other locations. The gap of decontamination efficiency between the top and the bottom of the filter downstream became narrower with the exposure time extended. The decontamination efficiency of the bottom of the filter downstream only improved gently with the injection rate of H202 increased and the decontamination efficiency decreased instead when the injection rate exceeded 2.5 g/min. The commercially available bioindicators were competent to indicate the disinfection efficiency of VHP for the HEPA filter unit. Conclusion The HEPA filter unit is more difficult than common enclosure to decontaminate using VHP fumigation. Complete decontamination can be achieved by extending fumigation time. VHP fumigation can be applied for in-situ biodecontamination of the HEPA filter unit as an alternative method to formaldehyde fumigation.
