Objective It is imperative to provide some consistent experimental results for the extraction of flavonid from Fructus Gardeniae. Methods The key extraction parameters that influenced the yield of flavonid from Fructu...Objective It is imperative to provide some consistent experimental results for the extraction of flavonid from Fructus Gardeniae. Methods The key extraction parameters that influenced the yield of flavonid from Fructus Gardeniae were optimized by employing an orthogonal experiment [L9（3）4], including the ratio of buffer solution （Na2B4O7· 10H2O） to raw material, concentration of Fructus Gardeniae in extracting solution, extraction time and pH of buffer solution. An UV/Vis detector was used to perform the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracted flavonid with the using of the standard sample. Results The maximum extraction yield of the crude extract was 5.0533 （mg/g） after 20 min when the mass ratio of Na2B4O7 · 10H2O to raw material was 0.4%, the concentration of Fructus Gardeniae in the extraction solution was 1/12 （g/mL）, and pH of buffer solution was 4.5. The positive reactions to the Molish and HCI-Mg tests suggested that the extracted compound was flavonoid, and FTIR measurements also identified the presence of flavonoid in the extracts. Conclusion This work is expected to provide a basis for further research, development, and utilization of Fructus gardenia in flavonid extraction.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Zhi Zi(Fructus Gardeniae) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet in the rat.METHODS:A rat model of NAFLD was established using a high-fat diet.Tw...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Zhi Zi(Fructus Gardeniae) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet in the rat.METHODS:A rat model of NAFLD was established using a high-fat diet.Twenty one rats were randomly divided into a normal group,a model group and a Zhi Zi treatment group,7 rats per group.Drinking water and the drug were intragastrically administrated for 5 weeks.Samples were then taken to observe pathological changes of the liver tissue(HE staining);changes in the fat metabolism pathway e.g.triglyceride(TG) and free fatty acid(FFA) content;alterations in liver function,i.e.serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) activity;and differences in tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and P-IkB protein expression in the liver tissue.RESULTS:Fatty degeneration and vacuole-like changes of different degrees occurred in hepatic cells of the model group.Markers for fat metabolism,serum ALT and AST activities,and expressionof TNF-α and P-IkB proteins in liver tissue significantly increased.Fat metabolism in the Zhi Zi group significantly reduced,as shown by a drop in marker levels.Serum ALT and AST activities,and expression of TNF-α,P-IkB proteins in liver tissue were also significantly decreased in this group.CONCLUSION:Zhi Zi has a very strong inhibitory action on lipidosis and inflammatory injury in the rat model of NAFLD.This mechanism may possibly be related to the inhibition of the free fatty acid metabolism pathway.展开更多
[ Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of different processing methods on the content of chlorogenie acid in Fructus Garden/ae. [ Method] The chromatographic separation was performed on an Inersil ODS-2 ...[ Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of different processing methods on the content of chlorogenie acid in Fructus Garden/ae. [ Method] The chromatographic separation was performed on an Inersil ODS-2 C18 column （250 mm× 4.6 mm, 5 μm） with acetonitrile -0. 1% acetic acid solution （ 12： 88, V/V） as the mobile phase under conditions of tlow rate 1.0 mb/min, detection wavelength 327 ran, column temperature 25℃. [ Result J With a range of 0.42-2.52 μg/i.d, ehlorogenic acid concentration exhibited a good linear relationship with peak area （n =6, R =0. 999 9）. The average recovery rate was 100. 83%, RSD was 1.30%. [Conclusion] The established method is eonveniem, rapid and accurate with good repeatability, which can be used to effectively control the quality of different orocessed oroduets of Fructus C.ardeniae.展开更多
Depression poses a considerable threat to global health,underscoring the critical need for safe treatments.Because of its homology of medicine and food,Gardeniae Fructus is widely used in clinical and everyday life co...Depression poses a considerable threat to global health,underscoring the critical need for safe treatments.Because of its homology of medicine and food,Gardeniae Fructus is widely used in clinical and everyday life contexts.Gardeniae Fructus oil(OGF)is a waste byproduct of the food industry with promising recycling potential.While previous research has demonstrated the antidepressant effects of OGF,the precise mechanism remains unclear.To fill this gap in the literature,this paper elucidates the composition and potential antidepressant mechanism of OGF.According to the results,OGF is mainly composed of fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter.OGF could effectively attenuate depression-like behaviors in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Mechanisms include improving gut dysbiosis,regulating short-chain fatty acids,protecting the intestinal barrier function,reducing hippocampal damage,and alleviating neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.Fecal microbiota transplantation experiments confirmed the involvement of the gut microbiota in the modulation of depression-like behavior by OGF.This study establishes the antidepressant effects of OGF as well as the underlying mechanism,demonstrating its potential as a novel dietary intervention for depression treatment.展开更多
Fructus Gardeniae(FG)is the dried ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis,having beneficial effects for human health.In this study,we discovered that the most relevant pathway influenced by Fructus Gardeniae extract(...Fructus Gardeniae(FG)is the dried ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis,having beneficial effects for human health.In this study,we discovered that the most relevant pathway influenced by Fructus Gardeniae extract(FGE)is lipid metabolism according to the analysis of network pharmacology.Furthermore,the protective effect of FGE against palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity was investigated.In L02 cells,FGE significantly promoted cellular proliferation after being treated with palmitic acid,and reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and triglyceride level.Palmitic acid led to an increase of ROS content,which was reduced by FGE.Additionally,FGE could facilitate Nrf2 localized to nuclear and followed by activating its downstream targets.ML385(a Nrf2 inhibitor)treatment further proved that FGE attenuated lipotoxicity through regulating Nrf2/ARE pathway.Consequently,we demonstrated for the first time FGE could be regarded as potential functional food materials for hepatic protection.展开更多
Gardeniae Fructus(GF)and Semen Sojae Praeparatum(SSP)are both medicine food homologies and widely used in Chinese clinical prescriptions together.The research investigated the pharmacokinetics of four iridoids in norm...Gardeniae Fructus(GF)and Semen Sojae Praeparatum(SSP)are both medicine food homologies and widely used in Chinese clinical prescriptions together.The research investigated the pharmacokinetics of four iridoids in normal rats and isolfavones-fed rats,which were administered with isolfavones from SSP for 7,14,21 and 28 consecutive days.A validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for determining shanzhiside,genipin-1-gentiobioside,geniposide and their metabolite genipin in rat plasma.Plasma samples were pretreated by solid-phase extraction using paeoniflorin as the internal standard.The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Atlantis T3(4.6 mm×150 mm,3 mm)column using a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitril and water(containing 0.06%acetic acid).The mass detection was under the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode via polarity switching between negative and positive ionization modes.The calibration curves exhibited good linearity(r>0.997)for all components.The lower limit of quantitation was in the range of 1 e10 ng/m L.The intra-day and inter-day precisions(RSD)at three different levels were both less than 12.2%and the accuracies(RE)ranged fromà10.1%to 16.4%.The extraction recovery of them ranged from 53.8%to 99.7%.Pharmacokinetic results indicated the bioavailability of three iridoid glycosides and the metabolite,genipin in normal rats was higher than that in rats exposed to isoflavones.With the longer time of administration of isoflavones,plasma concentrations of iridoids decreased,while genipin sulfate,the phase II metabolite of genposide and genipin-1-gentiobioside,appeared the rising exposure.The pharmacokinetic profiles of main iridoids from GF were altered by isoflavones.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Fructus Gardeniae on pancreatic subcellularorgans in rats of acute pancreatitis. Methods: Acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced with sodium deoxy-cholatein SD rats. Suc...Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Fructus Gardeniae on pancreatic subcellularorgans in rats of acute pancreatitis. Methods: Acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced with sodium deoxy-cholatein SD rats. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (ACP) and cytochrome P450 were taken asmarked enzymes in estimation of mitochondria, lysosome and microsome and for observation of the functional and structural changes of the pancreatic subcellular organs and the protective effects of Fructus Gardeniae (FG)in rats of acute pancreatitis. The histological change was observed simultaneously. Results: Pancreatic cellularSDH reduced significantly and the releasing rate of ACP raised obviously in AP, and in FG treated group, SDHwas nearly normal, the releasing rate of ACP decreased and the content of P450 increased at the same time. Histologic observation showed that there was significant inflammatory change in pancreas and abnormal manifestation in structure of subcellular organs in AP. FG could alleviate the lesion. Conclusions: FG has a remarkableprotective effect on the function and structure of the pancreatic subcellular organs in AP.展开更多
BACKGROUND Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis(IMP)is a rare type of ischemic colitis characterized by thickening of the wall of the right hemicolon and calcification,sclerosis,and fibrosis of mesenteric veins.The d...BACKGROUND Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis(IMP)is a rare type of ischemic colitis characterized by thickening of the wall of the right hemicolon and calcification,sclerosis,and fibrosis of mesenteric veins.The diagnosis of IMP is based on typical clinical features and imaging findings.We report a case of IMP that was initially missed by the radiologist.CASE SUMMARY A 77-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to chronic diarrhea for over 2 months.She had been consuming Chinese patent medicines(CPM)containing fructus gardeniae for more than 15 years.Colonoscopy revealed an edematous mucosa,bluish-purple discoloration,erosions,and ulcerations throughout the colorectal area.Abdominal computed tomography(CT)showed diffuse mural thickening of the entire colorectum,with tortuous thread-like calcifications in the right hemicolon,left hemicolon,and rectum.Most of the calcifications were located in the mesenteric vein.The diagnosis of IMP was established based on medical history,colonoscopy,CT findings,and histopathological examination.The patient was treated conservatively with papaverine and rifaximin,and CPM was stopped.Her diarrhea symptoms improved,indicating the effectiveness of the treatment.Over the next several years,she took opium alkaloids for an extended period and did not require hospitalization for the aforementioned gastrointestinal disorder.CONCLUSION IMP is a rare gastrointestinal disease affecting Asian populations,possibly related to long-term herbal medicine intake.Accurate imaging analysis is crucial for diagnosis,but insufficient understanding of the disease can lead to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis.Treatment strategies should be personalized.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21067004)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology(22020)
文摘Objective It is imperative to provide some consistent experimental results for the extraction of flavonid from Fructus Gardeniae. Methods The key extraction parameters that influenced the yield of flavonid from Fructus Gardeniae were optimized by employing an orthogonal experiment [L9（3）4], including the ratio of buffer solution （Na2B4O7· 10H2O） to raw material, concentration of Fructus Gardeniae in extracting solution, extraction time and pH of buffer solution. An UV/Vis detector was used to perform the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracted flavonid with the using of the standard sample. Results The maximum extraction yield of the crude extract was 5.0533 （mg/g） after 20 min when the mass ratio of Na2B4O7 · 10H2O to raw material was 0.4%, the concentration of Fructus Gardeniae in the extraction solution was 1/12 （g/mL）, and pH of buffer solution was 4.5. The positive reactions to the Molish and HCI-Mg tests suggested that the extracted compound was flavonoid, and FTIR measurements also identified the presence of flavonoid in the extracts. Conclusion This work is expected to provide a basis for further research, development, and utilization of Fructus gardenia in flavonid extraction.
基金Supported by Xiamen City Key Science and Technique Plan,NO.3502Z20100006Xiamen University's Student Experimental Plan for New Ideas,NO.XDDC 2011090
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Zhi Zi(Fructus Gardeniae) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet in the rat.METHODS:A rat model of NAFLD was established using a high-fat diet.Twenty one rats were randomly divided into a normal group,a model group and a Zhi Zi treatment group,7 rats per group.Drinking water and the drug were intragastrically administrated for 5 weeks.Samples were then taken to observe pathological changes of the liver tissue(HE staining);changes in the fat metabolism pathway e.g.triglyceride(TG) and free fatty acid(FFA) content;alterations in liver function,i.e.serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) activity;and differences in tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and P-IkB protein expression in the liver tissue.RESULTS:Fatty degeneration and vacuole-like changes of different degrees occurred in hepatic cells of the model group.Markers for fat metabolism,serum ALT and AST activities,and expressionof TNF-α and P-IkB proteins in liver tissue significantly increased.Fat metabolism in the Zhi Zi group significantly reduced,as shown by a drop in marker levels.Serum ALT and AST activities,and expression of TNF-α,P-IkB proteins in liver tissue were also significantly decreased in this group.CONCLUSION:Zhi Zi has a very strong inhibitory action on lipidosis and inflammatory injury in the rat model of NAFLD.This mechanism may possibly be related to the inhibition of the free fatty acid metabolism pathway.
文摘[ Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of different processing methods on the content of chlorogenie acid in Fructus Garden/ae. [ Method] The chromatographic separation was performed on an Inersil ODS-2 C18 column （250 mm× 4.6 mm, 5 μm） with acetonitrile -0. 1% acetic acid solution （ 12： 88, V/V） as the mobile phase under conditions of tlow rate 1.0 mb/min, detection wavelength 327 ran, column temperature 25℃. [ Result J With a range of 0.42-2.52 μg/i.d, ehlorogenic acid concentration exhibited a good linear relationship with peak area （n =6, R =0. 999 9）. The average recovery rate was 100. 83%, RSD was 1.30%. [Conclusion] The established method is eonveniem, rapid and accurate with good repeatability, which can be used to effectively control the quality of different orocessed oroduets of Fructus C.ardeniae.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2024AFD225)the Major Task Innovation Project of Hubei Province(2023BEB011)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2023AFB403)the Central Guided Local Science and Technology Development Special Project of Hubei Province(2019ZYYD069)。
文摘Depression poses a considerable threat to global health,underscoring the critical need for safe treatments.Because of its homology of medicine and food,Gardeniae Fructus is widely used in clinical and everyday life contexts.Gardeniae Fructus oil(OGF)is a waste byproduct of the food industry with promising recycling potential.While previous research has demonstrated the antidepressant effects of OGF,the precise mechanism remains unclear.To fill this gap in the literature,this paper elucidates the composition and potential antidepressant mechanism of OGF.According to the results,OGF is mainly composed of fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter.OGF could effectively attenuate depression-like behaviors in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Mechanisms include improving gut dysbiosis,regulating short-chain fatty acids,protecting the intestinal barrier function,reducing hippocampal damage,and alleviating neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.Fecal microbiota transplantation experiments confirmed the involvement of the gut microbiota in the modulation of depression-like behavior by OGF.This study establishes the antidepressant effects of OGF as well as the underlying mechanism,demonstrating its potential as a novel dietary intervention for depression treatment.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172192)Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Pro-gram of China(2021C02018)Open Project of Wencheng Joint Research Center of Big Health Industry of Zhejiang University(Zdwc2205).
文摘Fructus Gardeniae(FG)is the dried ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis,having beneficial effects for human health.In this study,we discovered that the most relevant pathway influenced by Fructus Gardeniae extract(FGE)is lipid metabolism according to the analysis of network pharmacology.Furthermore,the protective effect of FGE against palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity was investigated.In L02 cells,FGE significantly promoted cellular proliferation after being treated with palmitic acid,and reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and triglyceride level.Palmitic acid led to an increase of ROS content,which was reduced by FGE.Additionally,FGE could facilitate Nrf2 localized to nuclear and followed by activating its downstream targets.ML385(a Nrf2 inhibitor)treatment further proved that FGE attenuated lipotoxicity through regulating Nrf2/ARE pathway.Consequently,we demonstrated for the first time FGE could be regarded as potential functional food materials for hepatic protection.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 81573584,81773862)。
文摘Gardeniae Fructus(GF)and Semen Sojae Praeparatum(SSP)are both medicine food homologies and widely used in Chinese clinical prescriptions together.The research investigated the pharmacokinetics of four iridoids in normal rats and isolfavones-fed rats,which were administered with isolfavones from SSP for 7,14,21 and 28 consecutive days.A validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for determining shanzhiside,genipin-1-gentiobioside,geniposide and their metabolite genipin in rat plasma.Plasma samples were pretreated by solid-phase extraction using paeoniflorin as the internal standard.The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Atlantis T3(4.6 mm×150 mm,3 mm)column using a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitril and water(containing 0.06%acetic acid).The mass detection was under the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode via polarity switching between negative and positive ionization modes.The calibration curves exhibited good linearity(r>0.997)for all components.The lower limit of quantitation was in the range of 1 e10 ng/m L.The intra-day and inter-day precisions(RSD)at three different levels were both less than 12.2%and the accuracies(RE)ranged fromà10.1%to 16.4%.The extraction recovery of them ranged from 53.8%to 99.7%.Pharmacokinetic results indicated the bioavailability of three iridoid glycosides and the metabolite,genipin in normal rats was higher than that in rats exposed to isoflavones.With the longer time of administration of isoflavones,plasma concentrations of iridoids decreased,while genipin sulfate,the phase II metabolite of genposide and genipin-1-gentiobioside,appeared the rising exposure.The pharmacokinetic profiles of main iridoids from GF were altered by isoflavones.
文摘Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Fructus Gardeniae on pancreatic subcellularorgans in rats of acute pancreatitis. Methods: Acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced with sodium deoxy-cholatein SD rats. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (ACP) and cytochrome P450 were taken asmarked enzymes in estimation of mitochondria, lysosome and microsome and for observation of the functional and structural changes of the pancreatic subcellular organs and the protective effects of Fructus Gardeniae (FG)in rats of acute pancreatitis. The histological change was observed simultaneously. Results: Pancreatic cellularSDH reduced significantly and the releasing rate of ACP raised obviously in AP, and in FG treated group, SDHwas nearly normal, the releasing rate of ACP decreased and the content of P450 increased at the same time. Histologic observation showed that there was significant inflammatory change in pancreas and abnormal manifestation in structure of subcellular organs in AP. FG could alleviate the lesion. Conclusions: FG has a remarkableprotective effect on the function and structure of the pancreatic subcellular organs in AP.
文摘BACKGROUND Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis(IMP)is a rare type of ischemic colitis characterized by thickening of the wall of the right hemicolon and calcification,sclerosis,and fibrosis of mesenteric veins.The diagnosis of IMP is based on typical clinical features and imaging findings.We report a case of IMP that was initially missed by the radiologist.CASE SUMMARY A 77-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to chronic diarrhea for over 2 months.She had been consuming Chinese patent medicines(CPM)containing fructus gardeniae for more than 15 years.Colonoscopy revealed an edematous mucosa,bluish-purple discoloration,erosions,and ulcerations throughout the colorectal area.Abdominal computed tomography(CT)showed diffuse mural thickening of the entire colorectum,with tortuous thread-like calcifications in the right hemicolon,left hemicolon,and rectum.Most of the calcifications were located in the mesenteric vein.The diagnosis of IMP was established based on medical history,colonoscopy,CT findings,and histopathological examination.The patient was treated conservatively with papaverine and rifaximin,and CPM was stopped.Her diarrhea symptoms improved,indicating the effectiveness of the treatment.Over the next several years,she took opium alkaloids for an extended period and did not require hospitalization for the aforementioned gastrointestinal disorder.CONCLUSION IMP is a rare gastrointestinal disease affecting Asian populations,possibly related to long-term herbal medicine intake.Accurate imaging analysis is crucial for diagnosis,but insufficient understanding of the disease can lead to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis.Treatment strategies should be personalized.
