On-road emission and fuel consumption （FC） levels for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas （CNG） were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on appro...On-road emission and fuel consumption （FC） levels for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas （CNG） were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system （PEMS）. The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro Ⅲ diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power （VSP）. They all were the lowest when VSP 〈 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.展开更多
The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle drivin...The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle （BDC） and the European driving cycle （EDC） which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle （EDC） are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.展开更多
The technical and economical indexes and the physical properties of load reduction sintering processes with the supporting stands of installation at different height levels （300, 350, and 400 mm）： in a sintering be...The technical and economical indexes and the physical properties of load reduction sintering processes with the supporting stands of installation at different height levels （300, 350, and 400 mm）： in a sintering bed were studied under the same conditions of raw material, bed height, and sintering parameters. Sintering pot tests with different bed heights and fuel ratios of the mixture with or without supporting stands were performed to decrease the fuel consumption. The airflow rate through the sintering bed was measured with an anemoscope fixed on the bed surface to reveal the effects of supporting stands. The utilization of load reduction sintering can improve the permeability of the sintering bed, and the airflow rate through the sintering bed is increased. When the stand height is half of the sintering bed, the productivity increases by 27.9%, and the drum index slightly decreases. Keeping at the same productivity level with normal sintering, the utilization of load reduction sintering can decrease the solid fuel consumption by 9.2%.展开更多
The status of energy consumption and air pollution in China is serious. It is important to analyze and predict the different fuel consumption of various types of vehicles under different influence factors. In order to...The status of energy consumption and air pollution in China is serious. It is important to analyze and predict the different fuel consumption of various types of vehicles under different influence factors. In order to fully describe the relationship between fuel consumption and the impact factors, massive amounts of floating vehicle data were used.The fuel consumption pattern and congestion pattern based on large samples of historical floating vehicle data were explored, drivers＇ information and vehicles＇ parameters from different group classification were probed, and the average velocity and average fuel consumption in the temporal dimension and spatial dimension were analyzed respectively.The fuel consumption forecasting model was established by using a Back Propagation Neural Network. Part of the sample set was used to train the forecasting model and the remaining part of the sample set was used as input to the forecasting model.展开更多
The efforts to further reduce fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with a pushbelt type Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT) focus on different sources of loss.In this paper the magnitude of these losses and their...The efforts to further reduce fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with a pushbelt type Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT) focus on different sources of loss.In this paper the magnitude of these losses and their potential for reduction is described.Inside the CVT,the variator,its control strategy and the hydraulic actuation circuit can be distinguished as the main potentials.A major opportunity is offered by a new control strategy that takes the actual slip between belt and pulley as the control parameter.The resulting decrease of clamping forces on the pushbelt leads to a reduction of variator and actuation losses.Further potential is found in the hydraulic actuation circuit by an improved tuning of the power supply to the actual power requirement.Outside the CVT additional potential is found in start-stop functionality as supported by measures inside the transmission.The paper describes the theoretical background as well as practical fuel savings of up to 5.5% that were obtained in tests on vehicle level.Slip control adds an inherent robustness to the operation of the pushbelt and opens up the fuel saving potential of the CVT thus reinforcing its position as the benchmark for the near future.展开更多
An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO_(2)emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases...An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO_(2)emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases(GHGs) and achieving carbon emissions peak and neutrality. To address this divergence issue, laboratory test cycles with more real-featured and transient traffic patterns have been developed recently, for example, the China Lightduty Vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger cars(CLTC-P). We collected fuel consumption and CO_(2)emissions data of a LDGV under various conditions based on laboratory chassis dynamometer and on-road tests. Laboratory results showed that both standard test cycles and setting methods of road load affected fuel consumption slightly, with variations of less than 4%. Compared to the type-approval value, laboratory and on-road fuel consumption of the tested LDGV over the CLTC-P increased by 9% and 34% under the reference condition(i.e., air conditioning off, automatic stop and start(STT) on and two passengers). On-road measurement results indicated that fuel consumption under the low-speed phase of the CLTC-P increased by 12% due to the STT off, although only a 4% increase on average over the entire cycle. More fuel consumption increases(52%) were attributed to air conditioning usage and full passenger capacity. Strong correlations(R2> 0.9) between relative fuel consumption and average speed were also identified. Under traffic congestion(average speed below 25 km/hr), fuel consumption was highly sensitive to changes in vehicle speed. Thus,we suggest that real-world driving conditions cannot be ignored when evaluating the fuel economy and GHGs reduction of LDGVs.展开更多
Data collected from truck payload management systems at various surface mines shows that the payload variance is significant and must be considered in analysing the mine productivity,energy consumption,greenhouse gas ...Data collected from truck payload management systems at various surface mines shows that the payload variance is significant and must be considered in analysing the mine productivity,energy consumption,greenhouse gas emissions and associated cost.Payload variance causes significant differences in gross vehicle weights.Heavily loaded trucks travel slower up ramps than lightly loaded trucks.Faster trucks are slowed by the presence of slower trucks,resulting in‘bunching’,production losses and increasing fuel consumptions.This paper simulates the truck bunching phenomena in large surface mines to improve truck and shovel systems’efficiency and minimise fuel consumption.The study concentrated on completing a practical simulation model based on a discrete event method which is most commonly used in this field of research in other industries.The simulation model has been validated by a dataset collected from a large surface mine in Arizona state,USA.The results have shown that there is a good agreement between the actual and estimated values of investigated parameters.展开更多
Based on a bionic concept and combing air-cushion techniques and track driving mechanisms, a novel semi-floating hybrid concept vehicle is proposed to meet the transportation requirements on soft terrain. First, the v...Based on a bionic concept and combing air-cushion techniques and track driving mechanisms, a novel semi-floating hybrid concept vehicle is proposed to meet the transportation requirements on soft terrain. First, the vehicle scheme and its improved duel-spring flexible suspension design are described. Then, its fuel consumption model is proposed accordingly with respect to two vehicle operating parameters. Aiming at minimizing the fuel consumption, two Genetic Algorithms （GAs） are designed and implemented. For the initial one （GA-1）, despite getting an acceptable result, there still existed some problems in its optimiza- tion process. Based on an analysis of the defects of GA-1, an improved algorithm GA-2 was developed whose effectiveness and stability were embodied in the optimization process and results. The proposed design scheme and optimization approaches can provide valuable references for this new kind of vehicle with industry, military or scientific exploitations, etc. promising applications in the areas of agriculture, petroleum industry, military or scientific explaitations, etc.展开更多
Environmental pollution and declining resources of fossil fuels in recent years,have increased demand for better fuel economy and less pollution for ground transportation.Among the alternative solutions provided by re...Environmental pollution and declining resources of fossil fuels in recent years,have increased demand for better fuel economy and less pollution for ground transportation.Among the alternative solutions provided by researchers in recent decades,hybrid electric vehicles consisted of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor have been considered as a promising solution in the short-term.In the present study,fuel economy characteristics of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle are investigated by using numerical simulation.The simulation methodology is based on a fast forward facing simulation model of a parallel hybrid and an internal combustion engine powertrains.The objective of this study is to present the main parameters which result in an optimum combination of hybrid powertrain components in order to obtain a better fuel economy of hybrid powertrains regarding different driven cycles and hybridization factors.Then,the fuel consumption of the parallel hybrid electric vehicles are compared considering various driven cycles and hybridization factors.The results showed that the better fuel economy of hybrid powertrains increases by decreasing average load of the test cycle and the point of the best fuel economy for a particular average load of the cycle moves towards higher hybridization factors when the average load of the test cycle is reduced.展开更多
The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More ...The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More specifically,at first,a general first principles model for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and a transient fuel consumptionmodel for heavy-duty commercial vehicles were developed and the parameters were adjusted to fit the empirical data.The accuracy of the proposed modelwas demonstrated fromthe stage and the final results.Next,the control optimization problem resulting in low fuel consumption in heavy commercial vehicles was described,with minimal fuel usage as the optimization goal and throttle opening as the control variable.Then,a time-continuous engine management approach was assessed.Next,the factors that influence low fuel consumption in heavy-duty commercial vehicles were systematically examined.To reduce the computing complexity,the control strategies related to the time constraints of the engine were parametrized using three different methods.The most effective solution was obtained by applying a global optimization strategy because the constrained optimization problem was nonlinear.Finally,the effectiveness of the low-fuel consumption engine control strategy was demonstrated by comparing the simulated and field test results.展开更多
Aiming to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of a dual-clutch hybrid electric vehicle during cold start, multiobjective optimization for fuel consumption and HC/CO emission from a TWC(three-way catalytic converter)...Aiming to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of a dual-clutch hybrid electric vehicle during cold start, multiobjective optimization for fuel consumption and HC/CO emission from a TWC(three-way catalytic converter) outlet is presented in this paper. DP(dynamic programming) considering dual-state variables is proposed based on the Bellman optimality principle. Both the battery SOC(state of charge) and the temperature of TWC monolith are considered in the algorithm simultaneously. In this way the global optimal control strategy and the Pareto optimal solution of multi-objective function are derived. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to promote the TWC light-off significantly by decreasing the engine's load and improving exhaust temperature from the outlet of the engine, in comparison with original DP considering the single battery SOC. Compared to the results achieved by rule-based control strategy, fuel economy and emission of TWC outlet for cold start are optimized comprehensively. Each indicator of Pareto solution set shows the significant improvement.展开更多
In order to utilize the spontaneous accumulation of heat (SAH) reasonably and obtain the high quality sinter with low energy consumption, a lower fuel consumption modeling based on raw materials of a certain steel wor...In order to utilize the spontaneous accumulation of heat (SAH) reasonably and obtain the high quality sinter with low energy consumption, a lower fuel consumption modeling based on raw materials of a certain steel works was built. An air-flow segregation feeding (ASF) experimental equipment was designed to simulate strand feeding process and calculate the lower fuel consumption quantity. Compared with baseline test, the ASF experimental equipment was adopted. The results of sinter pot tests show that the solid fuel consumption is lower than that in baseline test, which is decreased by 5.8%. Meanwhile, other sinter indexes, such as pan yeild, tumbler strength and strand productivity are improved. The mineralogical examination indicates that the mineral compositions and micostructures are improved in sinter.展开更多
Today,much information from traffic infrastructures and sensors of ego vehicle is available.Using such information has a potential for internal combustion engine vehicle to reduce fuel consumption in real world.In thi...Today,much information from traffic infrastructures and sensors of ego vehicle is available.Using such information has a potential for internal combustion engine vehicle to reduce fuel consumption in real world.In this paper,a powertrain controller for a hybrid electric vehicle aiming to reduce fuel consumption is introduced,which uses information from traffic signals,the global positioning system and sensors,and the preceding vehicle.This study was carried out as a benchmark problem of engine and powertrain control simulation and modeling 2021(E-COSM 2021).The developed controller firstly decides reference acceleration of the ego vehicle using the traffic signal and the position information and the preceding vehicle speed.The acceleration and deceleration leading to increase in unnecessary fuel consumption is avoided.Next,the reference engine,generator,and motor torques are decided to achieve the reference acceleration and minimize fuel consumption.In addition,the reference engine,generator and motor torques were decided by the given fuel consumption map for the engine,and by the virtual fuel consumption maps for the generator and the motor.The virtual fuel consumption is derived from the efficiency maps of the generator and the motor using a given equivalent factor,which converts electricity consumption to fuel for the generator and the motor.In this study,a controller was designed through the benchmark problem of E-COSM 2021 for minimizing total fuel consumption of the engine,the generator,and the motor.The developed controller was evaluated in driving simulations.The result shows that operating the powertrain in efficient area is a key factor in reducing total fuel consumption.展开更多
With the improvement of agricultural mechanization equipment levels, the mechanized wheat harvesting level has been above 80% and the rate of wheat straw returned has increased significantly in the main wheat producti...With the improvement of agricultural mechanization equipment levels, the mechanized wheat harvesting level has been above 80% and the rate of wheat straw returned has increased significantly in the main wheat production of wheat of northern countryside in China. Chinese government popularized the beneficial agronomic measures in the process of wheat straw returned field by mechanization. The agronomic measure was reducing the wheat straw stubble height(WSSH) not more than 20 cm.However, local government didn't apply and disseminate the measure, because in practice the cost of fuel consumption was high, and the operation time of harvesting was longer than ever. The machinery operators and farmers needed to support extra fuel cost and time if they took government's advice. In fact, the objective subsidy policy of fuel cost on reducing WSSH was not been formulated by all levels of government. Therefore, the set of agronomic measure couldn't be popularized in main wheat production area of North China. Our research addressed to master the changing feature of fuel cost and mechanical efficiency,seeking suitable subsidy standard, providing some useful and constructive suggestions to improve subsidy policy of fuel consumption cost for national government department. The study carried out the tracking experiments of the operation efficiency and fuel costs of farm harvester in the situation of different WSSH in 2010 in Xushui District of Hebei Province. In conclusion, the operation time of harvesting decline and machinery fuel consumption cost increased along with the decreasing of WSSH. First for the older harvester, the operation efficiency would decline by 18.7% when the WSSH changed from 20 cm to 10 cm, the cost would increase 4.7%, exact cost was 152.2CNY per hectare. For the new harvester, the operation efficiency would decline by 39.9% when the WSSH changed from 20 cm to 15 cm, the cost would increase 4.6%, exact cost was 368.4CNY per hectare. We provided about 375 CNY per hectare to the mechanical operators and farmer who attended this project, and they were willing to accept the subsidies. We also put forwards some policy suggestions on promoting agronomic measures of reducing WSSH including strengthen the construction of agricultural machinery service system, practise a special fuel consumption subsidies of agricultural machinery and open up new paths for combine sales and circulation.展开更多
Recently, rice-growing farmers in Japan have confronted difficult conditions and decreasing market prices of rice. The Shonai area of Yamagata prefecture, which has many medium-scale cultivated fields, is among Japan...Recently, rice-growing farmers in Japan have confronted difficult conditions and decreasing market prices of rice. The Shonai area of Yamagata prefecture, which has many medium-scale cultivated fields, is among Japan＇s largest rice cultivation areas. However, few studies have described the fuel consumption of agricultural machines in medium-scale paddy fields. Farmers in this area use some working systems, and fuel consumption can be reduced by changing the machine settings. Nevertheless, few studies have compared working systems related to fuel consumption. Therefore, the influence of different working systems （two methods for each of tillage, puddling and harvesting operations） on fuel consumption was investigated in medium-scale paddy fields. Working information for each agricultural machine was obtained using GPS logger attached to them. Fuel consumption was measured using a top fill method for each work test. The total work rates were 4.4 h/ha and 4.7 h/ha for method 1 and method 2 at tillage, 4.5 h/ha and 4.7 h/ha for method 3 and method 4 at puddling, respectively. Work rate was 4.0 h/ha for both method 5 and method 6 at harvesting （cutting width： 1,440 mm; work speed： 1.25 rn/s and 1.35m/s）. Results showed that the fuel consumptions were 23 L/ha and 26 L/ha for method 1 and method 2 at tillage, 17.2 L/h and 18.4 L/ha for method 3 and method 4 at puddling, and 30 L/ha and 28 L/ha for method 5 and method 6 at harvesting, respectively. These results showed no significant difference in fuel consumption between any working methods of rice cultivation. Tillage operation showed increased fuel consumption with higher working hours （included turn, back and other movements）, higher total work time and also higher total distance. Puddling showed increased fuel consumption with higher working time that included turn and other movements. Harvesting operation showed increased fuel consumption as the total working time increased.展开更多
On October 28th, hosted by the General Adminis tration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China (AQSIQ) and Standardization Administration of China (SAC), the press conference of the compulsory natio...On October 28th, hosted by the General Adminis tration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China (AQSIQ) and Standardization Administration of China (SAC), the press conference of the compulsory national standard Limits of Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars (GB 19578-2004) was held in Beijing. The national standard was approved by AQSIQ and SAC on September 2nd 2004 and will be formally implemented on July 1st 2005.展开更多
In the near future, the use of FCVs （fuel cell vehicles） is expected to help mitigate environmental problems such as exhaustion of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturers publish an FCV＇s specific ...In the near future, the use of FCVs （fuel cell vehicles） is expected to help mitigate environmental problems such as exhaustion of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturers publish an FCV＇s specific fuel consumption, but not its dynamic characteristics such as fuel consumption ratio and motor power ratio. Thus, it is difficult to reflect the dynamic characteristics of FCVs in lifecycle system evaluation. To solve this problem, we propose a fuel-consumption simulation method for FCVs using a 1.2 kW stationary PEMFC （proton exchange membrane fuel cell）. In this study, the specific fuel consumption under driving cycles such as the Japanese 10-15 and the JC08 modes are determined and compared with the FCV simulation results obtained using fuel consumption ratios derived from the stationary PEMFC. In the simulation, the specific fuel consumption was found to be 1.16 kg-H2/100-km for the base case under the Japanese 10-15 driving cycle.展开更多
In this article, we calculate China's Mainland’s CO2 emission of fossil fuel consumption from 1991 to 2010 following the apparent consumption method recommend by IPCC： （i） the scale of CO2 emissions has increa...In this article, we calculate China's Mainland’s CO2 emission of fossil fuel consumption from 1991 to 2010 following the apparent consumption method recommend by IPCC： （i） the scale of CO2 emissions has increased nearly to 4 times as that in 1991; （ii） coal consumption constitutes the highest proportion due to the richness of coal resources in China; （iii） per capita CO2 emission has increased from 1.98 to 5.57 t CO2 ; （iv） carbon emission intensity declined significantly from 6.66 to 1.07 kg CO2 USD -1 , but recently it tends to be stable; and （v） regional develop gaps remain in China's Mainland, for according to the provincial data, in many developing regions economic increase over-reliance on fossil fuel consumption. China has made the promises and already taken actions to deal with the high carbon emission. Comprehensively considering the sustainability of development and the uncertainties remaining in global climate change, healthier structures of industry, intensive usage of fossil fuel, and a more balanced development pattern among the southern, central and western China should be put more emphasis.展开更多
Forest fuel investigations in central and southern Siberian taiga of Scots pine forest stands dominated by lichen and feather moss ground vegetation cover revealed that total aboveground biomass varied from 13.1 to 21...Forest fuel investigations in central and southern Siberian taiga of Scots pine forest stands dominated by lichen and feather moss ground vegetation cover revealed that total aboveground biomass varied from 13.1 to 21.0 kg/m 2.Stand biomass was higher in plots in the southern taiga,while ground fuel loads were higher in the central taiga.We developed equations for fuel biomass(both aerial and ground)that could be applicable to similar pine forest sites of Central Siberia.Fuel loading variability found among plots is related to the impact and recovery time since the last wildfi re and the mosaic distribution of living vegetation.Fuel consumption due to surface fi res of low to high-intensities ranged from 0.95 to 3.08 kg/m 2,that is,18–74%from prefi re values.The total amount of fuels available to burn in case of fi re was up to 4.5–6.5 kg/m 2.Moisture content of fuels(litter,lichen,feather moss)was related to weather conditions characterized by the Russian Fire Danger Index(PV-1)and FWI code of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System.The data obtained provide a strong foundation for understanding and modeling fi re behavior,emissions,and fi re eff ects on ecosystem processes and carbon stocks and could be used to improve existing global and regional models that incorporate biomass and fuel characteristics.展开更多
When fuel efficiency is at stake,along with the reduction of the environmental foot print of air pollution,a need is presented to estimate a ship’s fuel consumption for a forthcoming voyage,and means for decision mak...When fuel efficiency is at stake,along with the reduction of the environmental foot print of air pollution,a need is presented to estimate a ship’s fuel consumption for a forthcoming voyage,and means for decision making and for cost saving.This paper suggests an operational approach for obtaining an accurate fuel consumption and speed curve,on the basis of major factors affecting it,namely,ship’s draft and displacement,weather force and direction,hull and propeller roughness.A statistical analysis on 418 noon reports of a Pure Car and Truck Carrier case ship is carried out and the influence of the above factors is calculated.As expected,stronger wind and head weather increases the fuel consumption,and the difference between several weather conditions could be quantified.A simple and accurate algorithm is proposed in order for ship owners,managers and operators to be in a position to apply the suggested method on their fleet.Finally,applications of the structured algorithm are introduced with examples,in estimating the fuel consumption of the case ship for a future voyage,and also the same for a sister ship.Furthermore,voyage planning in several scenarios is proposed in order to assist the stakeholders with decision making aimed to fuel saving and environmental friendliness of their ships.展开更多
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Engines (No. 200906)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40805053)
文摘On-road emission and fuel consumption （FC） levels for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas （CNG） were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system （PEMS）. The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro Ⅲ diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power （VSP）. They all were the lowest when VSP 〈 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.
基金funded by the Energy Policyand Planning Office (EPPO) of Thailand
文摘The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle （BDC） and the European driving cycle （EDC） which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle （EDC） are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51174023)
文摘The technical and economical indexes and the physical properties of load reduction sintering processes with the supporting stands of installation at different height levels （300, 350, and 400 mm）： in a sintering bed were studied under the same conditions of raw material, bed height, and sintering parameters. Sintering pot tests with different bed heights and fuel ratios of the mixture with or without supporting stands were performed to decrease the fuel consumption. The airflow rate through the sintering bed was measured with an anemoscope fixed on the bed surface to reveal the effects of supporting stands. The utilization of load reduction sintering can improve the permeability of the sintering bed, and the airflow rate through the sintering bed is increased. When the stand height is half of the sintering bed, the productivity increases by 27.9%, and the drum index slightly decreases. Keeping at the same productivity level with normal sintering, the utilization of load reduction sintering can decrease the solid fuel consumption by 9.2%.
基金supported by the project "Research on the Traffic Environment Carrying Capacity and Feedback Gating Based Dynamic Traffic Control in Urban Network" which is funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2013M540102)supported by the Open Foundation of smart-city research center of Hangzhou Dianzi University, smart-city research center of Zhejiang Province
文摘The status of energy consumption and air pollution in China is serious. It is important to analyze and predict the different fuel consumption of various types of vehicles under different influence factors. In order to fully describe the relationship between fuel consumption and the impact factors, massive amounts of floating vehicle data were used.The fuel consumption pattern and congestion pattern based on large samples of historical floating vehicle data were explored, drivers＇ information and vehicles＇ parameters from different group classification were probed, and the average velocity and average fuel consumption in the temporal dimension and spatial dimension were analyzed respectively.The fuel consumption forecasting model was established by using a Back Propagation Neural Network. Part of the sample set was used to train the forecasting model and the remaining part of the sample set was used as input to the forecasting model.
文摘The efforts to further reduce fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with a pushbelt type Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT) focus on different sources of loss.In this paper the magnitude of these losses and their potential for reduction is described.Inside the CVT,the variator,its control strategy and the hydraulic actuation circuit can be distinguished as the main potentials.A major opportunity is offered by a new control strategy that takes the actual slip between belt and pulley as the control parameter.The resulting decrease of clamping forces on the pushbelt leads to a reduction of variator and actuation losses.Further potential is found in the hydraulic actuation circuit by an improved tuning of the power supply to the actual power requirement.Outside the CVT additional potential is found in start-stop functionality as supported by measures inside the transmission.The paper describes the theoretical background as well as practical fuel savings of up to 5.5% that were obtained in tests on vehicle level.Slip control adds an inherent robustness to the operation of the pushbelt and opens up the fuel saving potential of the CVT thus reinforcing its position as the benchmark for the near future.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52170111 and 41977180)the first China First Automobile Works (FAW)-Volkswagen China Environmental Protection Foundation automobile environmental protection innovation leading plan。
文摘An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO_(2)emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases(GHGs) and achieving carbon emissions peak and neutrality. To address this divergence issue, laboratory test cycles with more real-featured and transient traffic patterns have been developed recently, for example, the China Lightduty Vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger cars(CLTC-P). We collected fuel consumption and CO_(2)emissions data of a LDGV under various conditions based on laboratory chassis dynamometer and on-road tests. Laboratory results showed that both standard test cycles and setting methods of road load affected fuel consumption slightly, with variations of less than 4%. Compared to the type-approval value, laboratory and on-road fuel consumption of the tested LDGV over the CLTC-P increased by 9% and 34% under the reference condition(i.e., air conditioning off, automatic stop and start(STT) on and two passengers). On-road measurement results indicated that fuel consumption under the low-speed phase of the CLTC-P increased by 12% due to the STT off, although only a 4% increase on average over the entire cycle. More fuel consumption increases(52%) were attributed to air conditioning usage and full passenger capacity. Strong correlations(R2> 0.9) between relative fuel consumption and average speed were also identified. Under traffic congestion(average speed below 25 km/hr), fuel consumption was highly sensitive to changes in vehicle speed. Thus,we suggest that real-world driving conditions cannot be ignored when evaluating the fuel economy and GHGs reduction of LDGVs.
基金CRC MiningThe University of Queensland for their financial support for this study
文摘Data collected from truck payload management systems at various surface mines shows that the payload variance is significant and must be considered in analysing the mine productivity,energy consumption,greenhouse gas emissions and associated cost.Payload variance causes significant differences in gross vehicle weights.Heavily loaded trucks travel slower up ramps than lightly loaded trucks.Faster trucks are slowed by the presence of slower trucks,resulting in‘bunching’,production losses and increasing fuel consumptions.This paper simulates the truck bunching phenomena in large surface mines to improve truck and shovel systems’efficiency and minimise fuel consumption.The study concentrated on completing a practical simulation model based on a discrete event method which is most commonly used in this field of research in other industries.The simulation model has been validated by a dataset collected from a large surface mine in Arizona state,USA.The results have shown that there is a good agreement between the actual and estimated values of investigated parameters.
文摘Based on a bionic concept and combing air-cushion techniques and track driving mechanisms, a novel semi-floating hybrid concept vehicle is proposed to meet the transportation requirements on soft terrain. First, the vehicle scheme and its improved duel-spring flexible suspension design are described. Then, its fuel consumption model is proposed accordingly with respect to two vehicle operating parameters. Aiming at minimizing the fuel consumption, two Genetic Algorithms （GAs） are designed and implemented. For the initial one （GA-1）, despite getting an acceptable result, there still existed some problems in its optimiza- tion process. Based on an analysis of the defects of GA-1, an improved algorithm GA-2 was developed whose effectiveness and stability were embodied in the optimization process and results. The proposed design scheme and optimization approaches can provide valuable references for this new kind of vehicle with industry, military or scientific exploitations, etc. promising applications in the areas of agriculture, petroleum industry, military or scientific explaitations, etc.
文摘Environmental pollution and declining resources of fossil fuels in recent years,have increased demand for better fuel economy and less pollution for ground transportation.Among the alternative solutions provided by researchers in recent decades,hybrid electric vehicles consisted of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor have been considered as a promising solution in the short-term.In the present study,fuel economy characteristics of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle are investigated by using numerical simulation.The simulation methodology is based on a fast forward facing simulation model of a parallel hybrid and an internal combustion engine powertrains.The objective of this study is to present the main parameters which result in an optimum combination of hybrid powertrain components in order to obtain a better fuel economy of hybrid powertrains regarding different driven cycles and hybridization factors.Then,the fuel consumption of the parallel hybrid electric vehicles are compared considering various driven cycles and hybridization factors.The results showed that the better fuel economy of hybrid powertrains increases by decreasing average load of the test cycle and the point of the best fuel economy for a particular average load of the cycle moves towards higher hybridization factors when the average load of the test cycle is reduced.
基金This work was supported in part by the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi under Grant AA22068001in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi AB21196029+3 种基金in part by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China 51965012in part by the Scientific Research and TechnologyDevelopment in Liuzhou 2022AAA0102,2021AAA0104 and 2021AAA0112in part by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Extension Special Project of Jiangsu Province NJ2021-21,in part by the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology,in part by the Guilin University of Electronic Technology 20-065-40-004Zin part by the Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education 2022YCXS017.
文摘The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More specifically,at first,a general first principles model for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and a transient fuel consumptionmodel for heavy-duty commercial vehicles were developed and the parameters were adjusted to fit the empirical data.The accuracy of the proposed modelwas demonstrated fromthe stage and the final results.Next,the control optimization problem resulting in low fuel consumption in heavy commercial vehicles was described,with minimal fuel usage as the optimization goal and throttle opening as the control variable.Then,a time-continuous engine management approach was assessed.Next,the factors that influence low fuel consumption in heavy-duty commercial vehicles were systematically examined.To reduce the computing complexity,the control strategies related to the time constraints of the engine were parametrized using three different methods.The most effective solution was obtained by applying a global optimization strategy because the constrained optimization problem was nonlinear.Finally,the effectiveness of the low-fuel consumption engine control strategy was demonstrated by comparing the simulated and field test results.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51305472)National Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee(No.cstc2014jcyj A60005)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Education Committee(No.KJ1400312)
文摘Aiming to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of a dual-clutch hybrid electric vehicle during cold start, multiobjective optimization for fuel consumption and HC/CO emission from a TWC(three-way catalytic converter) outlet is presented in this paper. DP(dynamic programming) considering dual-state variables is proposed based on the Bellman optimality principle. Both the battery SOC(state of charge) and the temperature of TWC monolith are considered in the algorithm simultaneously. In this way the global optimal control strategy and the Pareto optimal solution of multi-objective function are derived. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to promote the TWC light-off significantly by decreasing the engine's load and improving exhaust temperature from the outlet of the engine, in comparison with original DP considering the single battery SOC. Compared to the results achieved by rule-based control strategy, fuel economy and emission of TWC outlet for cold start are optimized comprehensively. Each indicator of Pareto solution set shows the significant improvement.
基金Project(NECT-04-0748) supported by New Century Excellent Talents Program of China
文摘In order to utilize the spontaneous accumulation of heat (SAH) reasonably and obtain the high quality sinter with low energy consumption, a lower fuel consumption modeling based on raw materials of a certain steel works was built. An air-flow segregation feeding (ASF) experimental equipment was designed to simulate strand feeding process and calculate the lower fuel consumption quantity. Compared with baseline test, the ASF experimental equipment was adopted. The results of sinter pot tests show that the solid fuel consumption is lower than that in baseline test, which is decreased by 5.8%. Meanwhile, other sinter indexes, such as pan yeild, tumbler strength and strand productivity are improved. The mineralogical examination indicates that the mineral compositions and micostructures are improved in sinter.
文摘Today,much information from traffic infrastructures and sensors of ego vehicle is available.Using such information has a potential for internal combustion engine vehicle to reduce fuel consumption in real world.In this paper,a powertrain controller for a hybrid electric vehicle aiming to reduce fuel consumption is introduced,which uses information from traffic signals,the global positioning system and sensors,and the preceding vehicle.This study was carried out as a benchmark problem of engine and powertrain control simulation and modeling 2021(E-COSM 2021).The developed controller firstly decides reference acceleration of the ego vehicle using the traffic signal and the position information and the preceding vehicle speed.The acceleration and deceleration leading to increase in unnecessary fuel consumption is avoided.Next,the reference engine,generator,and motor torques are decided to achieve the reference acceleration and minimize fuel consumption.In addition,the reference engine,generator and motor torques were decided by the given fuel consumption map for the engine,and by the virtual fuel consumption maps for the generator and the motor.The virtual fuel consumption is derived from the efficiency maps of the generator and the motor using a given equivalent factor,which converts electricity consumption to fuel for the generator and the motor.In this study,a controller was designed through the benchmark problem of E-COSM 2021 for minimizing total fuel consumption of the engine,the generator,and the motor.The developed controller was evaluated in driving simulations.The result shows that operating the powertrain in efficient area is a key factor in reducing total fuel consumption.
基金Supported by National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CAAS(IARRP-2015-7)Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Science and Technology Innovation Project in 2017the Public Welfare Industry Science and Technology Projects for financing the research (no.200903011)
文摘With the improvement of agricultural mechanization equipment levels, the mechanized wheat harvesting level has been above 80% and the rate of wheat straw returned has increased significantly in the main wheat production of wheat of northern countryside in China. Chinese government popularized the beneficial agronomic measures in the process of wheat straw returned field by mechanization. The agronomic measure was reducing the wheat straw stubble height(WSSH) not more than 20 cm.However, local government didn't apply and disseminate the measure, because in practice the cost of fuel consumption was high, and the operation time of harvesting was longer than ever. The machinery operators and farmers needed to support extra fuel cost and time if they took government's advice. In fact, the objective subsidy policy of fuel cost on reducing WSSH was not been formulated by all levels of government. Therefore, the set of agronomic measure couldn't be popularized in main wheat production area of North China. Our research addressed to master the changing feature of fuel cost and mechanical efficiency,seeking suitable subsidy standard, providing some useful and constructive suggestions to improve subsidy policy of fuel consumption cost for national government department. The study carried out the tracking experiments of the operation efficiency and fuel costs of farm harvester in the situation of different WSSH in 2010 in Xushui District of Hebei Province. In conclusion, the operation time of harvesting decline and machinery fuel consumption cost increased along with the decreasing of WSSH. First for the older harvester, the operation efficiency would decline by 18.7% when the WSSH changed from 20 cm to 10 cm, the cost would increase 4.7%, exact cost was 152.2CNY per hectare. For the new harvester, the operation efficiency would decline by 39.9% when the WSSH changed from 20 cm to 15 cm, the cost would increase 4.6%, exact cost was 368.4CNY per hectare. We provided about 375 CNY per hectare to the mechanical operators and farmer who attended this project, and they were willing to accept the subsidies. We also put forwards some policy suggestions on promoting agronomic measures of reducing WSSH including strengthen the construction of agricultural machinery service system, practise a special fuel consumption subsidies of agricultural machinery and open up new paths for combine sales and circulation.
文摘Recently, rice-growing farmers in Japan have confronted difficult conditions and decreasing market prices of rice. The Shonai area of Yamagata prefecture, which has many medium-scale cultivated fields, is among Japan＇s largest rice cultivation areas. However, few studies have described the fuel consumption of agricultural machines in medium-scale paddy fields. Farmers in this area use some working systems, and fuel consumption can be reduced by changing the machine settings. Nevertheless, few studies have compared working systems related to fuel consumption. Therefore, the influence of different working systems （two methods for each of tillage, puddling and harvesting operations） on fuel consumption was investigated in medium-scale paddy fields. Working information for each agricultural machine was obtained using GPS logger attached to them. Fuel consumption was measured using a top fill method for each work test. The total work rates were 4.4 h/ha and 4.7 h/ha for method 1 and method 2 at tillage, 4.5 h/ha and 4.7 h/ha for method 3 and method 4 at puddling, respectively. Work rate was 4.0 h/ha for both method 5 and method 6 at harvesting （cutting width： 1,440 mm; work speed： 1.25 rn/s and 1.35m/s）. Results showed that the fuel consumptions were 23 L/ha and 26 L/ha for method 1 and method 2 at tillage, 17.2 L/h and 18.4 L/ha for method 3 and method 4 at puddling, and 30 L/ha and 28 L/ha for method 5 and method 6 at harvesting, respectively. These results showed no significant difference in fuel consumption between any working methods of rice cultivation. Tillage operation showed increased fuel consumption with higher working hours （included turn, back and other movements）, higher total work time and also higher total distance. Puddling showed increased fuel consumption with higher working time that included turn and other movements. Harvesting operation showed increased fuel consumption as the total working time increased.
文摘On October 28th, hosted by the General Adminis tration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China (AQSIQ) and Standardization Administration of China (SAC), the press conference of the compulsory national standard Limits of Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars (GB 19578-2004) was held in Beijing. The national standard was approved by AQSIQ and SAC on September 2nd 2004 and will be formally implemented on July 1st 2005.
文摘In the near future, the use of FCVs （fuel cell vehicles） is expected to help mitigate environmental problems such as exhaustion of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturers publish an FCV＇s specific fuel consumption, but not its dynamic characteristics such as fuel consumption ratio and motor power ratio. Thus, it is difficult to reflect the dynamic characteristics of FCVs in lifecycle system evaluation. To solve this problem, we propose a fuel-consumption simulation method for FCVs using a 1.2 kW stationary PEMFC （proton exchange membrane fuel cell）. In this study, the specific fuel consumption under driving cycles such as the Japanese 10-15 and the JC08 modes are determined and compared with the FCV simulation results obtained using fuel consumption ratios derived from the stationary PEMFC. In the simulation, the specific fuel consumption was found to be 1.16 kg-H2/100-km for the base case under the Japanese 10-15 driving cycle.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31070384)
文摘In this article, we calculate China's Mainland’s CO2 emission of fossil fuel consumption from 1991 to 2010 following the apparent consumption method recommend by IPCC： （i） the scale of CO2 emissions has increased nearly to 4 times as that in 1991; （ii） coal consumption constitutes the highest proportion due to the richness of coal resources in China; （iii） per capita CO2 emission has increased from 1.98 to 5.57 t CO2 ; （iv） carbon emission intensity declined significantly from 6.66 to 1.07 kg CO2 USD -1 , but recently it tends to be stable; and （v） regional develop gaps remain in China's Mainland, for according to the provincial data, in many developing regions economic increase over-reliance on fossil fuel consumption. China has made the promises and already taken actions to deal with the high carbon emission. Comprehensively considering the sustainability of development and the uncertainties remaining in global climate change, healthier structures of industry, intensive usage of fossil fuel, and a more balanced development pattern among the southern, central and western China should be put more emphasis.
基金Cooperation and logistical support of the Russian Aerial Forest Protection Service(Avialesookhrana)and Russian Forest Service(Regional and Local Forestry Committees)is greatly appreciated.A special thanks to L.Bobkova,N.Koshurnikova,and E.Krasnoshchekova for their assistance in fuel sampling and to D.Randall for statistical analysis of tree data.
文摘Forest fuel investigations in central and southern Siberian taiga of Scots pine forest stands dominated by lichen and feather moss ground vegetation cover revealed that total aboveground biomass varied from 13.1 to 21.0 kg/m 2.Stand biomass was higher in plots in the southern taiga,while ground fuel loads were higher in the central taiga.We developed equations for fuel biomass(both aerial and ground)that could be applicable to similar pine forest sites of Central Siberia.Fuel loading variability found among plots is related to the impact and recovery time since the last wildfi re and the mosaic distribution of living vegetation.Fuel consumption due to surface fi res of low to high-intensities ranged from 0.95 to 3.08 kg/m 2,that is,18–74%from prefi re values.The total amount of fuels available to burn in case of fi re was up to 4.5–6.5 kg/m 2.Moisture content of fuels(litter,lichen,feather moss)was related to weather conditions characterized by the Russian Fire Danger Index(PV-1)and FWI code of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System.The data obtained provide a strong foundation for understanding and modeling fi re behavior,emissions,and fi re eff ects on ecosystem processes and carbon stocks and could be used to improve existing global and regional models that incorporate biomass and fuel characteristics.
文摘When fuel efficiency is at stake,along with the reduction of the environmental foot print of air pollution,a need is presented to estimate a ship’s fuel consumption for a forthcoming voyage,and means for decision making and for cost saving.This paper suggests an operational approach for obtaining an accurate fuel consumption and speed curve,on the basis of major factors affecting it,namely,ship’s draft and displacement,weather force and direction,hull and propeller roughness.A statistical analysis on 418 noon reports of a Pure Car and Truck Carrier case ship is carried out and the influence of the above factors is calculated.As expected,stronger wind and head weather increases the fuel consumption,and the difference between several weather conditions could be quantified.A simple and accurate algorithm is proposed in order for ship owners,managers and operators to be in a position to apply the suggested method on their fleet.Finally,applications of the structured algorithm are introduced with examples,in estimating the fuel consumption of the case ship for a future voyage,and also the same for a sister ship.Furthermore,voyage planning in several scenarios is proposed in order to assist the stakeholders with decision making aimed to fuel saving and environmental friendliness of their ships.
