Fulminant hepatitis is a serious, life-threatening disorder and is associated with inflammatory cytokines produced by Kupffer cells. However, a number of clinical trials for the treatment of fulminant hepatitis did no...Fulminant hepatitis is a serious, life-threatening disorder and is associated with inflammatory cytokines produced by Kupffer cells. However, a number of clinical trials for the treatment of fulminant hepatitis did not show enough substantial benefits. Since NF-κB is a key mediator of inflammatory response in Kupffer cells, NF-κB decoy would be an attractive candi-datefor the treatment of fulminant hepatitis.展开更多
Enterobacter strains face limitations in scalable production.This study aimed to enhance fucose-containing exopolysaccharide(EPS)biosynthesis via UV mutagenesis and fermentation optimization.A high-yield mutant(Entero...Enterobacter strains face limitations in scalable production.This study aimed to enhance fucose-containing exopolysaccharide(EPS)biosynthesis via UV mutagenesis and fermentation optimization.A high-yield mutant(Enterobacter sp.915)was selected via UV irradiation,producing 55.93%higher EPS yield(0.368 g/L)compared to the wild type.Response surface methodology(RSM)was used to optimize medium components and culture conditions.The optimal parameters were maltose(194.71 g/L),malt extract(108.18 g/L),and shaking speed(160 rpm),which increased EPS production to 2.304 g/L,a 74%improvement.Structural analysis indicated the purified EPS(5.98 kDa)comprised fucose,galactose,glucose,and mannose in a ratio of 3.4:42.2:18.4:13,withα-glycosidic linkages and amorphous crystallinity.Thermal analysis showed stability up to 482.8℃,indicating the potential for industrial processing.The EPS also demonstrated significant moisture retention(81%RH:24 h absorption rate>50%)and antioxidant activities,including DPPH(34.33%),hydroxyl(48.1%),and ABTS+(50.27%)radical scavenging at 3.2 mg/mL.These properties were comparable to those of commercial fucosecontaining EPS,demonstrating its potential as a natural antioxidant and humectant in food applications.展开更多
BACKGROUND Changes in N-linked glycosylation have been observed in the circulation of individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma. In particular, an elevation in the level of core fucosylation has been observed. However...BACKGROUND Changes in N-linked glycosylation have been observed in the circulation of individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma. In particular, an elevation in the level of core fucosylation has been observed. However, the mechanisms through which core fucose is increased are not well understood. We hypothesized that a review of the literature and related bioinformatic review regarding six genes known to be involved in the attachment of core fucosylation, the synthesis of the fucosylation substrate guanosine diphosphate(GDP)-fucose, or the transport of the substrate into the Golgi might offer mechanistic insight into the regulation of core fucose levels.AIM To survey the literature to capture the involvement of genes regulating core Nlinked fucosylation in hepatocellular carcinoma METHODS The PubMed biomedical literature database was searched for the association of hepatocellular carcinoma and each of the core fucose-related genes and their protein products. We also queried The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver hepatocellular carcinoma(LIHC) dataset for genetic, epigenetic and gene expression changes for the set of six genes using the tools at cBioportal.RESULTS A total of 27 citations involving one or more of the core fucosylation-related genes(FPGT, FUK, FUT8, GMDS, SLC35 C1, TSTA3) and hepatocellular carcinoma were identified. The same set of gene symbols was used to query the371 patients with liver cancer in the LIHC dataset to identify the frequency of m RNA over or under expression, as well as non-synonymous mutations, copy number variation and methylation level. Although all six genes trended to moresamples displaying over expression relative to under-expression, it was noted that a number of tumor samples had undergone amplification of the genes of the de novo synthesis pathway, GMDS(27 samples) and TSTA3(78 samples). In contrast, the other four genes had undergone amplification in 2 or fewer samples.CONCLUSION Amplification of genes involved in the de novo pathway for generation of GDPfucose, GMDS and TSTA3, likely contributes to the elevated core fucose observed in hepatocellular carcinoma.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective role of Cardiospermum halicacabum(C.halicacabum) leaf extract on glycoprotein metabolism in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in male albin...Objective:To investigate the protective role of Cardiospermum halicacabum(C.halicacabum) leaf extract on glycoprotein metabolism in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in male albino Wistar rats by intraperitonial administration of STZ.The C.halicacabum leaf extract(CHE) was administered orally to normal and STZ-diabetic rats for 45 days.The effects of C.halicacabum leaf extract(CHE) on plasma and tissue glycoproteins (hexose,hexosamine,fucose and sialic acid) were determined.Results:The levels of plasma and tissues glycoproteins containing hexose,hexosamine and fucose were significantly increased in STZ-induced diabetic rats.In addition,the level of sialic acid significantly increased in plasma and liver while decreased in kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats.After administration of CHE to diabetic rats,the metabolic alteration of glycoprotein reverted towards normal levels. Conclusions:The present study indicates that the CHE possesses a protective effect on abnormal glycoprotein metabolism in addition to its antihyperglycemic activity.展开更多
Fucose, the monosaccharide frequent in N- and O-glycans, is a part of Lewis-type antigens that are known to mediate direct sperm binding to the zona pellucida. Such interaction was found to be inhibited in vitro by fu...Fucose, the monosaccharide frequent in N- and O-glycans, is a part of Lewis-type antigens that are known to mediate direct sperm binding to the zona pellucida. Such interaction was found to be inhibited in vitro by fucose-containing oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as neoglycoproteins. The objective of this study was to screen seminal plasma proteins of infertile/subfertile men for the content and density of fucosylated glycoepitopes, and compare them to samples of fertile normozoospermic subjects. Seminal proteins were separated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane and probed with fucose-specific Aleuria aurantia lectin （AAL）. Twelve electrophoretic bands were selected for quantitative densitometric analysis. It was found that the content, and especially the density of fucosylated glycans, were higher in glycoproteins present in seminal plasma of subfertile men. No profound differences in fucosylation density were found among the groups of normozoospermic, oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic subfertile men. According to the antibody probing, AAL-reactive bands can be attributed to male reproductive tract glycoproteins, including prostate-specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, glycodelin and chorionic gonadotropin. Fibronectin, a1-acid glycoprotein, a1-antitrypsin, immunoglobulin G and antithrombin III may also contribute to this high fucosylation. It is suggested that the abundant fucosylated glycans in the sperm environment could interfere with the sperm surface and disturb the normal course of the fertilization cascade.展开更多
The study shows that GP73 alone may not be sufficient to achieve the discrimination in every population. This is because many other clinical factors may influence the levels of the biomarker. This review attempts to i...The study shows that GP73 alone may not be sufficient to achieve the discrimination in every population. This is because many other clinical factors may influence the levels of the biomarker. This review attempts to identify some of these clinical variables,and helps provide a means of using these clinical values,in combination with GP73,to achieve the best use of the entire clinical biomarker family.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the biological potential of polysaccharides from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus collected in the Murmansk region of the White Sea.The physicochemical properties and composit...The aim of this study was to investigate the biological potential of polysaccharides from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus collected in the Murmansk region of the White Sea.The physicochemical properties and composition of the polysaccharide extract samples were determined.The obtained sample contained~70%fucoidan.IR spectrometry confirmed the polysaccharide nature of the isolated samples.All samples were shown to have antioxidant potential.DPPH analysis showed a free radical inhibition of 48.7%.The inhibition of ABTS radicals reached 77.34%.It was determined that the fucoidan extract samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity at a concentration of 30 mg/kg.It has been established that polysaccharides at a concentration of 50 mg/ml are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli by up to 30%.Fucus extract samples showed the lowest effectiveness against Candida albicans(23.3%).The resources of brown algae are not fully exploited.The novelty of studying the polysaccharide composition of brown algae is due to the need to resolve the issue of active harvesting of brown algae without harming the recovery of commercial stocks;a more complete study of the chemical composition;obtaining new types of products and creating environmentally friendly,waste-free technologies.For effective use of fucoidan in medical practice,it is important to develop suitable delivery systems that improve its bioavailability,stability,and targeting.展开更多
Glycosylation of the Fc region of IgG has a profound impact on the safety and clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. While the biantennary complex.type oligosaccharide attached to Asn297 of the Fc is essen- tial...Glycosylation of the Fc region of IgG has a profound impact on the safety and clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. While the biantennary complex.type oligosaccharide attached to Asn297 of the Fc is essen- tial for antibody effector functions, fucose and outer-arm sugars attached to the core heptasaccharide that gen- erate structural heterogeneity （glycoforms） exhibit unique biological activities. Hence, efficient and quan- titative glycan analysis techniques have been increas- ingly important for the development and quality control of therapeutic antibodies, and g｜ycan profiles of the Fc are recognized as critical quality attributes. In the past decade our understanding of the influence of glycosy- lation on the structure/function of IgG-Fc has grown rapidly through X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, which provides possibili- ties for the design of novel antibody therapeutics. Fur- thermore, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering approach using endoglycosidase-based glycosyn- thases may facilitate the development of homogeneous IgG glycoforms with desirable functionality as next- generation therapeutic antibodies. Thus, the Fc glycans are fertile ground for the improvement of the safety,functionality, and efficacy of therapeutic IgG antibodies in the era of precision medicine.展开更多
Background Thyroid peroxidase （TPO） is an important autoantigen in Hashimoto＇s thyroiditis （HT）, and almost all epitopes are located in TPO ectodomain. The glycosylation of TPO might contribute to breaking self-t...Background Thyroid peroxidase （TPO） is an important autoantigen in Hashimoto＇s thyroiditis （HT）, and almost all epitopes are located in TPO ectodomain. The glycosylation of TPO might contribute to breaking self-tolerance, therefore, pudfied glycosylated recombinant TPO ectodomain is prerequisite of elucidating its role in the pathogenesis of HT. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the glycosylation has influence on the antigenic determinants of recombinant TPO. Methods Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system was used to generate recombinant human TPO ectodomain. The antigenicity was analyzed by antigen specific enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays （ELISAs）. The glycosylation of recombinant human TPO ectodomain of High Five insect cell origin was detected by lectin-ELISAs. Results TPO ectodomain was recovered from the culture media as a soluble protein, and it was fused with a hexahistidine tag which allowed purification by nickel-affinity chromatography. The recombinant TPO ectodomain could be recognized by all the 54 HT patients and three TPO monoclonal antibodies. Fucose, sialic acid and galactose were all detected on the recombinant TPO ectodomain. Sera TPOAb binding decreased slightly after non-specific deglycosylation of TPO by periodic acid. Conclusions High Five insect cells derived recombinant human TPO ectodomain had N-glycosylation sites, which might have little effect on recognition by serum TPOAb.展开更多
Phytochemicals derived from plants have been used as traditional medication owing to their potential therapeutic properties and gained recent attention due to their safe toxicological profiles contrary to synthetic dr...Phytochemicals derived from plants have been used as traditional medication owing to their potential therapeutic properties and gained recent attention due to their safe toxicological profiles contrary to synthetic drugs.Genistein(GEN)is a phytophenol reported to have an anticancer effect against various cancers including lung cancer,colorectal carcinoma,breast cancer,etc.However,its practical utilization is rendered by its limited aqueous solubility,slow dissolution,low oral bioavailability,poor stability,and non-specific biodistribution.Small bioactive molecules such as sugars are the most facile targeting ligands as almost all types of cancer cells are reported to exhibit the over-expression of sugar receptors in comparison to healthy cells.Sugar-based targeting of tumor sites is often mediated by surface-functionalized dendrimers which can simultaneously improve the efficacy of GEN and enable its site-specific delivery.In the present work,amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers(DEND)have been used as a delivery carrier for improving the aqueous solubility and efficacy of GEN.Moreover,fucose(FUC)as a small sugar molecule,has been used for tumor-specific functionalization of DEND improving the lung cancer targeting of GEN.FUC conjugation also reduced the amine-terminal associated toxicity of DEND.The encapsulation of GEN in nanoscale FUC-DEND resulted 128 times enhancement in its water solubility,sustained release,improved physicochemical stability,and 22 times enhancement of anticancer activity.The greater cytotoxicity of GEN was attributed to higher cellular uptake and increased apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells.Hence,fucose-functionalized dendrimers could be an efficient carrier for the advanced and targeted delivery of phytochemicals.展开更多
文摘Fulminant hepatitis is a serious, life-threatening disorder and is associated with inflammatory cytokines produced by Kupffer cells. However, a number of clinical trials for the treatment of fulminant hepatitis did not show enough substantial benefits. Since NF-κB is a key mediator of inflammatory response in Kupffer cells, NF-κB decoy would be an attractive candi-datefor the treatment of fulminant hepatitis.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC1634)the Key Projects of Chengdu Institute of Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYJC 2024-3).
文摘Enterobacter strains face limitations in scalable production.This study aimed to enhance fucose-containing exopolysaccharide(EPS)biosynthesis via UV mutagenesis and fermentation optimization.A high-yield mutant(Enterobacter sp.915)was selected via UV irradiation,producing 55.93%higher EPS yield(0.368 g/L)compared to the wild type.Response surface methodology(RSM)was used to optimize medium components and culture conditions.The optimal parameters were maltose(194.71 g/L),malt extract(108.18 g/L),and shaking speed(160 rpm),which increased EPS production to 2.304 g/L,a 74%improvement.Structural analysis indicated the purified EPS(5.98 kDa)comprised fucose,galactose,glucose,and mannose in a ratio of 3.4:42.2:18.4:13,withα-glycosidic linkages and amorphous crystallinity.Thermal analysis showed stability up to 482.8℃,indicating the potential for industrial processing.The EPS also demonstrated significant moisture retention(81%RH:24 h absorption rate>50%)and antioxidant activities,including DPPH(34.33%),hydroxyl(48.1%),and ABTS+(50.27%)radical scavenging at 3.2 mg/mL.These properties were comparable to those of commercial fucosecontaining EPS,demonstrating its potential as a natural antioxidant and humectant in food applications.
文摘BACKGROUND Changes in N-linked glycosylation have been observed in the circulation of individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma. In particular, an elevation in the level of core fucosylation has been observed. However, the mechanisms through which core fucose is increased are not well understood. We hypothesized that a review of the literature and related bioinformatic review regarding six genes known to be involved in the attachment of core fucosylation, the synthesis of the fucosylation substrate guanosine diphosphate(GDP)-fucose, or the transport of the substrate into the Golgi might offer mechanistic insight into the regulation of core fucose levels.AIM To survey the literature to capture the involvement of genes regulating core Nlinked fucosylation in hepatocellular carcinoma METHODS The PubMed biomedical literature database was searched for the association of hepatocellular carcinoma and each of the core fucose-related genes and their protein products. We also queried The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver hepatocellular carcinoma(LIHC) dataset for genetic, epigenetic and gene expression changes for the set of six genes using the tools at cBioportal.RESULTS A total of 27 citations involving one or more of the core fucosylation-related genes(FPGT, FUK, FUT8, GMDS, SLC35 C1, TSTA3) and hepatocellular carcinoma were identified. The same set of gene symbols was used to query the371 patients with liver cancer in the LIHC dataset to identify the frequency of m RNA over or under expression, as well as non-synonymous mutations, copy number variation and methylation level. Although all six genes trended to moresamples displaying over expression relative to under-expression, it was noted that a number of tumor samples had undergone amplification of the genes of the de novo synthesis pathway, GMDS(27 samples) and TSTA3(78 samples). In contrast, the other four genes had undergone amplification in 2 or fewer samples.CONCLUSION Amplification of genes involved in the de novo pathway for generation of GDPfucose, GMDS and TSTA3, likely contributes to the elevated core fucose observed in hepatocellular carcinoma.
基金provided from the National Nutrition Policy Chair,King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective role of Cardiospermum halicacabum(C.halicacabum) leaf extract on glycoprotein metabolism in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in male albino Wistar rats by intraperitonial administration of STZ.The C.halicacabum leaf extract(CHE) was administered orally to normal and STZ-diabetic rats for 45 days.The effects of C.halicacabum leaf extract(CHE) on plasma and tissue glycoproteins (hexose,hexosamine,fucose and sialic acid) were determined.Results:The levels of plasma and tissues glycoproteins containing hexose,hexosamine and fucose were significantly increased in STZ-induced diabetic rats.In addition,the level of sialic acid significantly increased in plasma and liver while decreased in kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats.After administration of CHE to diabetic rats,the metabolic alteration of glycoprotein reverted towards normal levels. Conclusions:The present study indicates that the CHE possesses a protective effect on abnormal glycoprotein metabolism in addition to its antihyperglycemic activity.
文摘Fucose, the monosaccharide frequent in N- and O-glycans, is a part of Lewis-type antigens that are known to mediate direct sperm binding to the zona pellucida. Such interaction was found to be inhibited in vitro by fucose-containing oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as neoglycoproteins. The objective of this study was to screen seminal plasma proteins of infertile/subfertile men for the content and density of fucosylated glycoepitopes, and compare them to samples of fertile normozoospermic subjects. Seminal proteins were separated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane and probed with fucose-specific Aleuria aurantia lectin （AAL）. Twelve electrophoretic bands were selected for quantitative densitometric analysis. It was found that the content, and especially the density of fucosylated glycans, were higher in glycoproteins present in seminal plasma of subfertile men. No profound differences in fucosylation density were found among the groups of normozoospermic, oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic subfertile men. According to the antibody probing, AAL-reactive bands can be attributed to male reproductive tract glycoproteins, including prostate-specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, glycodelin and chorionic gonadotropin. Fibronectin, a1-acid glycoprotein, a1-antitrypsin, immunoglobulin G and antithrombin III may also contribute to this high fucosylation. It is suggested that the abundant fucosylated glycans in the sperm environment could interfere with the sperm surface and disturb the normal course of the fertilization cascade.
文摘The study shows that GP73 alone may not be sufficient to achieve the discrimination in every population. This is because many other clinical factors may influence the levels of the biomarker. This review attempts to identify some of these clinical variables,and helps provide a means of using these clinical values,in combination with GP73,to achieve the best use of the entire clinical biomarker family.
基金funded by Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University,project number 631-L-23,No.291 of October 12,2023(project registration number 123102600005-8).
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the biological potential of polysaccharides from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus collected in the Murmansk region of the White Sea.The physicochemical properties and composition of the polysaccharide extract samples were determined.The obtained sample contained~70%fucoidan.IR spectrometry confirmed the polysaccharide nature of the isolated samples.All samples were shown to have antioxidant potential.DPPH analysis showed a free radical inhibition of 48.7%.The inhibition of ABTS radicals reached 77.34%.It was determined that the fucoidan extract samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity at a concentration of 30 mg/kg.It has been established that polysaccharides at a concentration of 50 mg/ml are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli by up to 30%.Fucus extract samples showed the lowest effectiveness against Candida albicans(23.3%).The resources of brown algae are not fully exploited.The novelty of studying the polysaccharide composition of brown algae is due to the need to resolve the issue of active harvesting of brown algae without harming the recovery of commercial stocks;a more complete study of the chemical composition;obtaining new types of products and creating environmentally friendly,waste-free technologies.For effective use of fucoidan in medical practice,it is important to develop suitable delivery systems that improve its bioavailability,stability,and targeting.
文摘Glycosylation of the Fc region of IgG has a profound impact on the safety and clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. While the biantennary complex.type oligosaccharide attached to Asn297 of the Fc is essen- tial for antibody effector functions, fucose and outer-arm sugars attached to the core heptasaccharide that gen- erate structural heterogeneity （glycoforms） exhibit unique biological activities. Hence, efficient and quan- titative glycan analysis techniques have been increas- ingly important for the development and quality control of therapeutic antibodies, and g｜ycan profiles of the Fc are recognized as critical quality attributes. In the past decade our understanding of the influence of glycosy- lation on the structure/function of IgG-Fc has grown rapidly through X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, which provides possibili- ties for the design of novel antibody therapeutics. Fur- thermore, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering approach using endoglycosidase-based glycosyn- thases may facilitate the development of homogeneous IgG glycoforms with desirable functionality as next- generation therapeutic antibodies. Thus, the Fc glycans are fertile ground for the improvement of the safety,functionality, and efficacy of therapeutic IgG antibodies in the era of precision medicine.
文摘Background Thyroid peroxidase （TPO） is an important autoantigen in Hashimoto＇s thyroiditis （HT）, and almost all epitopes are located in TPO ectodomain. The glycosylation of TPO might contribute to breaking self-tolerance, therefore, pudfied glycosylated recombinant TPO ectodomain is prerequisite of elucidating its role in the pathogenesis of HT. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the glycosylation has influence on the antigenic determinants of recombinant TPO. Methods Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system was used to generate recombinant human TPO ectodomain. The antigenicity was analyzed by antigen specific enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays （ELISAs）. The glycosylation of recombinant human TPO ectodomain of High Five insect cell origin was detected by lectin-ELISAs. Results TPO ectodomain was recovered from the culture media as a soluble protein, and it was fused with a hexahistidine tag which allowed purification by nickel-affinity chromatography. The recombinant TPO ectodomain could be recognized by all the 54 HT patients and three TPO monoclonal antibodies. Fucose, sialic acid and galactose were all detected on the recombinant TPO ectodomain. Sera TPOAb binding decreased slightly after non-specific deglycosylation of TPO by periodic acid. Conclusions High Five insect cells derived recombinant human TPO ectodomain had N-glycosylation sites, which might have little effect on recognition by serum TPOAb.
基金DBR acknowledges University Grant Commission,New Delhi for a Ph.D.fellowshipRS acknowledges the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),New Delhi for providing a Senior Research Fellowship(SRF)HK acknowledges the SERB,DST,New Delhi for providing research funding(ECR/2018/000676).
文摘Phytochemicals derived from plants have been used as traditional medication owing to their potential therapeutic properties and gained recent attention due to their safe toxicological profiles contrary to synthetic drugs.Genistein(GEN)is a phytophenol reported to have an anticancer effect against various cancers including lung cancer,colorectal carcinoma,breast cancer,etc.However,its practical utilization is rendered by its limited aqueous solubility,slow dissolution,low oral bioavailability,poor stability,and non-specific biodistribution.Small bioactive molecules such as sugars are the most facile targeting ligands as almost all types of cancer cells are reported to exhibit the over-expression of sugar receptors in comparison to healthy cells.Sugar-based targeting of tumor sites is often mediated by surface-functionalized dendrimers which can simultaneously improve the efficacy of GEN and enable its site-specific delivery.In the present work,amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers(DEND)have been used as a delivery carrier for improving the aqueous solubility and efficacy of GEN.Moreover,fucose(FUC)as a small sugar molecule,has been used for tumor-specific functionalization of DEND improving the lung cancer targeting of GEN.FUC conjugation also reduced the amine-terminal associated toxicity of DEND.The encapsulation of GEN in nanoscale FUC-DEND resulted 128 times enhancement in its water solubility,sustained release,improved physicochemical stability,and 22 times enhancement of anticancer activity.The greater cytotoxicity of GEN was attributed to higher cellular uptake and increased apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells.Hence,fucose-functionalized dendrimers could be an efficient carrier for the advanced and targeted delivery of phytochemicals.
