An efficient method for quality control of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (FAI),a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was established. A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array de...An efficient method for quality control of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (FAI),a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was established. A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) procedure coupled with chemometric methods was developed for fingerprint analysis,qualitative analysis and quantitative determination of this herb. In qualitative and quantitative analyses,heuristic evolving latent projection (HELP) method was employed to resolve the overlapping peaks of the tested samples. Two bioactive components,namely hesperidin and naringin,are confirmed and determined,together with four flavonoids compounds tentatively identified including two new ones. From fingerprint analysis,the fingerprint data were processed with correlation coefficients for quantitative expression of their similarity and dissimilarity. The developed method based on an integration of chromatographic fingerprint and quantitative analysis is scientific,and the obtained results can be applied to the quality control of herb medicine.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the mechanism and pharmacological activity of Fructus Aurantii on human skin through network pharmacology.[Methods]The active components and targets of Fructus Aurantii ...[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the mechanism and pharmacological activity of Fructus Aurantii on human skin through network pharmacology.[Methods]The active components and targets of Fructus Aurantii were screened byTCMSPand SymMap data-bases,and the targets were humanized after de-duplication by UniProt database.Relevant therapeutic targets were searched in Gencards data-base with"skin"as the key word,and those with higher weights were retained.An effective component-human skin action target network of Fructus Aurantii was established by Cytoscape software.Then,the topological analysis of protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was made by using String database and Cytoscape software.Gene Ontology(GO)funetional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were carried out by david database,and the analysis results were visualized by Hiplot soft-ware.[Results]Thirteen active compounds of Fructus Aurantii were obtained by screening,and 99 gene targets of Fructus Aurantii which might have pharmacological activity on human skin were obtained by intersection analysis.PTGS2,PTGS1,HSP90AB1,HSP90AAI,NCOA2 and PIK3CG might be core action targets of Fructus Aurantii on human skin according to the topological analysis of the active component-target network.The analysis of PPI network showed that IL-1β,INS,TNF,TP53 and ESR1 might be core action proteins of Fructus Auranti.GO enrichment analysis showed that Fructus Aurantii might balance the imbalance of skin microenvironment caused by various in-vitro stimuli by participating in biological processes such as response to xenobiotic stimulus and regulation of small molecule metabolic process.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the targets of Fructus Aurantii acting on human skin were enriched in pathways in cancer,Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection,pathways in measles,AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,IL.-17 signaling pathway,etc.[Conclusions]Fructus Aurantii may act on human skin targets through a variety of active components,and play a regulatory role in skin-related diseases.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To eliminate ineffective or interfering compounds from the eight absorbed compounds(8ACs),identify the primary ACs that represent the multifunctional therapeutic effects of Zhiqiao(Fructus Aurantii Submaturu...OBJECTIVE:To eliminate ineffective or interfering compounds from the eight absorbed compounds(8ACs),identify the primary ACs that represent the multifunctional therapeutic effects of Zhiqiao(Fructus Aurantii Submaturus)and Houpo(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis)(FM),along with elucidating their underlying mechanisms.METHODS:Key multifunctional ACs were screened through ex vivo-to-in vitro extrapolation(ex vivo dose=serum concentration)and validated in vivo,with efficacy assessed via contribution(dose=FM content).Functional magnetic resonance imaging analyzed brain regions's blood oxygen level-dependent(BOLD)changes,and the molecular mechanisms were analyzed by transcriptome of the dentate gyrus(DG).RESULTS:The results showed that representative 2ACs(Nobiletin+Magnolol)and 3ACs(Nobiletin+Magnolol+Meranzin hydrate)screened on ex vivo experiment by the criteria of contribution ranking contributed 80.72%-126.74%of the antidepressant and prokinetic effects of the FM(improvement of depressive-like behaviours,gastrointestinal disorder,monoamine neurotransmitters,ghrelin,endocrine hormones,pro-inflammatory factors,oxidative stress indicators).In addition,3ACs demonstrated superiority over 2ACs in improving depression and levels of multiple stress mediators.Zhiqiao(Fructus Aurantii Submaturus)(FRA)reduced acute stress-induced hyperactivation of the cingulate cortex,thalamus,hypothalamus,and entorhinal cortex and elevated BOLD signaling in the insular cortex,temporal association cortex.Furthermore,FRA upregulated pathways of neurotransmitter receptor activity and serotonergic synaptic function and downregulated inflammation-related pathways at the genetic level.CONCLUSION:2ACs and 3ACs closely reflected FM's multifunctional effect in antidepressant and prokinetic.FRA restores stress-impaired neural connectivity in functional brain regions and improves synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis at the genetic level.展开更多
A novel pectic polysaccharide was extracted from Fructus aurantii using ammonium oxalate extraction,whose primary structure and emulsification properties were investigated for the first time.Fructus aurantii ammonium ...A novel pectic polysaccharide was extracted from Fructus aurantii using ammonium oxalate extraction,whose primary structure and emulsification properties were investigated for the first time.Fructus aurantii ammonium oxalate-extracted pectin(FAOP)was a highly methyl-esterified pectin with a 60.36%methyl-esterification de-gree and a relative weight-average molecular weight(Mw)of 1.30×10^(6) Da.The backbone of FAOP was composed of a 2:3 molar ratio of→4)-α-GalpA-(1→and→4)-α-GalpA-6-O-methyl-(1→linkage,which contained an~57.04%linear homogalacturonan(HG)structural domain.In addition,neutral sugar side chains,such as arabinan and galactan belonging to the rhamnogalacturonan I(RG-I)region,were identified.Subsequently,the effects of Ca^(2+)on the properties of oil-in-water emulsions were investigated by droplet size,zeta potential,rheological properties and emulsion stability.Results indicated that FAOP formed a solid-like gel emulsion and exhibited excellent emulsion stability when the Ca^(2+)concentration was 5 mM.At this concentration,the droplet size was the smallest,the backscatter signal(BS)was almost unchanged;the Turbiscan stability index(TSI)value was the lowest,and tanδ(G"/G′)was less than 1.These findings indicated that the improved emulsion stability of FAOP by the introduction of Ca^(2+)was related to the emulsion gel network structure.These results indicated the potential application of Fructus aurantii pectin as a food stabiliser and thickener.展开更多
Quzhou Aurantii Fructus(QAF)has a long history as a folk medicine and food for the treatment of liver diseases.While our earlier study provided evidence of hepatoprotective properties contained within the flavonoids a...Quzhou Aurantii Fructus(QAF)has a long history as a folk medicine and food for the treatment of liver diseases.While our earlier study provided evidence of hepatoprotective properties contained within the flavonoids and limonins constituents in QAF,the potential preventative effects afforded by essential oil components present within QAF remains enigmatic.In this study,we prepared Quzhou Aurantii Fructus essential oil(QAFEO)and confirmed its anti-inflammatory effects on liver inflammation through experimentation on lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine(LPS/D-GalN)induced acute liver failure(ALF)mouse models.Using RNA-sequence(RNA-seq)analysis,we found that QAFEO prevented ALF by systematically blunting the pathways involved in response to LPS and toll-like receptor signaling pathways.QAFEO effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of tank-binding kinase 1(TBK1),TGF-beta activated kinase 1(TAK1),interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3),and the activation of mitogen activated kinase-like protein(MAPK)and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathways in vivo and in vitro.Importantly,QAFEO substantially reduced myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88(MyD88)-toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)interaction levels.Moreover,8 compounds from QAFEO could directly bind to REAL,TAK1,MyD88,TBK1,and IRF3.Taken together,the results of our study support the notion that QAFEO exerts a hepatoprotective effect through inhibiting LPS-mediated inflammatory response.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the volatile components and antibacterial effects of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products.[Methods]11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products were obtained acco...[Objectives]To study the volatile components and antibacterial effects of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products.[Methods]11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products were obtained according to the traditional processing method,the volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation,and the composition of volatile oil in the 11 kinds of processed products was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).the relative percentage content of each component in these 11 kinds of processed products was determined using the peak area normalization.The drug sensitivity activity of the volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the K-B paper diffusion method and the minimum inhibition volume fraction of volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the microdilution method.[Results]The highest yield of volatile oil of 11 kinds of these processed products was baking(5.193%),and the lowest was stir-bake to scorch(1.998%).A total of 36 chemical components were identified from the volatile oils of these 11 kinds of processed products.The components with the most volatile oil were stir-bake to scorch(24 kinds),and the components with the least volatile oil were the method of processing with rice-washed water(15 kinds).They contain 8 kinds of common chemical components,such as limonene,linalool,myrcene,α-pinene.The highest content of limonene came from processing with honey(60.93%),the lowest came from processing with rice-washed water(55.25%);the highest content of linalool came from processing with rice-washed water(7.139%),the lowest came from processing with honey(5.436%);the highest content of myrcene came from processing with honey(1.899%),the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.632%);the highest content ofα-pinene came from raw Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(2.355%),and the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.618%).The volatile oil of these 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has good antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.[Conclusions]The oil yields of volatile oils of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products are different,the content of limonene is significantly different,and the changes of other chemical components and their contents are not significantly different.The volatile oil of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has certain antibacterial effect.展开更多
The present study was designed to investigate the chemical constituents of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L.. The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were el...The present study was designed to investigate the chemical constituents of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L.. The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Two new phenolic glycosides(compounds 1 and 2) were obtained and identified as 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(1) and 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2), respectively.展开更多
Objective To predict the total flavonoids concentration of Aurantii Fructus fried with bran in its extraction process. Methods Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of total flavonoids ...Objective To predict the total flavonoids concentration of Aurantii Fructus fried with bran in its extraction process. Methods Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of total flavonoids in different extraction time （t） and solvent load （M）. Then the predicted procedure was carried out using the following data： 1 ） based on Ficks second law, the parameters of the kinetic model could be deduced and the equation was established; 2） Locally weighted regression （LWR） code was developed in the WEKA software environment to predict the concentration. And then we used both methods to predict the concentration of total flavonoids in new experiments. Results After comparing the predicted results with the experimental data, the LWR model had better accuracy and performance in the prediction. Conclusion LWR is applied to analyze the extraction process of Chinese herb for the first time, and it is totally fit for the extraction. LWR-based system is a more simple and accurate way to predict than the established equation. It is a good choice especially for a process which exists no clear rules, and can be used in the real-time control during the process.展开更多
Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety profile of Auranti Fructus Immaturus flavonoid(AFIF)tablets in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia(FD).Methods:In this phase Ⅲ,randomized,control ed clinica...Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety profile of Auranti Fructus Immaturus flavonoid(AFIF)tablets in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia(FD).Methods:In this phase Ⅲ,randomized,control ed clinical trial,participants diagnosed with FD from 7 medical centers across China were assigned by stratified block randomization to either AFIF treatment group(3 AFIF tablets,0.29 g per tablet)or placebo group on the same schedule in a 3:1 ratio.The primary endpoint was the complete disappearance of 4 core FD symptoms,including postprandial ful ness,early satiety,upper abdominal pain,and upper abdominal burning,fol owing a 4-week treatment regimen(3 times daily).Secondary endpoints included the individual symptom disappearance rates and gastric emptying function after 4 weeks,as wel as the disappearance rates for al 4 individual symptoms of FD at 4 weeks after treatment.Subgroup analyses included 3 clinical symptoms and 4 Chinese medicine patterns.Safety assessments included monitoring treatment-emergent adverse events(AEs),serious adverse events(SAEs),intervention-related AEs,and any AEs leading to discontinuation.Results:Of the enrol ed patients,299 in the AFIF group and 99 in the control group were induded in the ful analysis set(FAS)and safety set(SS).After 4 weeks of treatment,the complete disappearance of al 4 core FD symptoms was achieved in 31.44%(94 cases)of patients in the AFIF group compared to 6.06%(6 cases)in the placebo group(P<0.01).At 4 weeks after end of treatment,the rates of symptom disappearance were 23.43%(67 cases)in the AFIF group and 2.22%(2 cases)in the placebo group(P<0.01).Individual symptom disappearance rates were significantly higher in the AFIF group at both week 4 and 4 weeks after treatment(al P<0.01).Additional y,the patients in the AFIF group exhibited a significantly greater improvement in gastric emptying at 2 h post-meal[66.55%(50.03,84.55)]compared to the placebo group[51.10%(44.75,68.93),P=0.027].At weeks 4 and 4 weeks after treatment,in the FAS,the disappearance rates of al 4 core FD symptoms remained higher in the AFIF group compared to the placebo group(al P<0.05).The per protocol set results similarly aligned with those observed in the FAS.Intervention-related AEs were reported in 6.02%(18 cases)of the AFIF group and 8.08%(8 cases)in the placebo group,with no SAEs recorded in either group.The patients in the AFIF group showed significantly higher complete symptom resolution rates of al 4 core FD symptoms at 4 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment across most subgroups,compared to the placebo group(al P<0.05).Al AEs related to AFIF Tablets were mild.Conclusion:AFIF tablets demonstrated robust efficacy in al eviating the symptoms of FD,with a favorable safety profile.(Registration No.CTR20132482)展开更多
基金Project(20875104) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(10SDF22) supported by the Special Foundation of China Postdoctoral ScienceProject(201021200011) supported by the Advanced Research Plan of Central South University, China
文摘An efficient method for quality control of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (FAI),a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was established. A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) procedure coupled with chemometric methods was developed for fingerprint analysis,qualitative analysis and quantitative determination of this herb. In qualitative and quantitative analyses,heuristic evolving latent projection (HELP) method was employed to resolve the overlapping peaks of the tested samples. Two bioactive components,namely hesperidin and naringin,are confirmed and determined,together with four flavonoids compounds tentatively identified including two new ones. From fingerprint analysis,the fingerprint data were processed with correlation coefficients for quantitative expression of their similarity and dissimilarity. The developed method based on an integration of chromatographic fingerprint and quantitative analysis is scientific,and the obtained results can be applied to the quality control of herb medicine.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the mechanism and pharmacological activity of Fructus Aurantii on human skin through network pharmacology.[Methods]The active components and targets of Fructus Aurantii were screened byTCMSPand SymMap data-bases,and the targets were humanized after de-duplication by UniProt database.Relevant therapeutic targets were searched in Gencards data-base with"skin"as the key word,and those with higher weights were retained.An effective component-human skin action target network of Fructus Aurantii was established by Cytoscape software.Then,the topological analysis of protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was made by using String database and Cytoscape software.Gene Ontology(GO)funetional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were carried out by david database,and the analysis results were visualized by Hiplot soft-ware.[Results]Thirteen active compounds of Fructus Aurantii were obtained by screening,and 99 gene targets of Fructus Aurantii which might have pharmacological activity on human skin were obtained by intersection analysis.PTGS2,PTGS1,HSP90AB1,HSP90AAI,NCOA2 and PIK3CG might be core action targets of Fructus Aurantii on human skin according to the topological analysis of the active component-target network.The analysis of PPI network showed that IL-1β,INS,TNF,TP53 and ESR1 might be core action proteins of Fructus Auranti.GO enrichment analysis showed that Fructus Aurantii might balance the imbalance of skin microenvironment caused by various in-vitro stimuli by participating in biological processes such as response to xenobiotic stimulus and regulation of small molecule metabolic process.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the targets of Fructus Aurantii acting on human skin were enriched in pathways in cancer,Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection,pathways in measles,AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,IL.-17 signaling pathway,etc.[Conclusions]Fructus Aurantii may act on human skin targets through a variety of active components,and play a regulatory role in skin-related diseases.
基金Supported by the Jiangsu Province’s Colleges and Universities(Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine)the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Methanism on Molecular and Hippocampus-Thalamus Neurocircuitry of Rapid Prokinetic and Antidepressant by Shugan Following Acute Stress(81973589)]The Relationship Between Stress,Ghrelin Signaling,Liver-Soothing and Antidepressant Prokinetic Mechanisms(81573797)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To eliminate ineffective or interfering compounds from the eight absorbed compounds(8ACs),identify the primary ACs that represent the multifunctional therapeutic effects of Zhiqiao(Fructus Aurantii Submaturus)and Houpo(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis)(FM),along with elucidating their underlying mechanisms.METHODS:Key multifunctional ACs were screened through ex vivo-to-in vitro extrapolation(ex vivo dose=serum concentration)and validated in vivo,with efficacy assessed via contribution(dose=FM content).Functional magnetic resonance imaging analyzed brain regions's blood oxygen level-dependent(BOLD)changes,and the molecular mechanisms were analyzed by transcriptome of the dentate gyrus(DG).RESULTS:The results showed that representative 2ACs(Nobiletin+Magnolol)and 3ACs(Nobiletin+Magnolol+Meranzin hydrate)screened on ex vivo experiment by the criteria of contribution ranking contributed 80.72%-126.74%of the antidepressant and prokinetic effects of the FM(improvement of depressive-like behaviours,gastrointestinal disorder,monoamine neurotransmitters,ghrelin,endocrine hormones,pro-inflammatory factors,oxidative stress indicators).In addition,3ACs demonstrated superiority over 2ACs in improving depression and levels of multiple stress mediators.Zhiqiao(Fructus Aurantii Submaturus)(FRA)reduced acute stress-induced hyperactivation of the cingulate cortex,thalamus,hypothalamus,and entorhinal cortex and elevated BOLD signaling in the insular cortex,temporal association cortex.Furthermore,FRA upregulated pathways of neurotransmitter receptor activity and serotonergic synaptic function and downregulated inflammation-related pathways at the genetic level.CONCLUSION:2ACs and 3ACs closely reflected FM's multifunctional effect in antidepressant and prokinetic.FRA restores stress-impaired neural connectivity in functional brain regions and improves synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis at the genetic level.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars(31825020)Key Technology Project in Jiangxi Prov-ince(20212AAF01005)Key Laboratory of Bioactive Poly-saccharides of Jiangxi Province(20212BCD42016)were gratefully acknowledged.
文摘A novel pectic polysaccharide was extracted from Fructus aurantii using ammonium oxalate extraction,whose primary structure and emulsification properties were investigated for the first time.Fructus aurantii ammonium oxalate-extracted pectin(FAOP)was a highly methyl-esterified pectin with a 60.36%methyl-esterification de-gree and a relative weight-average molecular weight(Mw)of 1.30×10^(6) Da.The backbone of FAOP was composed of a 2:3 molar ratio of→4)-α-GalpA-(1→and→4)-α-GalpA-6-O-methyl-(1→linkage,which contained an~57.04%linear homogalacturonan(HG)structural domain.In addition,neutral sugar side chains,such as arabinan and galactan belonging to the rhamnogalacturonan I(RG-I)region,were identified.Subsequently,the effects of Ca^(2+)on the properties of oil-in-water emulsions were investigated by droplet size,zeta potential,rheological properties and emulsion stability.Results indicated that FAOP formed a solid-like gel emulsion and exhibited excellent emulsion stability when the Ca^(2+)concentration was 5 mM.At this concentration,the droplet size was the smallest,the backscatter signal(BS)was almost unchanged;the Turbiscan stability index(TSI)value was the lowest,and tanδ(G"/G′)was less than 1.These findings indicated that the improved emulsion stability of FAOP by the introduction of Ca^(2+)was related to the emulsion gel network structure.These results indicated the potential application of Fructus aurantii pectin as a food stabiliser and thickener.
基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China[LQ22H270014]the Chinese medicine science foundation of Zhejiang Province,China[2020ZA120]+1 种基金Quzhou technology projects,China[2022K53,2023K113,2023K120]Science and technology project of Zhejiang Provincial Drug Administration[2021013].
文摘Quzhou Aurantii Fructus(QAF)has a long history as a folk medicine and food for the treatment of liver diseases.While our earlier study provided evidence of hepatoprotective properties contained within the flavonoids and limonins constituents in QAF,the potential preventative effects afforded by essential oil components present within QAF remains enigmatic.In this study,we prepared Quzhou Aurantii Fructus essential oil(QAFEO)and confirmed its anti-inflammatory effects on liver inflammation through experimentation on lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine(LPS/D-GalN)induced acute liver failure(ALF)mouse models.Using RNA-sequence(RNA-seq)analysis,we found that QAFEO prevented ALF by systematically blunting the pathways involved in response to LPS and toll-like receptor signaling pathways.QAFEO effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of tank-binding kinase 1(TBK1),TGF-beta activated kinase 1(TAK1),interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3),and the activation of mitogen activated kinase-like protein(MAPK)and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathways in vivo and in vitro.Importantly,QAFEO substantially reduced myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88(MyD88)-toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)interaction levels.Moreover,8 compounds from QAFEO could directly bind to REAL,TAK1,MyD88,TBK1,and IRF3.Taken together,the results of our study support the notion that QAFEO exerts a hepatoprotective effect through inhibiting LPS-mediated inflammatory response.
基金the First Phase of Teaching Ability Training Program for Young Backbone Teachers of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(04B1805815)Program of Key Laboratory for Extraction and Purification and Quality Analysis of TCM in 2014(Gui Jiao Ke Yan[2014]No.6)。
文摘[Objectives]To study the volatile components and antibacterial effects of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products.[Methods]11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products were obtained according to the traditional processing method,the volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation,and the composition of volatile oil in the 11 kinds of processed products was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).the relative percentage content of each component in these 11 kinds of processed products was determined using the peak area normalization.The drug sensitivity activity of the volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the K-B paper diffusion method and the minimum inhibition volume fraction of volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the microdilution method.[Results]The highest yield of volatile oil of 11 kinds of these processed products was baking(5.193%),and the lowest was stir-bake to scorch(1.998%).A total of 36 chemical components were identified from the volatile oils of these 11 kinds of processed products.The components with the most volatile oil were stir-bake to scorch(24 kinds),and the components with the least volatile oil were the method of processing with rice-washed water(15 kinds).They contain 8 kinds of common chemical components,such as limonene,linalool,myrcene,α-pinene.The highest content of limonene came from processing with honey(60.93%),the lowest came from processing with rice-washed water(55.25%);the highest content of linalool came from processing with rice-washed water(7.139%),the lowest came from processing with honey(5.436%);the highest content of myrcene came from processing with honey(1.899%),the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.632%);the highest content ofα-pinene came from raw Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(2.355%),and the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.618%).The volatile oil of these 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has good antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.[Conclusions]The oil yields of volatile oils of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products are different,the content of limonene is significantly different,and the changes of other chemical components and their contents are not significantly different.The volatile oil of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has certain antibacterial effect.
基金supported by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(SRFDP No.20112134120006)
文摘The present study was designed to investigate the chemical constituents of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L.. The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Two new phenolic glycosides(compounds 1 and 2) were obtained and identified as 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(1) and 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2), respectively.
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(surface project)(81173563)
文摘Objective To predict the total flavonoids concentration of Aurantii Fructus fried with bran in its extraction process. Methods Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of total flavonoids in different extraction time （t） and solvent load （M）. Then the predicted procedure was carried out using the following data： 1 ） based on Ficks second law, the parameters of the kinetic model could be deduced and the equation was established; 2） Locally weighted regression （LWR） code was developed in the WEKA software environment to predict the concentration. And then we used both methods to predict the concentration of total flavonoids in new experiments. Results After comparing the predicted results with the experimental data, the LWR model had better accuracy and performance in the prediction. Conclusion LWR is applied to analyze the extraction process of Chinese herb for the first time, and it is totally fit for the extraction. LWR-based system is a more simple and accurate way to predict than the established equation. It is a good choice especially for a process which exists no clear rules, and can be used in the real-time control during the process.
文摘Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety profile of Auranti Fructus Immaturus flavonoid(AFIF)tablets in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia(FD).Methods:In this phase Ⅲ,randomized,control ed clinical trial,participants diagnosed with FD from 7 medical centers across China were assigned by stratified block randomization to either AFIF treatment group(3 AFIF tablets,0.29 g per tablet)or placebo group on the same schedule in a 3:1 ratio.The primary endpoint was the complete disappearance of 4 core FD symptoms,including postprandial ful ness,early satiety,upper abdominal pain,and upper abdominal burning,fol owing a 4-week treatment regimen(3 times daily).Secondary endpoints included the individual symptom disappearance rates and gastric emptying function after 4 weeks,as wel as the disappearance rates for al 4 individual symptoms of FD at 4 weeks after treatment.Subgroup analyses included 3 clinical symptoms and 4 Chinese medicine patterns.Safety assessments included monitoring treatment-emergent adverse events(AEs),serious adverse events(SAEs),intervention-related AEs,and any AEs leading to discontinuation.Results:Of the enrol ed patients,299 in the AFIF group and 99 in the control group were induded in the ful analysis set(FAS)and safety set(SS).After 4 weeks of treatment,the complete disappearance of al 4 core FD symptoms was achieved in 31.44%(94 cases)of patients in the AFIF group compared to 6.06%(6 cases)in the placebo group(P<0.01).At 4 weeks after end of treatment,the rates of symptom disappearance were 23.43%(67 cases)in the AFIF group and 2.22%(2 cases)in the placebo group(P<0.01).Individual symptom disappearance rates were significantly higher in the AFIF group at both week 4 and 4 weeks after treatment(al P<0.01).Additional y,the patients in the AFIF group exhibited a significantly greater improvement in gastric emptying at 2 h post-meal[66.55%(50.03,84.55)]compared to the placebo group[51.10%(44.75,68.93),P=0.027].At weeks 4 and 4 weeks after treatment,in the FAS,the disappearance rates of al 4 core FD symptoms remained higher in the AFIF group compared to the placebo group(al P<0.05).The per protocol set results similarly aligned with those observed in the FAS.Intervention-related AEs were reported in 6.02%(18 cases)of the AFIF group and 8.08%(8 cases)in the placebo group,with no SAEs recorded in either group.The patients in the AFIF group showed significantly higher complete symptom resolution rates of al 4 core FD symptoms at 4 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment across most subgroups,compared to the placebo group(al P<0.05).Al AEs related to AFIF Tablets were mild.Conclusion:AFIF tablets demonstrated robust efficacy in al eviating the symptoms of FD,with a favorable safety profile.(Registration No.CTR20132482)
