Small modular reactors (SMRs) offer simple, standardized, and safe modular designs for new nuclear reactor construction. They are factory built, requiring smaller initial capital investment and facilitating shorter co...Small modular reactors (SMRs) offer simple, standardized, and safe modular designs for new nuclear reactor construction. They are factory built, requiring smaller initial capital investment and facilitating shorter construction times. SMRs also promise competitive economy when compared with the current reactor fleet. Construction cost of a majority of the projects, which are mostly in their design stages, is not publicly available, but variable costs can be determined from fuel enrichment, average burn-up, and plant thermal efficiency, which are public parameters for many near-term SMR projects. The fuel cost of electricity generation for selected SMRs and large reactors is simulated, including calculation of optimal tails assay in the uranium enrichment process. The results are compared between one another and with current generation large reactor designs providing a rough comparison of the long-term economics of a new nuclear reactor project. SMRs are predicted to have higher fuel costs than large reactors. Particularly, integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs) are shown to have from 15% to 70% higher fuel costs than large light water reactors using 2014 nuclear fuels market data. Fuel cost sensitivities to reactor design parameters are presented.展开更多
The continuous rise in global environmental challenges has led to urgency toward establishing a secure framework to achieve sustainable development goals.This study establishes a novel theoretical framework to analyze...The continuous rise in global environmental challenges has led to urgency toward establishing a secure framework to achieve sustainable development goals.This study establishes a novel theoretical framework to analyze the role of energy prices,energy consumption,gold prices and economic growth on environmental degradation in newly industrialized economies.To realize sustainable development goals and foster environmental defence,this study utilizes CS-ARDL as the main econometric approach to investigate the asymmetric association between environmental degradation and relevant factors.We also use AMG,CS-DL,Driscoll-Kray and FGLS to enhance the robustness of our findings.Our econometric approach reveals that energy resource prices and renewable energy consumption reduce environmental degradation,while gold prices and fossil energy consumption elevate environmental pollutants.We also confirm the existence of the EKC hypothesis.The findings of our extensive analysis paved the way for a welldesigned environmental policy for NIC economies should focus on renewable energy consumption,green investments,and structural changes.展开更多
Long departure-taxi-out time leads to significant airport surface congestion, fuel-burn costs, and excessive emissions of greenhouse gases. To reduce these undesirable effects, a Predicted taxi-out time-based Dynamic ...Long departure-taxi-out time leads to significant airport surface congestion, fuel-burn costs, and excessive emissions of greenhouse gases. To reduce these undesirable effects, a Predicted taxi-out time-based Dynamic Pushback Control(PDPC) method is proposed. The implementation of this method requires two steps: first, the taxi-out times for aircraft are predicted by the leastsquares support-vector regression approach of which the parameters are optimized by an introduced improved Firefly algorithm. Then, a dynamic pushback control model equipped with a linear gate-hold penalty function is built, along with a proposed iterative taxiway queue-threshold optimization algorithm for solving the model. A case study with data obtained from Beijing International airport(PEK) is presented. The taxi-out time prediction model achieves predictive accuracy within 3 min and 5 min by 84.71% and 95.66%, respectively. The results of the proposed pushback method show that total operation cost and fuel-burn cost achieve a 14.0% and 21.1%reduction, respectively, as compared to the traditional K-control policy.(3) From the perspective of implementation, using PDPC policy can significantly reduce the queue length in taxiway and taxi-out time. The total operation cost and fuel-burn cost can be curtailed by 37.2% and 52.1%,respectively, as compared to the non-enforcement of any pushback control mechanism. These results show that the proposed pushback control model can reduce fuel-burn costs and airport surface congestion effectively.展开更多
This paper aims at formulization and overview of the cost performance evolutions of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power generation along with load and time. For this purpose, electricity-cost ratio (ECR) is...This paper aims at formulization and overview of the cost performance evolutions of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power generation along with load and time. For this purpose, electricity-cost ratio (ECR) is proposed as the measuring parameter for the cost performance and a two-constant cost model is proposed to concisely describe the cost characteristic of the power generation as the opposite of a multi-constant cost model. Combination of the two-constant cost model and the ideal cell model developed recently produces an inclusive ECR equation that has three analytical expressions and thus allows of straight overviews of the cost performance evolutions in the working zones of the cells. The applications to real cells confirm the validity of the equation for operation optimization and technique evaluation of PEM fuel cells. And more insights into the cost performance evolutions are inferred by means of the equation to help promote the commercialization of PEM fuel cells.展开更多
This paper is dedicated to analytical expression of the maximum electricity-cost ratio (M-ECR) point of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power generation as the function of cell constants and cost constant...This paper is dedicated to analytical expression of the maximum electricity-cost ratio (M-ECR) point of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power generation as the function of cell constants and cost constants. That is to formulize the maximum cost performance (MCP) magnitude and the optimal final operating (OFO) location in the working zone based on the five-constant ideal cell model and the two-constant cost model. The issues are well resolved by introducing the concepts of economic voltage and cost factor and describing the movement of the M-ECR point with cost factor. According to mathematical derivations, the movement can be described in the form of MCP and OFO curves. The derivations lead to a complete set of discriminants and criteria of the M-ECR point of PEM fuel cells that theoretically cover all of cell specialties and all of cost specialties. The discriminants and criteria may act as a general tool for the operation optimization of a diversity of PEM fuel cells and the economic viability estimation of the power generation.展开更多
本研究旨在基于全生命周期成本(Total cost of ownership,TCO)框架,定量评估燃料电池卡车(Fuel cell trucks,FCT)与纯电动卡车(Battery electric trucks,BET)在中国典型货运场景中的经济性差异。研究构建了覆盖车辆购置、能源补给、运...本研究旨在基于全生命周期成本(Total cost of ownership,TCO)框架,定量评估燃料电池卡车(Fuel cell trucks,FCT)与纯电动卡车(Battery electric trucks,BET)在中国典型货运场景中的经济性差异。研究构建了覆盖车辆购置、能源补给、运维及残值回收的TCO模型,选取冷链物流、城市短途、封闭场景、短倒运输和长途干线运输作为代表性应用场景,并将政策补贴、氢气价格、电价等关键参数纳入敏感性分析。结果显示,在当前成本结构下,除封闭场景外,燃料电池卡车的TCO均高于纯电动卡车,氢气价格和系统成本是影响其经济性的主导因素。在未来成本下降路径的预测下,当氢气价格降至31.4元/kg时,燃料电池重卡在封闭场景与短倒运输中呈现明显的成本优势;至2040年,若氢气制备与储运成本进一步下降并实现规模化应用,当氢气价格降至10.1元/kg时,其在长途重载运输场景中的TCO有望与纯电动卡车形成竞争。研究结论可为氢能交通领域的政策制定提供定量依据,并为产业界在车辆技术路线选择、补能基础设施规划及市场应用定位方面提供参考。展开更多
With the deepening of economic globalization,the business environment has seen profound changes.The cost of aviation fuel has grown to represent a significant portion of air transportation costs for“energy-dependent...With the deepening of economic globalization,the business environment has seen profound changes.The cost of aviation fuel has grown to represent a significant portion of air transportation costs for“energy-dependent”airlines.The cost of aviation fuel makes up a sizeable amount of Chinese airlines’cost structure and is increasingly limiting their profitability.The question of how to control the cost of aviation fuel from various perspectives has garnered widespread attention.This paper puts forward an overlooked perspective-the procurement strategy.Firstly,it describes the necessity of aviation fuel cost control,and then analyzes specific cases of aviation fuel procurement cost control.Finally,it proposes several effective suggestions from the perspective of aviation fuel procurement,aiming to improve the refined management of Chinese airlines’aviation fuel procurement.展开更多
Complex energy and environment system, especially nuclear fuel cycle system recently raised socialconcerns about the issues of economic competitiveness, environmental effect and nuclear proliferation. Only underthe co...Complex energy and environment system, especially nuclear fuel cycle system recently raised socialconcerns about the issues of economic competitiveness, environmental effect and nuclear proliferation. Only underthe condition that those conflicting issues are gotten a consensus between stakeholders with different knowledgebackground, can nuclear power industry be continuingly developed. In this paper, a new analysis platform has beendeveloped to help stakeholders to recognize and analyze various socio-technical issues in the nuclear fuel cycle systembased on the functional modeling method named Multilevel Flow Models (MFM) according to the cognition theoryof human being. Its character is that MFM models define a set of mass, energy and information flow structures onmultiple levels of abstraction to describe the functional structure of a process system and its graphical symbol representationand the means-end and part-whole hierarchical flow structure to make the represented process easy to beunderstood. Based upon this methodology, a micro-process and a macro-process of nuclear fuel cycle system wereselected to be simulated and some analysis processes such as economics analysis, environmental analysis and energybalance analysis related to those flows were also integrated to help stakeholders to understand the process of decision-making with the introduction of some new functions for the improved Multilevel Flow Models Studio, and finallythe simple simulation such as spent fuel management process simulation and money flow of nuclear fuel cycleand its levelised cost analysis will be represented as feasible examples.展开更多
This study investigated the removal of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption using palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural waste from the palm oil industry. POFA adsorbent was characterized...This study investigated the removal of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption using palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural waste from the palm oil industry. POFA adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Batch adsorption study revealed that the optimum conditions for the removal were as follows: pH 2, adsorbent dosage 80 g/L and contact time of 6 min, which resulted in 92% removal and 0.464 mg/g maximum adsorption capacity. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies showed that Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models fitted best to the experimental data. Column adsorption study at 5 mL/min of flow rate showed that 90% removal was obtained at 2 min of contact time which represented its breakthrough point. The column reached saturation at 30 min and the maximum column adsorption capacity recorded was 0.412 mg/g. The column adsorption behavior showed good fit with both Thomas and Yoon-Nelson kinetic models. These findings suggested that the utilization of POFA as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater, either in batch or fixed bed adsorption system is not only effective, but concurrently will help to reduce wastes from the palm oil industry.展开更多
This study has extended a vehicle routing problem,by considering economy of fuel,and constructing a LF-VRP model,to obtain optimal fixed costs.Our objective was to minimize not only distance,but also the fuel consumpt...This study has extended a vehicle routing problem,by considering economy of fuel,and constructing a LF-VRP model,to obtain optimal fixed costs.Our objective was to minimize not only distance,but also the fuel consumption.A example were developed to solve the proposed models.It was found that our proposed models yielded better results than the traditional VRP models.展开更多
Complex Nuclear Fuel Cycle (NFC) system faces many socio-technical issues that need to obtain the consensus between stakeholders of different knowledge background. In this paper, a visualized analysis platform based o...Complex Nuclear Fuel Cycle (NFC) system faces many socio-technical issues that need to obtain the consensus between stakeholders of different knowledge background. In this paper, a visualized analysis platform based on graphical functional modeling method, Multilevel Flow Model (MFM), is proposed to help those stakeholders to recognize and analyze various socio-technical issues in NFC system. Some new functions, such as “Reaction Function", “Switch Function" and “Conversion Function", are introduced to fulfill new simulation tasks for NFC system. Based upon this methodology, a micro-process and a macro-process of NFC system are simulated and meanwhile some key analysis variables, such as CO2 emission and cost flow, required by some analysis methods are deducted and displayed in the platform. And finally a sample simulation analysis is conducted based on MFM.展开更多
This paper presents an efficient analytical approach using Composite Cost Function (CCF) for solving the Economic Dispatch problem with Multiple Fuel Options (EDMFO). The solution methodology comprises two stages. Fir...This paper presents an efficient analytical approach using Composite Cost Function (CCF) for solving the Economic Dispatch problem with Multiple Fuel Options (EDMFO). The solution methodology comprises two stages. Firstly, the CCF of the plant is developed and the most economical fuel of each set can be easily identified for any load demand. In the next stage, for the selected fuels, CCF is evaluated and the optimal scheduling is obtained. The Proposed Method (PM) has been tested on the standard ten-generation set system;each set consists of two or three fuel options. The total fuel cost obtained by the PM is compared with earlier reports in order to validate its effectiveness. The comparison clears that this approach is a promising alterna-tive for solving EDMFO problems in practical power system.展开更多
文摘Small modular reactors (SMRs) offer simple, standardized, and safe modular designs for new nuclear reactor construction. They are factory built, requiring smaller initial capital investment and facilitating shorter construction times. SMRs also promise competitive economy when compared with the current reactor fleet. Construction cost of a majority of the projects, which are mostly in their design stages, is not publicly available, but variable costs can be determined from fuel enrichment, average burn-up, and plant thermal efficiency, which are public parameters for many near-term SMR projects. The fuel cost of electricity generation for selected SMRs and large reactors is simulated, including calculation of optimal tails assay in the uranium enrichment process. The results are compared between one another and with current generation large reactor designs providing a rough comparison of the long-term economics of a new nuclear reactor project. SMRs are predicted to have higher fuel costs than large reactors. Particularly, integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs) are shown to have from 15% to 70% higher fuel costs than large light water reactors using 2014 nuclear fuels market data. Fuel cost sensitivities to reactor design parameters are presented.
基金the project titled“Cluster for innovative energy”in the frame of the program“HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01”under the Grant agreement number 101129820.
文摘The continuous rise in global environmental challenges has led to urgency toward establishing a secure framework to achieve sustainable development goals.This study establishes a novel theoretical framework to analyze the role of energy prices,energy consumption,gold prices and economic growth on environmental degradation in newly industrialized economies.To realize sustainable development goals and foster environmental defence,this study utilizes CS-ARDL as the main econometric approach to investigate the asymmetric association between environmental degradation and relevant factors.We also use AMG,CS-DL,Driscoll-Kray and FGLS to enhance the robustness of our findings.Our econometric approach reveals that energy resource prices and renewable energy consumption reduce environmental degradation,while gold prices and fossil energy consumption elevate environmental pollutants.We also confirm the existence of the EKC hypothesis.The findings of our extensive analysis paved the way for a welldesigned environmental policy for NIC economies should focus on renewable energy consumption,green investments,and structural changes.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Civil Aviation Joint Fund(Nos.U1533203,U1233124.)
文摘Long departure-taxi-out time leads to significant airport surface congestion, fuel-burn costs, and excessive emissions of greenhouse gases. To reduce these undesirable effects, a Predicted taxi-out time-based Dynamic Pushback Control(PDPC) method is proposed. The implementation of this method requires two steps: first, the taxi-out times for aircraft are predicted by the leastsquares support-vector regression approach of which the parameters are optimized by an introduced improved Firefly algorithm. Then, a dynamic pushback control model equipped with a linear gate-hold penalty function is built, along with a proposed iterative taxiway queue-threshold optimization algorithm for solving the model. A case study with data obtained from Beijing International airport(PEK) is presented. The taxi-out time prediction model achieves predictive accuracy within 3 min and 5 min by 84.71% and 95.66%, respectively. The results of the proposed pushback method show that total operation cost and fuel-burn cost achieve a 14.0% and 21.1%reduction, respectively, as compared to the traditional K-control policy.(3) From the perspective of implementation, using PDPC policy can significantly reduce the queue length in taxiway and taxi-out time. The total operation cost and fuel-burn cost can be curtailed by 37.2% and 52.1%,respectively, as compared to the non-enforcement of any pushback control mechanism. These results show that the proposed pushback control model can reduce fuel-burn costs and airport surface congestion effectively.
文摘This paper aims at formulization and overview of the cost performance evolutions of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power generation along with load and time. For this purpose, electricity-cost ratio (ECR) is proposed as the measuring parameter for the cost performance and a two-constant cost model is proposed to concisely describe the cost characteristic of the power generation as the opposite of a multi-constant cost model. Combination of the two-constant cost model and the ideal cell model developed recently produces an inclusive ECR equation that has three analytical expressions and thus allows of straight overviews of the cost performance evolutions in the working zones of the cells. The applications to real cells confirm the validity of the equation for operation optimization and technique evaluation of PEM fuel cells. And more insights into the cost performance evolutions are inferred by means of the equation to help promote the commercialization of PEM fuel cells.
文摘This paper is dedicated to analytical expression of the maximum electricity-cost ratio (M-ECR) point of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power generation as the function of cell constants and cost constants. That is to formulize the maximum cost performance (MCP) magnitude and the optimal final operating (OFO) location in the working zone based on the five-constant ideal cell model and the two-constant cost model. The issues are well resolved by introducing the concepts of economic voltage and cost factor and describing the movement of the M-ECR point with cost factor. According to mathematical derivations, the movement can be described in the form of MCP and OFO curves. The derivations lead to a complete set of discriminants and criteria of the M-ECR point of PEM fuel cells that theoretically cover all of cell specialties and all of cost specialties. The discriminants and criteria may act as a general tool for the operation optimization of a diversity of PEM fuel cells and the economic viability estimation of the power generation.
文摘本研究旨在基于全生命周期成本(Total cost of ownership,TCO)框架,定量评估燃料电池卡车(Fuel cell trucks,FCT)与纯电动卡车(Battery electric trucks,BET)在中国典型货运场景中的经济性差异。研究构建了覆盖车辆购置、能源补给、运维及残值回收的TCO模型,选取冷链物流、城市短途、封闭场景、短倒运输和长途干线运输作为代表性应用场景,并将政策补贴、氢气价格、电价等关键参数纳入敏感性分析。结果显示,在当前成本结构下,除封闭场景外,燃料电池卡车的TCO均高于纯电动卡车,氢气价格和系统成本是影响其经济性的主导因素。在未来成本下降路径的预测下,当氢气价格降至31.4元/kg时,燃料电池重卡在封闭场景与短倒运输中呈现明显的成本优势;至2040年,若氢气制备与储运成本进一步下降并实现规模化应用,当氢气价格降至10.1元/kg时,其在长途重载运输场景中的TCO有望与纯电动卡车形成竞争。研究结论可为氢能交通领域的政策制定提供定量依据,并为产业界在车辆技术路线选择、补能基础设施规划及市场应用定位方面提供参考。
文摘With the deepening of economic globalization,the business environment has seen profound changes.The cost of aviation fuel has grown to represent a significant portion of air transportation costs for“energy-dependent”airlines.The cost of aviation fuel makes up a sizeable amount of Chinese airlines’cost structure and is increasingly limiting their profitability.The question of how to control the cost of aviation fuel from various perspectives has garnered widespread attention.This paper puts forward an overlooked perspective-the procurement strategy.Firstly,it describes the necessity of aviation fuel cost control,and then analyzes specific cases of aviation fuel procurement cost control.Finally,it proposes several effective suggestions from the perspective of aviation fuel procurement,aiming to improve the refined management of Chinese airlines’aviation fuel procurement.
文摘Complex energy and environment system, especially nuclear fuel cycle system recently raised socialconcerns about the issues of economic competitiveness, environmental effect and nuclear proliferation. Only underthe condition that those conflicting issues are gotten a consensus between stakeholders with different knowledgebackground, can nuclear power industry be continuingly developed. In this paper, a new analysis platform has beendeveloped to help stakeholders to recognize and analyze various socio-technical issues in the nuclear fuel cycle systembased on the functional modeling method named Multilevel Flow Models (MFM) according to the cognition theoryof human being. Its character is that MFM models define a set of mass, energy and information flow structures onmultiple levels of abstraction to describe the functional structure of a process system and its graphical symbol representationand the means-end and part-whole hierarchical flow structure to make the represented process easy to beunderstood. Based upon this methodology, a micro-process and a macro-process of nuclear fuel cycle system wereselected to be simulated and some analysis processes such as economics analysis, environmental analysis and energybalance analysis related to those flows were also integrated to help stakeholders to understand the process of decision-making with the introduction of some new functions for the improved Multilevel Flow Models Studio, and finallythe simple simulation such as spent fuel management process simulation and money flow of nuclear fuel cycleand its levelised cost analysis will be represented as feasible examples.
文摘This study investigated the removal of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption using palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural waste from the palm oil industry. POFA adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Batch adsorption study revealed that the optimum conditions for the removal were as follows: pH 2, adsorbent dosage 80 g/L and contact time of 6 min, which resulted in 92% removal and 0.464 mg/g maximum adsorption capacity. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies showed that Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models fitted best to the experimental data. Column adsorption study at 5 mL/min of flow rate showed that 90% removal was obtained at 2 min of contact time which represented its breakthrough point. The column reached saturation at 30 min and the maximum column adsorption capacity recorded was 0.412 mg/g. The column adsorption behavior showed good fit with both Thomas and Yoon-Nelson kinetic models. These findings suggested that the utilization of POFA as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater, either in batch or fixed bed adsorption system is not only effective, but concurrently will help to reduce wastes from the palm oil industry.
文摘This study has extended a vehicle routing problem,by considering economy of fuel,and constructing a LF-VRP model,to obtain optimal fixed costs.Our objective was to minimize not only distance,but also the fuel consumption.A example were developed to solve the proposed models.It was found that our proposed models yielded better results than the traditional VRP models.
文摘Complex Nuclear Fuel Cycle (NFC) system faces many socio-technical issues that need to obtain the consensus between stakeholders of different knowledge background. In this paper, a visualized analysis platform based on graphical functional modeling method, Multilevel Flow Model (MFM), is proposed to help those stakeholders to recognize and analyze various socio-technical issues in NFC system. Some new functions, such as “Reaction Function", “Switch Function" and “Conversion Function", are introduced to fulfill new simulation tasks for NFC system. Based upon this methodology, a micro-process and a macro-process of NFC system are simulated and meanwhile some key analysis variables, such as CO2 emission and cost flow, required by some analysis methods are deducted and displayed in the platform. And finally a sample simulation analysis is conducted based on MFM.
文摘This paper presents an efficient analytical approach using Composite Cost Function (CCF) for solving the Economic Dispatch problem with Multiple Fuel Options (EDMFO). The solution methodology comprises two stages. Firstly, the CCF of the plant is developed and the most economical fuel of each set can be easily identified for any load demand. In the next stage, for the selected fuels, CCF is evaluated and the optimal scheduling is obtained. The Proposed Method (PM) has been tested on the standard ten-generation set system;each set consists of two or three fuel options. The total fuel cost obtained by the PM is compared with earlier reports in order to validate its effectiveness. The comparison clears that this approach is a promising alterna-tive for solving EDMFO problems in practical power system.
