In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to...In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to select appropriate poll- enizer cultivars for Fuji, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor and aroma of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The results proved the significant metaxe- nia effect of the five pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The numbers of both volatile compounds and characteristic aroma com- pounds in bagged apple fruit pollinated by Golden Delicious were larger and those of the fruit pollinated by Gala were smaller at both experiment sites. However, there were differences in the numbers of volatile compounds and characteristic aroma compounds among the fruits pollinated by Starkrimson, Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby at both experimental sites. The differences were caused by 12 compounds that only existed at a low level in certain samples. All of them were not the aroma contribu- tors except ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. The content of alcohols in bagged Fuji fruit was largely increased by Starkrimson and Ruby pollination; the content of aldehydes was obviously increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Gala pollination; the con- tents of esters and terpenes were significantly increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Ruby pollination. Jinxiuhaitang pollination showed no significant ef- fects for improving the content of four categories of volatile compounds. The metax- enia of the pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds in bagged Fuji fruit was stable at the two experimental sites.展开更多
目的:比较Super bond C&B,Fuji Ⅱ,MTA三种材料粘结离体单根管前牙纵裂牙根的粘结强度。方法:选取离体单根管前牙75颗制备成纵裂牙根模型后按数字随机表分成6组。1～3为压力组(每组15颗牙):1组,MTA充填裂缝;2组,Super bond C&B...目的:比较Super bond C&B,Fuji Ⅱ,MTA三种材料粘结离体单根管前牙纵裂牙根的粘结强度。方法:选取离体单根管前牙75颗制备成纵裂牙根模型后按数字随机表分成6组。1～3为压力组(每组15颗牙):1组,MTA充填裂缝;2组,Super bond C&B充填裂缝;3组,则用Fuji Ⅱ行裂缝充填。4～6为拉力组(每组10颗牙):4组,MTA充填裂缝;5组,Super C&B充填裂缝;6组,则用Fuji Ⅱ行裂缝充填。用万能力学测试机测定各试件数值,用SPSS 10.0软件包对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果:压力测试显示:Superbond C&B充填纵裂牙根,其抗压能力明显高于MTA组和FujiⅡ组,而后两组之间无明显差异;拉力测试表明:MTA组抗拉能力最差,Fuji Ⅱ组明显高于MTA组但明显低于Super bondC&B组。结论:Super bond C&B粘结离体纵裂牙根的强度最强,抗压和抗拉能力优于FujiⅡ和MTA。展开更多
The fruits of Red Fuji apple with anthracnose symptoms were collected and submitted to tissue isolation and culture. One strain of anthracnose pathogen （numbered as Acgl） was obtained, and it was identified by both ...The fruits of Red Fuji apple with anthracnose symptoms were collected and submitted to tissue isolation and culture. One strain of anthracnose pathogen （numbered as Acgl） was obtained, and it was identified by both morphological and molecular biological methods. According to the morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia and the results of rDNA-ITS sequence analysis, the Acgl strain was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.展开更多
[Objective] The aims were to explore the relationship between the contents of fruit mineral elements and quality features of the ＇Fuji＇ apple, screen major mineral elements of the fruit affecting fruit quality featu...[Objective] The aims were to explore the relationship between the contents of fruit mineral elements and quality features of the ＇Fuji＇ apple, screen major mineral elements of the fruit affecting fruit quality features, and set up optimum proposals of fruit mineral elements for good fruit qualities, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable orchard soil and foliar fertilizer applications to increase fruit quality and reduce the physiological diseases related to the ＇Fuji＇ apple. [Methods] The fruit mineral elements and quality indicators of ＇Fuji＂ apples were in- vestigated and analyzed, which were collected from the 153 commercial apple or- chards of ＂Fuji＇ apple located in 51 counties. The variable importance for projection （VlP） of partial least squares regression （PLS） method was used to analyze the model effect and weight analysis impact of the fruit mineral element contents to fruit quality, screen out major factors of fruit mineral elements influencing the different fruit qualities, and set up the regression equation of the fruit qualities and major fruit mineral elements. Linear programming was used to obtain optimum proposals of the fruit mineral elements to achieve good ＇Fuji＇ apple qualities. [Results] The mineral elements content and quality characteristics in ＂Fuji＇ apple fruit had great differences in the different produce regions in which the maximum content of nitro- gen, iron, zinc and boron in the ＇Fuji＇ fruit were12.06, 6.17, 7.7, and 10.08 times greater than the minimum respectively, and the differences for titratable acid and the SSC/TA ratio were 2.33 and 2.16 times respectively. The correlation analysis between the fruit mineral element contents and qualities showed that the nitrogen content of fruit had a significantly negative correlation with the soluble solid content, SSC/TA ratio and red color area, while the calcium and iron contents in the fruit were in significantly positive correlation with the soluble solid content and SSC/TA ratio. The model effect and weight analysis showed that the content of nitrogen and iron in the fruit had a greater influence on the integral fruit quality, followed by phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The variable importance for projection （VlP） technology of PLS found that the mean fruit weight was primarily affected by nitro- gen, phosphorus and potassium, and the soluble solid was primarily affected by ni- trogen, calcium and iron, while the red color area was primarily affected by nitro- gen, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc. The regression equation between fruit quality and mineral element contents showed that the mean fruit weight had a greater pos- itive effect coefficient with the content of phosphorus and potassium, and a greater negative effect coefficient with the content of nitrogen in the fruit. Moreover, the sol- uble solid had the largest negative effect coefficient with nitrogen and largest posi- tive effect coefficient with calcium and iron in the fruit. [Conclusion] The maximum content of soluble solid and titratable acid were 1.5 times more than the minimum, and nitrogen, iron, zinc and boron were 6 times more than in the ＇Fuji＇ apple fruit in the different produce regions. Therefore, it is a key technological measure to improve the overall qualities of the ＂Fuji＇ apple by decreasing the content of nitrogen, and increasing the contents of iron, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the fruit.展开更多
The effects of apple dwarf stocks P22 and SH3 on the juvenile phase of Fuji seedlings were studied. The results showed that the juvenile phase could be shortened by more than two years when 2-year seedlings were graft...The effects of apple dwarf stocks P22 and SH3 on the juvenile phase of Fuji seedlings were studied. The results showed that the juvenile phase could be shortened by more than two years when 2-year seedlings were grafted on the dwarf stocks. The effects of P22 and SH3 were significantly different. Grafted on P22, the flowering node was less, the first flowing site was lower, and the juvenile phase was shorter than SH3. With the two stocks, the average first flowering site was more than 200 cm, the average flowering node was more than 100, and the lateral branch top bud was more than 50% in all first flowing seedlings.展开更多
China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70％ of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteo...China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70％ of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteorological conditions, soil types, nutrient content of soil, and management practices. Meteorological factors, such as light, temperature and moisture are key environmental conditions affecting apple quality that are difficult to regulate and control. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the qualities of Fuji apple and to provide evidence for a reasonable regional layout and planting of Fuji apple in China. Fruit samples of Fuji apple and meteorological data were investigated from 153 commercial Fuji apple orchards located in 51 counties of 11 regions in China from 2010 to 2011. Partial least-squares regression and linear programming were used to analyze the effect model and impact weight of meteorological factors on fruit quality, to determine the major meteorological factors influencing fruit quality attributes, and to establish a regression equation to optimize meteorological factors for high-quality Fuji apples. Results showed relationships between fruit quality attributes and meteorological factors among the various apple producing counties in China. The mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures from April to October had the highest positive effects on fruit qualities in model effect loadings and weights, followed by the mean annual temperature and the sunshine percentage, the temperature difference between day and night, and the total precipitation for the same period. In contrast, annual total precipitation and relative humidity from April to October had negative effects on fruit quality. The meteorological factors exhibited distinct effects on the different fruit quality attributes. Soluble solid content was affected from the high to the low row preface by annual total precipitation, the minimum temperature from April to October, the mean temperature from April to October, the temperature difference between day and night, and the mean annual temperature. The regression equation showed that the optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were the mean annual temperature of 5.5-18°C and the annual total precipitation of 602-1121 mm for the whole year, and the mean temperature of 13.3-19.6°C, the minimum temperature of 7.8-18.5°C, the maximum temperature of 19.5°C, the temperature difference of 13.7°C between day and night, the total precipitation of 227 mm, the relative humidity of 57.5-84.0％, and the sunshine percentage of 36.5-70.0％ during the growing period （from April to October）.展开更多
To evaluate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy and the influence of the distance between the light source/detection probe and the fruit for measuring the sugar content (SC) of Fuji apples, diffuse reflectance spectr...To evaluate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy and the influence of the distance between the light source/detection probe and the fruit for measuring the sugar content (SC) of Fuji apples, diffuse reflectance spectra were measured in the spectral range from 12500 to 4000 cm^-1 at 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm distances. Four calibration models at four distances were established between diffused reflectance spectra and sugar content by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation coefficients (R) of calibrations ranged from 0.982 to 0.997 with SEC values from 0.138 to 0.453 and the SECV values from 0.74 to 1.58. The best model of original spectra at 0 mm distance yielded high correlation determination of 0.918, a SEC of 0.092, and a SEP of 0.773. The results showed that different light/detection probe-fruit distances influence the apple reflective spectra and SC predictions.展开更多
基金Supported by Major Applied Technology Innovation Program of Agriculture in Shandong Province(2014)Special Scientific Research Fund for Taishan Scholars([2013]123)Earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(CARS-28)~~
文摘In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to select appropriate poll- enizer cultivars for Fuji, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor and aroma of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The results proved the significant metaxe- nia effect of the five pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The numbers of both volatile compounds and characteristic aroma com- pounds in bagged apple fruit pollinated by Golden Delicious were larger and those of the fruit pollinated by Gala were smaller at both experiment sites. However, there were differences in the numbers of volatile compounds and characteristic aroma compounds among the fruits pollinated by Starkrimson, Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby at both experimental sites. The differences were caused by 12 compounds that only existed at a low level in certain samples. All of them were not the aroma contribu- tors except ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. The content of alcohols in bagged Fuji fruit was largely increased by Starkrimson and Ruby pollination; the content of aldehydes was obviously increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Gala pollination; the con- tents of esters and terpenes were significantly increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Ruby pollination. Jinxiuhaitang pollination showed no significant ef- fects for improving the content of four categories of volatile compounds. The metax- enia of the pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds in bagged Fuji fruit was stable at the two experimental sites.
文摘目的:比较Super bond C&B,Fuji Ⅱ,MTA三种材料粘结离体单根管前牙纵裂牙根的粘结强度。方法:选取离体单根管前牙75颗制备成纵裂牙根模型后按数字随机表分成6组。1～3为压力组(每组15颗牙):1组,MTA充填裂缝;2组,Super bond C&B充填裂缝;3组,则用Fuji Ⅱ行裂缝充填。4～6为拉力组(每组10颗牙):4组,MTA充填裂缝;5组,Super C&B充填裂缝;6组,则用Fuji Ⅱ行裂缝充填。用万能力学测试机测定各试件数值,用SPSS 10.0软件包对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果:压力测试显示:Superbond C&B充填纵裂牙根,其抗压能力明显高于MTA组和FujiⅡ组,而后两组之间无明显差异;拉力测试表明:MTA组抗拉能力最差,Fuji Ⅱ组明显高于MTA组但明显低于Super bondC&B组。结论:Super bond C&B粘结离体纵裂牙根的强度最强,抗压和抗拉能力优于FujiⅡ和MTA。
文摘The fruits of Red Fuji apple with anthracnose symptoms were collected and submitted to tissue isolation and culture. One strain of anthracnose pathogen （numbered as Acgl） was obtained, and it was identified by both morphological and molecular biological methods. According to the morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia and the results of rDNA-ITS sequence analysis, the Acgl strain was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
基金Supported by the Special Funds for Forestry Industry Research in Public Welfare(201404720)the National Science and Technology Support Program(2014BAD16B02-3)the Science and Technology Innovation Ability Construction Projects of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science(KJCX20150403)~~
文摘[Objective] The aims were to explore the relationship between the contents of fruit mineral elements and quality features of the ＇Fuji＇ apple, screen major mineral elements of the fruit affecting fruit quality features, and set up optimum proposals of fruit mineral elements for good fruit qualities, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable orchard soil and foliar fertilizer applications to increase fruit quality and reduce the physiological diseases related to the ＇Fuji＇ apple. [Methods] The fruit mineral elements and quality indicators of ＇Fuji＂ apples were in- vestigated and analyzed, which were collected from the 153 commercial apple or- chards of ＂Fuji＇ apple located in 51 counties. The variable importance for projection （VlP） of partial least squares regression （PLS） method was used to analyze the model effect and weight analysis impact of the fruit mineral element contents to fruit quality, screen out major factors of fruit mineral elements influencing the different fruit qualities, and set up the regression equation of the fruit qualities and major fruit mineral elements. Linear programming was used to obtain optimum proposals of the fruit mineral elements to achieve good ＇Fuji＇ apple qualities. [Results] The mineral elements content and quality characteristics in ＂Fuji＇ apple fruit had great differences in the different produce regions in which the maximum content of nitro- gen, iron, zinc and boron in the ＇Fuji＇ fruit were12.06, 6.17, 7.7, and 10.08 times greater than the minimum respectively, and the differences for titratable acid and the SSC/TA ratio were 2.33 and 2.16 times respectively. The correlation analysis between the fruit mineral element contents and qualities showed that the nitrogen content of fruit had a significantly negative correlation with the soluble solid content, SSC/TA ratio and red color area, while the calcium and iron contents in the fruit were in significantly positive correlation with the soluble solid content and SSC/TA ratio. The model effect and weight analysis showed that the content of nitrogen and iron in the fruit had a greater influence on the integral fruit quality, followed by phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The variable importance for projection （VlP） technology of PLS found that the mean fruit weight was primarily affected by nitro- gen, phosphorus and potassium, and the soluble solid was primarily affected by ni- trogen, calcium and iron, while the red color area was primarily affected by nitro- gen, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc. The regression equation between fruit quality and mineral element contents showed that the mean fruit weight had a greater pos- itive effect coefficient with the content of phosphorus and potassium, and a greater negative effect coefficient with the content of nitrogen in the fruit. Moreover, the sol- uble solid had the largest negative effect coefficient with nitrogen and largest posi- tive effect coefficient with calcium and iron in the fruit. [Conclusion] The maximum content of soluble solid and titratable acid were 1.5 times more than the minimum, and nitrogen, iron, zinc and boron were 6 times more than in the ＇Fuji＇ apple fruit in the different produce regions. Therefore, it is a key technological measure to improve the overall qualities of the ＂Fuji＇ apple by decreasing the content of nitrogen, and increasing the contents of iron, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the fruit.
文摘The effects of apple dwarf stocks P22 and SH3 on the juvenile phase of Fuji seedlings were studied. The results showed that the juvenile phase could be shortened by more than two years when 2-year seedlings were grafted on the dwarf stocks. The effects of P22 and SH3 were significantly different. Grafted on P22, the flowering node was less, the first flowing site was lower, and the juvenile phase was shorter than SH3. With the two stocks, the average first flowering site was more than 200 cm, the average flowering node was more than 100, and the lateral branch top bud was more than 50% in all first flowing seedlings.
基金supported by the Forest Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201404720)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-27)the Beijing Municipal Education Commission,China(CEFF-PXM2017_014207_000043)
文摘China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70％ of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteorological conditions, soil types, nutrient content of soil, and management practices. Meteorological factors, such as light, temperature and moisture are key environmental conditions affecting apple quality that are difficult to regulate and control. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the qualities of Fuji apple and to provide evidence for a reasonable regional layout and planting of Fuji apple in China. Fruit samples of Fuji apple and meteorological data were investigated from 153 commercial Fuji apple orchards located in 51 counties of 11 regions in China from 2010 to 2011. Partial least-squares regression and linear programming were used to analyze the effect model and impact weight of meteorological factors on fruit quality, to determine the major meteorological factors influencing fruit quality attributes, and to establish a regression equation to optimize meteorological factors for high-quality Fuji apples. Results showed relationships between fruit quality attributes and meteorological factors among the various apple producing counties in China. The mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures from April to October had the highest positive effects on fruit qualities in model effect loadings and weights, followed by the mean annual temperature and the sunshine percentage, the temperature difference between day and night, and the total precipitation for the same period. In contrast, annual total precipitation and relative humidity from April to October had negative effects on fruit quality. The meteorological factors exhibited distinct effects on the different fruit quality attributes. Soluble solid content was affected from the high to the low row preface by annual total precipitation, the minimum temperature from April to October, the mean temperature from April to October, the temperature difference between day and night, and the mean annual temperature. The regression equation showed that the optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were the mean annual temperature of 5.5-18°C and the annual total precipitation of 602-1121 mm for the whole year, and the mean temperature of 13.3-19.6°C, the minimum temperature of 7.8-18.5°C, the maximum temperature of 19.5°C, the temperature difference of 13.7°C between day and night, the total precipitation of 227 mm, the relative humidity of 57.5-84.0％, and the sunshine percentage of 36.5-70.0％ during the growing period （from April to October）.
基金Project (No. 30270763) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To evaluate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy and the influence of the distance between the light source/detection probe and the fruit for measuring the sugar content (SC) of Fuji apples, diffuse reflectance spectra were measured in the spectral range from 12500 to 4000 cm^-1 at 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm distances. Four calibration models at four distances were established between diffused reflectance spectra and sugar content by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation coefficients (R) of calibrations ranged from 0.982 to 0.997 with SEC values from 0.138 to 0.453 and the SECV values from 0.74 to 1.58. The best model of original spectra at 0 mm distance yielded high correlation determination of 0.918, a SEC of 0.092, and a SEP of 0.773. The results showed that different light/detection probe-fruit distances influence the apple reflective spectra and SC predictions.
