A new method for three-dimensional simulation of the interaction between the gas and the solid around is developed.The effects of the gas on the thermal-mechanical behaviors within the surrounded solid are performed b...A new method for three-dimensional simulation of the interaction between the gas and the solid around is developed.The effects of the gas on the thermal-mechanical behaviors within the surrounded solid are performed by replacing the internal gas with an equivalent solid in the modeling,which can make it convenient to simulate the thermal-mechanical coupling effects in the solid research objects with gases in them.The applied thermal expansion coefficient,Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the equivalent solid material are derived.A series of tests have been conducted;and the proposed equivalent solid method to simulate the gas effects is validated.展开更多
Carbon dissolution from solid fuels used in a COREX gasifier was investigated in a high-temperature furnace to investigate the influences of temperature, carbon structure and ash properties of solid fuels into molten ...Carbon dissolution from solid fuels used in a COREX gasifier was investigated in a high-temperature furnace to investigate the influences of temperature, carbon structure and ash properties of solid fuels into molten iron on carbon dissolution behavior. The results showed that the final carbon content of molten iron and dissolution reaction rate of carbon increased as the temperature increased. However, the dissolution behavior of different solid fuels varied with their properties. At the same temperature, the dissolution reaction rate of solid fuel from high to low was coke, semi-coke and lump coal. The apparent reaction rate constants of solid fuel were calculated using the piecewise fitting method based on the experimental data. The analyzed results showed that the dissolution rates of solid fuels had a good correlation with their microcrystalline structures. Moreover, the carbon crystallite structures of solid fuels used in COREX had greater influence on dissolution behavior than their ash properties.展开更多
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is an attractive power source for automobiles, with its superior storability, transportability, and suppliability of liquid fuel with high energy density. Compact ICEs with high pe...The internal combustion engine (ICE) is an attractive power source for automobiles, with its superior storability, transportability, and suppliability of liquid fuel with high energy density. Compact ICEs with high performance and a low environmental load are greatly needed. In the future, smart active control of combustion by means of fuel spray injection must be considered as a breakthrough technology to address serious issues related to conventional ICEs, such as emissions. A designed fuel injection rate and spray pattern during the injection period have been technically developed, and combustion can be partially controlled in the conventional ICE. However, spatial fuel distribution is not progressing as desired in the field of combustion;thus, new and effective active control technologies for fuel spray are very necessary for the smart control of combustion. Cavitation, flash boiling, spray-to-spray interaction, spray-to-wall interaction, and air flow have potential as a basis for active attitude control of fuel spray. This article uses evidence from the literature to discuss the possibility of active spray attitude control for future fuel spray combustion technology in a smart compact ICE.展开更多
Based on the grea field investigation and experiment in laboratory, four fuel types wer classified for all broad-leaved/Korean pine forests and its plantations in northeast China in this paper. Various kinds of fuel l...Based on the grea field investigation and experiment in laboratory, four fuel types wer classified for all broad-leaved/Korean pine forests and its plantations in northeast China in this paper. Various kinds of fuel loads, combuStibility and potential energy are calculated and discussed.The relationships between fuel types, fire environment and fire behavior are also widely expounds,and some researh results and management suggestion on Konan pine forests are also given in the paper.展开更多
This paper summarizes the fuel type systems currently adopted by the fire danger rating systems or fire behavior prediction systems of some countries, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, Greece, and Switzerl...This paper summarizes the fuel type systems currently adopted by the fire danger rating systems or fire behavior prediction systems of some countries, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, Greece, and Switzerland. As an example, the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System organizes fuel types into five major groups, with a total of 16 discrete fuel types recognized. In the United States National Fire Danger Rating System, fuel models are divided into four vegetation groups and twenty fire behavior fuel models. The Promethus System （Greece） divides fuels into 7 types, and Australia has adopted only three distinct fuel types： open grasslands, dry eucalyptus forests, and heath/shrublands. Four approaches to mapping fuels are acceptable： field reconnaissance, direct mapping methods, indirect mapping methods, and gradient modeling. Satellite remote-sensing techniques provide an alternative source of obtaining fuel data quickly, since they provide comprehensive spatial coverage and enough temporal resolution to update fuel maps in a more efficient and timely manner than traditional aerial photography or fieldwork. Satellite sensors can also provide digital information that can be easily tied into other spatial databases using Geographic Information System （GIS） analysis, which can be used as input in fire behavior and growth models. Various fuel-mapping methods from satellite remote sensing are discussed in the paper. According to the analysis of the fuel mapping techniques worldwide, this paper suggests that China should first create appropriate fuel types for its fire agencies before embarking on developing a national fire danger rating system to improve the current data situation for it＇s fire management programs.展开更多
Despite the current threat from climate change,plastic collecting in the world's oceans,and the steady loss of biodiversity,the world continually fails to take action with regard to our rapidly changing ecosystem....Despite the current threat from climate change,plastic collecting in the world's oceans,and the steady loss of biodiversity,the world continually fails to take action with regard to our rapidly changing ecosystem.Unfortunately,waiting on governments to act is no longer a viable option.Rapid change is needed and the pace of diplomacy is simply too slow.Democratic governments are reactionary and taking action to solve future problems is not a priority,even as the threat of potential ecological catastrophe draws ever closer.Change is in the hands of individuals,and it is our decisions and behaviors that will influence the future of our planet and our ability to inhabit it.Therefore,building momentum for sustainable behavior must begin with individuals.The neoliberal approach to environmental protection posits that individuals are motivated by rational self-interest,and that economic incentives are necessary to achieve environmental goals.However,recent research suggests that monetary gain alone actually negatively impacts behavior,and often neglects the rural poor.As a result,models for projects designed to benefit the environment need more than just a monetary incentive,they must incorporate all three pillars of sustainability:environment,economy and society.One approach for building momentum for sustainable behavior with regard to municipal solid waste management,particularly in the developing world,is by implementing Locally Managed Decentralized Circular Economy(LMDCE)principles.This contribution will describe the role behavioral economics plays in the choices made by producers and consumers.The results of a case study on applying LMDCE principles in Uganda to manage waste plastic accumulation by conversion to fuel oil will be presented.展开更多
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10772049 and 11072062)Research and Development Program of China(863 Program, No.2009AA04Z408)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.06ZR14009)Pujiang Scholar Program and the Wangdao Scholar Program(No.08076) of Fudan University
文摘A new method for three-dimensional simulation of the interaction between the gas and the solid around is developed.The effects of the gas on the thermal-mechanical behaviors within the surrounded solid are performed by replacing the internal gas with an equivalent solid in the modeling,which can make it convenient to simulate the thermal-mechanical coupling effects in the solid research objects with gases in them.The applied thermal expansion coefficient,Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the equivalent solid material are derived.A series of tests have been conducted;and the proposed equivalent solid method to simulate the gas effects is validated.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 51704216, 51474164 and U201760101） and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation （No. 2016M602378）.
文摘Carbon dissolution from solid fuels used in a COREX gasifier was investigated in a high-temperature furnace to investigate the influences of temperature, carbon structure and ash properties of solid fuels into molten iron on carbon dissolution behavior. The results showed that the final carbon content of molten iron and dissolution reaction rate of carbon increased as the temperature increased. However, the dissolution behavior of different solid fuels varied with their properties. At the same temperature, the dissolution reaction rate of solid fuel from high to low was coke, semi-coke and lump coal. The apparent reaction rate constants of solid fuel were calculated using the piecewise fitting method based on the experimental data. The analyzed results showed that the dissolution rates of solid fuels had a good correlation with their microcrystalline structures. Moreover, the carbon crystallite structures of solid fuels used in COREX had greater influence on dissolution behavior than their ash properties.
文摘The internal combustion engine (ICE) is an attractive power source for automobiles, with its superior storability, transportability, and suppliability of liquid fuel with high energy density. Compact ICEs with high performance and a low environmental load are greatly needed. In the future, smart active control of combustion by means of fuel spray injection must be considered as a breakthrough technology to address serious issues related to conventional ICEs, such as emissions. A designed fuel injection rate and spray pattern during the injection period have been technically developed, and combustion can be partially controlled in the conventional ICE. However, spatial fuel distribution is not progressing as desired in the field of combustion;thus, new and effective active control technologies for fuel spray are very necessary for the smart control of combustion. Cavitation, flash boiling, spray-to-spray interaction, spray-to-wall interaction, and air flow have potential as a basis for active attitude control of fuel spray. This article uses evidence from the literature to discuss the possibility of active spray attitude control for future fuel spray combustion technology in a smart compact ICE.
文摘Based on the grea field investigation and experiment in laboratory, four fuel types wer classified for all broad-leaved/Korean pine forests and its plantations in northeast China in this paper. Various kinds of fuel loads, combuStibility and potential energy are calculated and discussed.The relationships between fuel types, fire environment and fire behavior are also widely expounds,and some researh results and management suggestion on Konan pine forests are also given in the paper.
基金This paper was supported by the Beijing Fund of Nature Science (No. 6042025), China NKBRSF Project (No. 2001CB409600) and Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration
文摘This paper summarizes the fuel type systems currently adopted by the fire danger rating systems or fire behavior prediction systems of some countries, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, Greece, and Switzerland. As an example, the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System organizes fuel types into five major groups, with a total of 16 discrete fuel types recognized. In the United States National Fire Danger Rating System, fuel models are divided into four vegetation groups and twenty fire behavior fuel models. The Promethus System （Greece） divides fuels into 7 types, and Australia has adopted only three distinct fuel types： open grasslands, dry eucalyptus forests, and heath/shrublands. Four approaches to mapping fuels are acceptable： field reconnaissance, direct mapping methods, indirect mapping methods, and gradient modeling. Satellite remote-sensing techniques provide an alternative source of obtaining fuel data quickly, since they provide comprehensive spatial coverage and enough temporal resolution to update fuel maps in a more efficient and timely manner than traditional aerial photography or fieldwork. Satellite sensors can also provide digital information that can be easily tied into other spatial databases using Geographic Information System （GIS） analysis, which can be used as input in fire behavior and growth models. Various fuel-mapping methods from satellite remote sensing are discussed in the paper. According to the analysis of the fuel mapping techniques worldwide, this paper suggests that China should first create appropriate fuel types for its fire agencies before embarking on developing a national fire danger rating system to improve the current data situation for it＇s fire management programs.
基金Funding for the Kampala case study was provided by the Rotary Club of Paducah, Kentucky
文摘Despite the current threat from climate change,plastic collecting in the world's oceans,and the steady loss of biodiversity,the world continually fails to take action with regard to our rapidly changing ecosystem.Unfortunately,waiting on governments to act is no longer a viable option.Rapid change is needed and the pace of diplomacy is simply too slow.Democratic governments are reactionary and taking action to solve future problems is not a priority,even as the threat of potential ecological catastrophe draws ever closer.Change is in the hands of individuals,and it is our decisions and behaviors that will influence the future of our planet and our ability to inhabit it.Therefore,building momentum for sustainable behavior must begin with individuals.The neoliberal approach to environmental protection posits that individuals are motivated by rational self-interest,and that economic incentives are necessary to achieve environmental goals.However,recent research suggests that monetary gain alone actually negatively impacts behavior,and often neglects the rural poor.As a result,models for projects designed to benefit the environment need more than just a monetary incentive,they must incorporate all three pillars of sustainability:environment,economy and society.One approach for building momentum for sustainable behavior with regard to municipal solid waste management,particularly in the developing world,is by implementing Locally Managed Decentralized Circular Economy(LMDCE)principles.This contribution will describe the role behavioral economics plays in the choices made by producers and consumers.The results of a case study on applying LMDCE principles in Uganda to manage waste plastic accumulation by conversion to fuel oil will be presented.
