Fully utilizing renewable biomass energy is important for saving energy,reducing carbon emissions,and mitigating climate change.As the main hydrolysate of cellulose,a primary component of lignocellulose,glucose could ...Fully utilizing renewable biomass energy is important for saving energy,reducing carbon emissions,and mitigating climate change.As the main hydrolysate of cellulose,a primary component of lignocellulose,glucose could be employed as a starting material to prepare some other functional derivatives for improving the value of biomass resources.The isomerization of glucose to produce fructose is an important intermediate process during numerous high-value-added chemical preparations.Therefore,the development of efficient and selective catalysts for glucose isomerization is of great significance.Currently,glucose isomerase catalysts are limited by the harsh conditions required for microbial activity,which restricts further improvements in fructose yield.Additionally,heterogeneous Bronsted-base and Lewis-acid catalysts commonly employed in chemical isomerization methods often lead to the formation of undesirable by-products,resulting in reduced selectivity toward fructose.This study has demonstrated that lithium-loaded heterogeneous catalysts possess excellent isomerization capabilities under mild conditions.A highly efficient Li-C_(3)N_(4) catalyst was developed,achieving a fructose selectivity of 99.9% and a yield of 42.6% at 60℃ within 1.0 h-comparable to the performance of the enzymatic method.Characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),proton nuclear magnetic resonance(^(1)H NMR),and inductively coupled plasma(ICP)analyses confirmed that lithium was stably incorporated into the g-C_(3)N_(4) framework through the formation of Li-N bonds.Further investigations using CO_(2) temperature-programmed desorption(CO_(2)-TPD),in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and 7Li magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance(^(7)Li MAS NMR)indicated that the isomerization proceeded via a base-catalyzed mechanism.The Li species were found to interact with hydroxyl groups generated through hydrolysis and simultaneously coordinated with nitrogen atoms in the C_(3)N_(4) matrix,resulting in the formation of Li-N_(6)-H_(2)O active sites.These active sites facilitated the deprotonation of glucose to form an enolate intermediate,followed by a proton transfer step that generated fructose.This mechanism not only improved the efficiency of fructose production but also provided valuable insight into the catalytic role of lithium within the isomerization process.展开更多
Fructose consumption has risen dramatically in recent decades due to the use of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup in beverages and processed foods,contributing to rising rates of hyperuricemia.The purpose of this e...Fructose consumption has risen dramatically in recent decades due to the use of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup in beverages and processed foods,contributing to rising rates of hyperuricemia.The purpose of this experiment was to explore the anti-hyperuricemia effects of an active oligopeptide(GPSGRP)derived from sea cucumber in fructose induced hyperuricemia mouse model,and to clarify the underlying mechanism in sight of gut microbiota and serum metabolites.Peptide GPSGRP treatment rebalanced uric acid metabolism and alleviated inflammatory response in mice.In addition,treatment with GPSGRP decreased the abundance of Bacteroides and Proteobacteria at the phylum level,Muribaculum,Prevotella and Bacteroides at the genus level,and inhibited the related pathways of purine metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolism.Moreover,serum metabolites,including linoleic acid,indole and its derivatives,arachidonic acid and uridine,as well as related metabolic pathways,such as tricarboxylic acid cycle,ketone production and sugar production,were altered in response to GPSGRP treatment.This study provides a valuable reference for the application and development of marine biological peptides in uric acid management.展开更多
Background:Fructose may induce non-alcoholic fatty acids(NAFLD)due to the gut-liver axis interactions.The mechanism of fructose impairing colon barrier is unrevealed.Methods:Normal and dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-indu...Background:Fructose may induce non-alcoholic fatty acids(NAFLD)due to the gut-liver axis interactions.The mechanism of fructose impairing colon barrier is unrevealed.Methods:Normal and dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced Sprague-Dawley rats fed by 35%fructose diets were used to evaluate colon barrier functions.Microbiome and metabolome were applied to screen potential biomarker bacteria and metabolites induced by fructose.HT-29 cells were applied to validate metabolite biomarker indoleacrylic acid(IAA)and indole-3-carboxaldehyde(I3A)function in colon barrier which impaired by fructose.Results:Fructose induced colon barrier dysfunction,aggravated colon impairment in DSS-induced rats.With fructose intake,the colon length shortened,goblet numbers declined,inflammation infiltration induced,inflammatory cytokines increased,and apoptosis signals upregulated in colon tissue.Moreover,fructose induced dysbiosis of microbiota and their metabolites.Adlercreutzia and Holdemania were screened out as potential bacteria biomarkers,IAA and I3A as tryptophan metabolites were selected as metabolite biomarkers inhibited by fructose.IAA and I3A treatment alleviated the impairment induced by fructose by increasing trans epithelial electric resistance value,tight junction proteins,and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor(Ah R)activity in HT-29 cell.Conclusion:Fructose stimulated inflammation,apoptosis,gut bacteria alteration,and induced the reduction of IAA and I3A.Since fructose inhibited production of IAA and I3A,Ah R remained inactivated and consequently induced colon barrier dysfunction.展开更多
The fructose-to-furfural transformation is facing major challenges in the selectivity and high efficiency. Herein, we have developed a simple and effective approach for the selective conversion of fructose to furfural...The fructose-to-furfural transformation is facing major challenges in the selectivity and high efficiency. Herein, we have developed a simple and effective approach for the selective conversion of fructose to furfural using Hβ zeolite modified by organic acids for dealuminization to regulate its textural and acidic properties. It was found that citric acid-dealuminized Hβ zeolite possessed high specific surface areas, wide channels and high Brønsted acid amount, which facilitated the selective conversion of fructose to furfural with a maximum yield of 76.2% at433 K for 1 h in the γ-butyrolactone(GBL)-H_(2)O system, as well as the concomitant formation of 83.0% formic acid. The^(13)C-isotope labelling experiments and the mechanism revealed that the selective cleavage of C1–C2 or C5–C6 bond on fructose was firstly occurred to form pentose or C5 intermediate by weak Brønsted acid, which was then dehydrated to furfural by strong Brønsted acid. Also this dealuminized Hβ catalyst showed the great recycling performance and was active for the conversion of glucose and mannose.展开更多
Efficient and selective glucose-to-fructose isomerization is a crucial step for production of oxygenated chemicals derived from sugars,which is usually catalyzed by base or Lewis acid heterogeneous catalyst.However,hi...Efficient and selective glucose-to-fructose isomerization is a crucial step for production of oxygenated chemicals derived from sugars,which is usually catalyzed by base or Lewis acid heterogeneous catalyst.However,high yield and selectivity of fructose cannot be simultaneously obtained under mild conditions which hamper the scale of application compared with enzymatic catalysis.Herein,a Li-promoted C_(3)N_(4) catalyst was exploited which afforded an excellent fructose yield(40.3 wt%)and selectivity(99.5%)from glucose in water at 50℃,attributed to the formation of stable Li–N bond to strengthen the basic sites of catalysts.Furthermore,the so-formed N_(6)–Li–H_(2)O active site on Li–C_(3)N_(4) catalyst in aqueous phase changes the local electronic structure and strengthens the deprotonation process during glucose isomerization into fructose.The superior catalytic performance which is comparable to biological pathway suggests promising applications of lithium containing heterogeneous catalyst in biomass refinery.展开更多
High-saturated fat(HF)or high-fructose(HFr)consumption in children predispose them to metabolic syndrome(MetS).In rodent models of MetS,diets containing individually HF or HFr lead to a variable degree of MetS.Neverth...High-saturated fat(HF)or high-fructose(HFr)consumption in children predispose them to metabolic syndrome(MetS).In rodent models of MetS,diets containing individually HF or HFr lead to a variable degree of MetS.Nevertheless,simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr have synergistic effects,worsening MetS outcomes.In children,the effects of HF or HFr intake usually have been addressed individually.Therefore,we have reviewed the outcomes of HF or HFr diets in children,and we compare them with the effects reported in rodents.In humans,HFr intake causes increased lipogenesis,hypertriglyceridemia,obesity and insulin resistance.On the other hand,HF diets promote low grade-inflammation,obesity,insulin resistance.Despite the deleterious effects of simultaneous HF plus HFr intake on MetS development in rodents,there is little information about the combined effects of HF plus HFr intake in children.The aim of this review is to warn about this issue,as individually addressing the effects produced by HF or HFr may underestimate the severity of the outcomes of Western diet intake in the pediatric population.We consider that this is an alarming issue that needs to be assessed,as the simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr is common on fast food menus.展开更多
Isomerization of glucose to fructose is a fundamental and key intermediate process commonly included in the production of valuable chemicals from carbohydrates in biorefinery.Enhancement of fructose yield is a challen...Isomerization of glucose to fructose is a fundamental and key intermediate process commonly included in the production of valuable chemicals from carbohydrates in biorefinery.Enhancement of fructose yield is a challenge.In this work,Sn-doped silica nanotube(Sn-SNT)was developed as a highly efficient Lewis acid catalyst for the selective isomerization of glucose to fructose.Over Sn-SNT,69.1%fructose yield with 78.5%selectivity was obtained after reaction at 110◦C for 6 h.The sole presence of a large amount of Lewis acid sites in Sn-SNT without Brønsted acid site is one of the reasons for the high fructose yield and selectivity.Otherwise,high density of SiOH groups in Sn-SNT can ensure the presence of SiOH groups near the Sn sites,which is important for the isomerization of glucose to fructose,leading to the high fructose yield and selectivity.Furthermore,the Sn-SNT is recyclable.展开更多
Selective conversion of fructose to 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO)is considered as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to petroleum-based processes,however,this approach still faces challenges associated with low e...Selective conversion of fructose to 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO)is considered as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to petroleum-based processes,however,this approach still faces challenges associated with low efficiency and harsh reaction conditions.Here,we have successfully synthesized a novel bifunctional Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst through a facile'one-pot'solvothermal method.Remarkably,this catalyst exhibits exceptional catalytic performances in the conversion of fructose to 1,2-PDO under mild reaction conditions.The yield of 1,2-PDO is up to 56.2%at 140°C for 4 h under an ultra-low hydrogen pressure of only 0.2 MPa,surpassing the reported results in recent literature(below 51%).Comprehensive characterizations and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst,serving as active acidic sites,facilitates the chemoselective cleavage of C-C bonds in fructose,which leads to the generation of active intermediates and ultimately resulted in the high yield of 1,2-PDO.展开更多
Fructose and glucose are often widely used in food processing and may contribute to many metabolic diseases.To observe the effects of different doses of glucose and fructose on human metabolism and cellular communicat...Fructose and glucose are often widely used in food processing and may contribute to many metabolic diseases.To observe the effects of different doses of glucose and fructose on human metabolism and cellular communication,volunteers were given low,medium,and high doses of glucose and fructose.Serum cytokines,glucose,lactate,nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH)and metabolic enzymes were assayed,and central carbon metabolic pathway networks and cytokine communication networks were constructed.The results showed that the glucose and fructose groups basically maintained the trend of decreasing catabolism and increasing anabolism with increasing dose.Compared with glucose,low-dose fructose decreased catabolism and increased anabolism,significantly enhanced the expression of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ(IFN-γ),macrophage-derived chemokine(MDC),induced protein-10(IP-10),and eotaxin,and significantly reduced the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase(ICDH)and pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes(PDHC).Both medium and high doses of fructose increase catabolism and anabolism,and there are more cytokines and enzymes with significant changes.Furthermore,multiple cytokines and enzymes show strong relevance to metabolic regulation by altering the transcription and expression of enzymes in central carbon metabolic pathways.Therefore,excessive intake of fructose should be reduced to avoid excessive inflammatory responses,allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases.展开更多
Sodium butyrate(NaB)can regulate lipid metabolism and inhibit hepatic steatosis.This study aimed to investigate whether NaB can alleviate fructose-induced hepat ic steatosis via remodeling the gut microbiota and evalu...Sodium butyrate(NaB)can regulate lipid metabolism and inhibit hepatic steatosis.This study aimed to investigate whether NaB can alleviate fructose-induced hepat ic steatosis via remodeling the gut microbiota and evaluate the anti-fatty liver mechanisms.The results showed that NaB and NaB-remodeled gut microbiota significantly alleviated fructose-induced hepatic steatosis and increased plasma uric acid and fructose levels.Furthermore,both NaB and NaB-remodeled gut microbiota increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and altered the levels of plasma amino acids(upregulating gamma-amino butyric acid(GABA)and downregulating L-glutamic acid and L-arginine)in fructose-exposed mice.The correlation analysis showed that GABA levels positively correlated with Lactobacillus abundance,and increased GABA levels might promote the reduction of the hepatic triglyceride content.Further studies confirmed that GABA significantly reduced lipid deposition in mouse hepatocytes induced via fructose pretreatment in vitro.These findings suggested that NaB could ameliorate fructose-induced hepatic steatosis by regulating gut microbiota.展开更多
Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are highly important compounds. A comprehensive study of these substances is fascinating from a scientific perspective. They are key components found in wine, vegetabl...Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are highly important compounds. A comprehensive study of these substances is fascinating from a scientific perspective. They are key components found in wine, vegetables, and fruits. Understanding the isotopic compositions in organic compounds is crucial for comprehending various biochemical processes and the nature of substances present in different natural products. Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are widely distributed compounds, including in vegetables and fruits. Tartaric acid plays a significant role in determining the quality and taste properties of wine, while oxalic acid is also prevalent but holds great interest for further research, especially in terms of carbon isotopic composition. We can unveil the mechanisms of processes that were previously impossible to study. Glucose and fructose are the most common monosaccharides in the hexose group, and both are found in fruits, with sweeter fruits containing higher amounts of these substances. In addition to fruits, wheat, barley, rye, onions, garlic, lentils, peppers, dried fruits, beans, broccoli, cabbage, tomatoes, and other foods are also rich sources of fructose and glucose. To determine the mass fraction of the carbon-13 isotope in these compounds, it is important to study their changes during natural synthesis. These compounds can be modified with a carbon center. According to the existing isotopic analysis method, these compounds are converted into carbon oxide or dioxide [1]. At this point, the average carbon content in the given compound is determined, but information about isotope-modified centers is lost. Dilution may occur through the transfer of other carbon-containing organic compounds in the sample or by dilution with natural carbon or carbon dioxide during the transfer process. This article discusses the possibility of carbon-13 isotope propagation directly in these compounds, both completely modified and modified with individual carbon centers. The literature provides information on determining carbon-13 substance in organic compounds, both with a general approach and for individual compounds [2] [3].展开更多
Objective: To study the effects of sodium magnesiusm fructose diphosphate(FDPM) on brain damage of rats after ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Rats were subjected to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced by inserting a ...Objective: To study the effects of sodium magnesiusm fructose diphosphate(FDPM) on brain damage of rats after ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Rats were subjected to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced by inserting a nylon thread into internal carotid artery to block the origin of middle cerebral artery and removing the thread later. FDPM (400 mg·kg -1), fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP, 400 mg·kg -1)and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4, 30 mg·kg -1) were administrated 10 min after the onset of ischemia. Neurological scale, brain infarct area, Malondialdehyde(MDA) content and histopathological changes of brain tissue were studied. Results: FDPM decreased neurological scale, diminished brain infarct area, reduced MDA content and relieved histopathological change of rat brain tissue subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. These effects were more powerful than that of FDP or MgSO 4. Conclusions: It is suggested that FDPM markedly prevented rats against brain damage after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and its effect was better than that of FDP or MgSO 4.展开更多
Epidemiological data show that the consumption of added sugars as ingredients in processed or prepared foods and caloric beverages has dramatically increased. Fructose and fructose-based sweeteners are the most common...Epidemiological data show that the consumption of added sugars as ingredients in processed or prepared foods and caloric beverages has dramatically increased. Fructose and fructose-based sweeteners are the most commonly added sugars and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55: 55% fructose, 42% glucose and 3% higher saccharides) accounts for over 40% of all added caloric sweeteners. Concerns regarding the health risk of added sugar follow the demonstration that the consumption of foods and beverages high in sugars is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and, more recently, ischemic heart and kidney diseases. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effects of sugar are not completely understood and their elucidation is critical to provide new insights on the health risk of fructose-based sweeteners. A better understanding of the key role of fructose overconsumption in the development of metabolic disorders may contribute to planning new strategies for preventing deleterious dietary behaviors from becoming established and, thus, curbing the rise in the number of insulin-resistant, obese and diabetic populations worldwide.展开更多
Hereditary fructose intolerance(HFI) is an underrecognized,preventable life-threatening condition.It is an autosomal recessive disorder with subnormal activity of aldolase B in the liver,kidney and small bowel.Symptom...Hereditary fructose intolerance(HFI) is an underrecognized,preventable life-threatening condition.It is an autosomal recessive disorder with subnormal activity of aldolase B in the liver,kidney and small bowel.Symptoms are present only after the ingestion of fructose,which leads to brisk hypoglycemia,and an individual with continued ingestion will exhibit vomiting,abdominal pain,failure to thrive,and renal and liver failure.A diagnosis of HFI was made in a 50-year-old woman on the basis of medical history,response to fructose intolerance test,demonstration of aldolase B activity reduction in duodenal biopsy,and molecular analysis of leukocyte DNA by PCR showed homozygosity for two doses of mutant gene.HFI may remain undiagnosed until adult life and may lead to disastrous complications following inadvertent fructose or sorbitol infusion.Several lethal episodes of HFI following sorbitol and fructose infusion have been reported.The diagnosis can only be suspected by taking a careful dietary history,and this can present serious complications.展开更多
The effect of tetrandrine (Tet) on the infarction area and volume of rat brain induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. The treatment with Tet 7.5, 12.0 or 15.0 mg·kg 1 , or with...The effect of tetrandrine (Tet) on the infarction area and volume of rat brain induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. The treatment with Tet 7.5, 12.0 or 15.0 mg·kg 1 , or with fructose 1,6 diphosphate (FDP) 200 and 350 mg·kg 1 ip immediately after MCAO, respectively, significantly reduced the infarction area and volume in a dose dependent manner. MK801 and FDP also displayed a protective effect on brain ischemia. A combination of Tet and FDP administered immediately after MCAO, produced a more potent protective effect than those treated with Tet or FDP alone. When Tet or FDP was administered 1 h and 2 h after MCAO, respectively, they could still significantly reduce the infarction area and volume of brain tissue. But, there was no significant protective effect when these two compounds were given 3 h after MCAO.展开更多
Aim To optimize the reaction condition for preparation of 3-spiro-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole substituted fructose and hydrolysis of its isopropylidenes stepwisely. Methods Cyclohexane was added to the reaction mixture every 8...Aim To optimize the reaction condition for preparation of 3-spiro-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole substituted fructose and hydrolysis of its isopropylidenes stepwisely. Methods Cyclohexane was added to the reaction mixture every 8 h to remove acetic acid at 90 ℃. The isopropylidenes were hydrolyzed in 80% AcOH at 60 ℃ stepwisely in a reaction time- dependent manner. Results The yields of cyclization products 1b and 1c were improved from 53% and 51% to 74% and 79% respectively. The 1, 2-di-O-isopropylidene product 3 was obtained after 1 h and the total deprotected product 4 was obtained after 3 h in 80% AcOH at 60 ℃. Conclusion The yield of 1 is improved by cyclohexane-aided azeotropic removal of AcOH from the reaction mixture. Deprotection of 1 in 80% AcOH at 60 ℃ gives 3 or 4 after different time periods.展开更多
We aimed to investigate whether increased consumption of fructose is linked to the increased prevalence of fatty liver.The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) is 3% and 20% in nonobese and obese subjects,...We aimed to investigate whether increased consumption of fructose is linked to the increased prevalence of fatty liver.The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) is 3% and 20% in nonobese and obese subjects,respectively.Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflam-m-atory condition and obesity-related cytokines such as interleukin-6,adiponectin,leptin,and tumor necrosis factor-α may play important roles in the developm-ent of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Additionally,the prevalence of NASH associated with both cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinom-a was reported to be high am-ong patients with type 2 diabetes with or without obesity.Our research group previously showed that consumption of fructose is associated with adverse alterations of plasma lipid profiles and metabolic changes in m-ice,the Am-erican Lifestyle-Induced Obesity Syndrom-e m-odel,which included consum-ption of a high-fructose corn syrup in amounts relevant to that consum-ed by som-e Am-ericans.The observation reinforces the concerns about the role of fructose in the obesity epidem-ic.Increased availability of fructose(e.g.,high-fructose corn syrup) increases not only abnorm-al glucose flux but also fructose m-etabolism-in the hepatocyte.Thus,the anatomic position of the liver places it in a strategic buffering position for absorbed carbohydrates and am-ino acids.Fructose was previously accepted as a beneficial dietary com-ponent because it does not stim-ulate insulin secretion.However,since insulin signaling plays an important role in central m-echanism-s of NAFLD,this property of fructose m-ay be undesirable.Fructose has a selective hepatic m-etabolism,and provokes a hepatic stress response involving activation of c-Jun N-term-inal kinases and subsequent reduced hepatic insulin signaling.As high fat diet alone produces obesity,insulin resistance,and som-e degree of fatty liver with m-inim-al inflam-m-ation and no fibrosis,the fast food diet which includes fructose and fats produces a gene expression signature of increased hepatic fibrosis,inflam-m-ation,endoplasm-ic reticulumstress and lipoapoptosis.Hepatic de novo lipogenesis(fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis) is increased in patients with NAFLD.Stable-isotope studies showed that increased de novo lipogenesis(DNL) in patients with NAFLD contributed to fat accum-ulation in the liver and the developm-ent of NAFLD.Specifically,DNL was responsible for 26% of accum-ulated hepatic triglycerides and 15%-23% of secreted very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides in patients with NAFLD com-pared to an estim-ated less than 5% DNL in healthy subjects and 10% DNL in obese people with hyperinsulinem-ia.In conclusion,understanding the underlying causes of NAFLD form-s the basis for rational preventive and treatm-ent strategies of this m-ajor form-of chronic liver disease.展开更多
Experimental data on the solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose in the mixed solvents com-posed of water and ethanol from 273.2 to 293.2 K were determined.The solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose dec...Experimental data on the solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose in the mixed solvents com-posed of water and ethanol from 273.2 to 293.2 K were determined.The solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose decreased as the ethanol content increased in the mixed solvent.The solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose decreased with decreasing equilibrium temperature.The modified UNIQUAC model,S-UNIFAC model and mS-UNIFAC model were applied to predict the solid-liquid equilibria.The prediction results were compared and discussed.Better prediction accuracy was generated using the modified UNIQUAC model.展开更多
Sulfated porous carbon （PC-SO3H） catalyst was successfully synthesized from one-pot treatment of porous polydivinylbenzene in H2SO4 at 250 ℃, which exhibited very good catalytic performances in the production of 5-...Sulfated porous carbon （PC-SO3H） catalyst was successfully synthesized from one-pot treatment of porous polydivinylbenzene in H2SO4 at 250 ℃, which exhibited very good catalytic performances in the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Fructose is cytoprotective during bile salt-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes by regulating protein kinase C (PKC). This study was undertaken to explore the regulating mechanism of hepatic injury in rats wi...BACKGROUND: Fructose is cytoprotective during bile salt-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes by regulating protein kinase C (PKC). This study was undertaken to explore the regulating mechanism of hepatic injury in rats with obstructive jaundice, and to detect the PKC signal pathway. METHODS: Rat hepatocytes were isolated by in situ colla-genase perfusion and primary culture, and pretreated with various concentrations of PKC agonist phorbol myristate acetale (PMA) and inhibitor chelerythrine for 20 minutes. After pretreatment, 50 μmol/L glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) was added for additional 24 hours. Subsequently, the cells were detected by FCM and TUNEL. After adding with different concentrations of fructose and 100 μmol GCDC , the hepatocytes were evaluated by FCM and TUNEL. Experimental obstructive jaundice was induced with fructose and without fructose via double ligation of the bile duct for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Apoptotic status in the liver of all rats was detected with TUNEL, and PKC protein in the liver of obstructive jaundice ( OJ) with the immunohisto-chemistry method. RESULTS: PMA increased GCDC-induced apoptosis and chelerythrine decreased GCDC-induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Adding with different concentration of fructose and 100 μmol GCDC, the decreased apoptotic rate was related to the concentration of fructose. The apoptotic rate of the liver was related to times of OJ. PKC and apoptosis index (AI) were the highest after a 14-day ligation of the bile duct without use of fructose. AI and PKC were decreasing from a 14-day ligation of the bile duct with fructose. CONCLUSIONS: PKC takes part in the regulation, occurrence , and progression of hepatic injury in OJ. Fructose is cytoprotective during bile salt-induced apoptosis of hepato-cytes by regulating PKC.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278419)the Key Core Technology Research(Social Development)Foundation of Suzhou(2023ss06)the Suzhou National Joint Laboratory for Green and Low-carbon Wastewater Treatment and Resource Utilization Technology,Suzhou University of Science and Technology(SZLSDT202404).
文摘Fully utilizing renewable biomass energy is important for saving energy,reducing carbon emissions,and mitigating climate change.As the main hydrolysate of cellulose,a primary component of lignocellulose,glucose could be employed as a starting material to prepare some other functional derivatives for improving the value of biomass resources.The isomerization of glucose to produce fructose is an important intermediate process during numerous high-value-added chemical preparations.Therefore,the development of efficient and selective catalysts for glucose isomerization is of great significance.Currently,glucose isomerase catalysts are limited by the harsh conditions required for microbial activity,which restricts further improvements in fructose yield.Additionally,heterogeneous Bronsted-base and Lewis-acid catalysts commonly employed in chemical isomerization methods often lead to the formation of undesirable by-products,resulting in reduced selectivity toward fructose.This study has demonstrated that lithium-loaded heterogeneous catalysts possess excellent isomerization capabilities under mild conditions.A highly efficient Li-C_(3)N_(4) catalyst was developed,achieving a fructose selectivity of 99.9% and a yield of 42.6% at 60℃ within 1.0 h-comparable to the performance of the enzymatic method.Characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),proton nuclear magnetic resonance(^(1)H NMR),and inductively coupled plasma(ICP)analyses confirmed that lithium was stably incorporated into the g-C_(3)N_(4) framework through the formation of Li-N bonds.Further investigations using CO_(2) temperature-programmed desorption(CO_(2)-TPD),in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and 7Li magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance(^(7)Li MAS NMR)indicated that the isomerization proceeded via a base-catalyzed mechanism.The Li species were found to interact with hydroxyl groups generated through hydrolysis and simultaneously coordinated with nitrogen atoms in the C_(3)N_(4) matrix,resulting in the formation of Li-N_(6)-H_(2)O active sites.These active sites facilitated the deprotonation of glucose to form an enolate intermediate,followed by a proton transfer step that generated fructose.This mechanism not only improved the efficiency of fructose production but also provided valuable insight into the catalytic role of lithium within the isomerization process.
基金sponsored by the One Health Interdisciplinary Research Project,Ningbo University,Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education in Ningbo University,and K.C.Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo Universitythe National Natural Science Foundation China(32270115)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0901102)Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang(SJLY2021015)。
文摘Fructose consumption has risen dramatically in recent decades due to the use of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup in beverages and processed foods,contributing to rising rates of hyperuricemia.The purpose of this experiment was to explore the anti-hyperuricemia effects of an active oligopeptide(GPSGRP)derived from sea cucumber in fructose induced hyperuricemia mouse model,and to clarify the underlying mechanism in sight of gut microbiota and serum metabolites.Peptide GPSGRP treatment rebalanced uric acid metabolism and alleviated inflammatory response in mice.In addition,treatment with GPSGRP decreased the abundance of Bacteroides and Proteobacteria at the phylum level,Muribaculum,Prevotella and Bacteroides at the genus level,and inhibited the related pathways of purine metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolism.Moreover,serum metabolites,including linoleic acid,indole and its derivatives,arachidonic acid and uridine,as well as related metabolic pathways,such as tricarboxylic acid cycle,ketone production and sugar production,were altered in response to GPSGRP treatment.This study provides a valuable reference for the application and development of marine biological peptides in uric acid management.
基金supported by the Special Funds of Basic Research of Central Public Welfare Institute(JY2010 and ZX2410)。
文摘Background:Fructose may induce non-alcoholic fatty acids(NAFLD)due to the gut-liver axis interactions.The mechanism of fructose impairing colon barrier is unrevealed.Methods:Normal and dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced Sprague-Dawley rats fed by 35%fructose diets were used to evaluate colon barrier functions.Microbiome and metabolome were applied to screen potential biomarker bacteria and metabolites induced by fructose.HT-29 cells were applied to validate metabolite biomarker indoleacrylic acid(IAA)and indole-3-carboxaldehyde(I3A)function in colon barrier which impaired by fructose.Results:Fructose induced colon barrier dysfunction,aggravated colon impairment in DSS-induced rats.With fructose intake,the colon length shortened,goblet numbers declined,inflammation infiltration induced,inflammatory cytokines increased,and apoptosis signals upregulated in colon tissue.Moreover,fructose induced dysbiosis of microbiota and their metabolites.Adlercreutzia and Holdemania were screened out as potential bacteria biomarkers,IAA and I3A as tryptophan metabolites were selected as metabolite biomarkers inhibited by fructose.IAA and I3A treatment alleviated the impairment induced by fructose by increasing trans epithelial electric resistance value,tight junction proteins,and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor(Ah R)activity in HT-29 cell.Conclusion:Fructose stimulated inflammation,apoptosis,gut bacteria alteration,and induced the reduction of IAA and I3A.Since fructose inhibited production of IAA and I3A,Ah R remained inactivated and consequently induced colon barrier dysfunction.
基金supported by Program for National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22178135,21978104 and 22278419)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2101601)。
文摘The fructose-to-furfural transformation is facing major challenges in the selectivity and high efficiency. Herein, we have developed a simple and effective approach for the selective conversion of fructose to furfural using Hβ zeolite modified by organic acids for dealuminization to regulate its textural and acidic properties. It was found that citric acid-dealuminized Hβ zeolite possessed high specific surface areas, wide channels and high Brønsted acid amount, which facilitated the selective conversion of fructose to furfural with a maximum yield of 76.2% at433 K for 1 h in the γ-butyrolactone(GBL)-H_(2)O system, as well as the concomitant formation of 83.0% formic acid. The^(13)C-isotope labelling experiments and the mechanism revealed that the selective cleavage of C1–C2 or C5–C6 bond on fructose was firstly occurred to form pentose or C5 intermediate by weak Brønsted acid, which was then dehydrated to furfural by strong Brønsted acid. Also this dealuminized Hβ catalyst showed the great recycling performance and was active for the conversion of glucose and mannose.
基金The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278419,21978316,22108289,22172188)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFB0604700)Suzhou Key Technology Research(Social Development)Project(2023ss06)。
文摘Efficient and selective glucose-to-fructose isomerization is a crucial step for production of oxygenated chemicals derived from sugars,which is usually catalyzed by base or Lewis acid heterogeneous catalyst.However,high yield and selectivity of fructose cannot be simultaneously obtained under mild conditions which hamper the scale of application compared with enzymatic catalysis.Herein,a Li-promoted C_(3)N_(4) catalyst was exploited which afforded an excellent fructose yield(40.3 wt%)and selectivity(99.5%)from glucose in water at 50℃,attributed to the formation of stable Li–N bond to strengthen the basic sites of catalysts.Furthermore,the so-formed N_(6)–Li–H_(2)O active site on Li–C_(3)N_(4) catalyst in aqueous phase changes the local electronic structure and strengthens the deprotonation process during glucose isomerization into fructose.The superior catalytic performance which is comparable to biological pathway suggests promising applications of lithium containing heterogeneous catalyst in biomass refinery.
基金Supported by Instituto de Ciencia,Tecnología e Innovación–Gobierno del Estado de Michoacán,No.ICTI-PICIR23-063,No.ICTIPICIR23-028Programa Proyectos de Investigación financiados 2024,Coordinación de Investigación Científica,Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo,México.
文摘High-saturated fat(HF)or high-fructose(HFr)consumption in children predispose them to metabolic syndrome(MetS).In rodent models of MetS,diets containing individually HF or HFr lead to a variable degree of MetS.Nevertheless,simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr have synergistic effects,worsening MetS outcomes.In children,the effects of HF or HFr intake usually have been addressed individually.Therefore,we have reviewed the outcomes of HF or HFr diets in children,and we compare them with the effects reported in rodents.In humans,HFr intake causes increased lipogenesis,hypertriglyceridemia,obesity and insulin resistance.On the other hand,HF diets promote low grade-inflammation,obesity,insulin resistance.Despite the deleterious effects of simultaneous HF plus HFr intake on MetS development in rodents,there is little information about the combined effects of HF plus HFr intake in children.The aim of this review is to warn about this issue,as individually addressing the effects produced by HF or HFr may underestimate the severity of the outcomes of Western diet intake in the pediatric population.We consider that this is an alarming issue that needs to be assessed,as the simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr is common on fast food menus.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2180212552074244)+2 种基金the Central Plains Science and Technology Innovation Leader Project(214200510006)Henan Outstanding Foreign Scientists,Workroom(GZS2018004)and the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC2104505)the Program of Henan Center for Oustanding Overseas Scientists(No.GZS2022007)for the financial support.
文摘Isomerization of glucose to fructose is a fundamental and key intermediate process commonly included in the production of valuable chemicals from carbohydrates in biorefinery.Enhancement of fructose yield is a challenge.In this work,Sn-doped silica nanotube(Sn-SNT)was developed as a highly efficient Lewis acid catalyst for the selective isomerization of glucose to fructose.Over Sn-SNT,69.1%fructose yield with 78.5%selectivity was obtained after reaction at 110◦C for 6 h.The sole presence of a large amount of Lewis acid sites in Sn-SNT without Brønsted acid site is one of the reasons for the high fructose yield and selectivity.Otherwise,high density of SiOH groups in Sn-SNT can ensure the presence of SiOH groups near the Sn sites,which is important for the isomerization of glucose to fructose,leading to the high fructose yield and selectivity.Furthermore,the Sn-SNT is recyclable.
基金the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0458)the State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control(2011DA105287-MS202203)+4 种基金the Joint Fund for Innovation and Development of Chongqing(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0030)the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22168027 and 22308169)the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0741)the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22105028)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0572)。
文摘Selective conversion of fructose to 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO)is considered as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to petroleum-based processes,however,this approach still faces challenges associated with low efficiency and harsh reaction conditions.Here,we have successfully synthesized a novel bifunctional Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst through a facile'one-pot'solvothermal method.Remarkably,this catalyst exhibits exceptional catalytic performances in the conversion of fructose to 1,2-PDO under mild reaction conditions.The yield of 1,2-PDO is up to 56.2%at 140°C for 4 h under an ultra-low hydrogen pressure of only 0.2 MPa,surpassing the reported results in recent literature(below 51%).Comprehensive characterizations and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst,serving as active acidic sites,facilitates the chemoselective cleavage of C-C bonds in fructose,which leads to the generation of active intermediates and ultimately resulted in the high yield of 1,2-PDO.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901782)。
文摘Fructose and glucose are often widely used in food processing and may contribute to many metabolic diseases.To observe the effects of different doses of glucose and fructose on human metabolism and cellular communication,volunteers were given low,medium,and high doses of glucose and fructose.Serum cytokines,glucose,lactate,nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH)and metabolic enzymes were assayed,and central carbon metabolic pathway networks and cytokine communication networks were constructed.The results showed that the glucose and fructose groups basically maintained the trend of decreasing catabolism and increasing anabolism with increasing dose.Compared with glucose,low-dose fructose decreased catabolism and increased anabolism,significantly enhanced the expression of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ(IFN-γ),macrophage-derived chemokine(MDC),induced protein-10(IP-10),and eotaxin,and significantly reduced the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase(ICDH)and pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes(PDHC).Both medium and high doses of fructose increase catabolism and anabolism,and there are more cytokines and enzymes with significant changes.Furthermore,multiple cytokines and enzymes show strong relevance to metabolic regulation by altering the transcription and expression of enzymes in central carbon metabolic pathways.Therefore,excessive intake of fructose should be reduced to avoid excessive inflammatory responses,allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFE0114400)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘Sodium butyrate(NaB)can regulate lipid metabolism and inhibit hepatic steatosis.This study aimed to investigate whether NaB can alleviate fructose-induced hepat ic steatosis via remodeling the gut microbiota and evaluate the anti-fatty liver mechanisms.The results showed that NaB and NaB-remodeled gut microbiota significantly alleviated fructose-induced hepatic steatosis and increased plasma uric acid and fructose levels.Furthermore,both NaB and NaB-remodeled gut microbiota increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and altered the levels of plasma amino acids(upregulating gamma-amino butyric acid(GABA)and downregulating L-glutamic acid and L-arginine)in fructose-exposed mice.The correlation analysis showed that GABA levels positively correlated with Lactobacillus abundance,and increased GABA levels might promote the reduction of the hepatic triglyceride content.Further studies confirmed that GABA significantly reduced lipid deposition in mouse hepatocytes induced via fructose pretreatment in vitro.These findings suggested that NaB could ameliorate fructose-induced hepatic steatosis by regulating gut microbiota.
文摘Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are highly important compounds. A comprehensive study of these substances is fascinating from a scientific perspective. They are key components found in wine, vegetables, and fruits. Understanding the isotopic compositions in organic compounds is crucial for comprehending various biochemical processes and the nature of substances present in different natural products. Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are widely distributed compounds, including in vegetables and fruits. Tartaric acid plays a significant role in determining the quality and taste properties of wine, while oxalic acid is also prevalent but holds great interest for further research, especially in terms of carbon isotopic composition. We can unveil the mechanisms of processes that were previously impossible to study. Glucose and fructose are the most common monosaccharides in the hexose group, and both are found in fruits, with sweeter fruits containing higher amounts of these substances. In addition to fruits, wheat, barley, rye, onions, garlic, lentils, peppers, dried fruits, beans, broccoli, cabbage, tomatoes, and other foods are also rich sources of fructose and glucose. To determine the mass fraction of the carbon-13 isotope in these compounds, it is important to study their changes during natural synthesis. These compounds can be modified with a carbon center. According to the existing isotopic analysis method, these compounds are converted into carbon oxide or dioxide [1]. At this point, the average carbon content in the given compound is determined, but information about isotope-modified centers is lost. Dilution may occur through the transfer of other carbon-containing organic compounds in the sample or by dilution with natural carbon or carbon dioxide during the transfer process. This article discusses the possibility of carbon-13 isotope propagation directly in these compounds, both completely modified and modified with individual carbon centers. The literature provides information on determining carbon-13 substance in organic compounds, both with a general approach and for individual compounds [2] [3].
文摘Objective: To study the effects of sodium magnesiusm fructose diphosphate(FDPM) on brain damage of rats after ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Rats were subjected to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced by inserting a nylon thread into internal carotid artery to block the origin of middle cerebral artery and removing the thread later. FDPM (400 mg·kg -1), fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP, 400 mg·kg -1)and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4, 30 mg·kg -1) were administrated 10 min after the onset of ischemia. Neurological scale, brain infarct area, Malondialdehyde(MDA) content and histopathological changes of brain tissue were studied. Results: FDPM decreased neurological scale, diminished brain infarct area, reduced MDA content and relieved histopathological change of rat brain tissue subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. These effects were more powerful than that of FDP or MgSO 4. Conclusions: It is suggested that FDPM markedly prevented rats against brain damage after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and its effect was better than that of FDP or MgSO 4.
文摘Epidemiological data show that the consumption of added sugars as ingredients in processed or prepared foods and caloric beverages has dramatically increased. Fructose and fructose-based sweeteners are the most commonly added sugars and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55: 55% fructose, 42% glucose and 3% higher saccharides) accounts for over 40% of all added caloric sweeteners. Concerns regarding the health risk of added sugar follow the demonstration that the consumption of foods and beverages high in sugars is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and, more recently, ischemic heart and kidney diseases. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effects of sugar are not completely understood and their elucidation is critical to provide new insights on the health risk of fructose-based sweeteners. A better understanding of the key role of fructose overconsumption in the development of metabolic disorders may contribute to planning new strategies for preventing deleterious dietary behaviors from becoming established and, thus, curbing the rise in the number of insulin-resistant, obese and diabetic populations worldwide.
文摘Hereditary fructose intolerance(HFI) is an underrecognized,preventable life-threatening condition.It is an autosomal recessive disorder with subnormal activity of aldolase B in the liver,kidney and small bowel.Symptoms are present only after the ingestion of fructose,which leads to brisk hypoglycemia,and an individual with continued ingestion will exhibit vomiting,abdominal pain,failure to thrive,and renal and liver failure.A diagnosis of HFI was made in a 50-year-old woman on the basis of medical history,response to fructose intolerance test,demonstration of aldolase B activity reduction in duodenal biopsy,and molecular analysis of leukocyte DNA by PCR showed homozygosity for two doses of mutant gene.HFI may remain undiagnosed until adult life and may lead to disastrous complications following inadvertent fructose or sorbitol infusion.Several lethal episodes of HFI following sorbitol and fructose infusion have been reported.The diagnosis can only be suspected by taking a careful dietary history,and this can present serious complications.
文摘The effect of tetrandrine (Tet) on the infarction area and volume of rat brain induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. The treatment with Tet 7.5, 12.0 or 15.0 mg·kg 1 , or with fructose 1,6 diphosphate (FDP) 200 and 350 mg·kg 1 ip immediately after MCAO, respectively, significantly reduced the infarction area and volume in a dose dependent manner. MK801 and FDP also displayed a protective effect on brain ischemia. A combination of Tet and FDP administered immediately after MCAO, produced a more potent protective effect than those treated with Tet or FDP alone. When Tet or FDP was administered 1 h and 2 h after MCAO, respectively, they could still significantly reduce the infarction area and volume of brain tissue. But, there was no significant protective effect when these two compounds were given 3 h after MCAO.
文摘Aim To optimize the reaction condition for preparation of 3-spiro-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole substituted fructose and hydrolysis of its isopropylidenes stepwisely. Methods Cyclohexane was added to the reaction mixture every 8 h to remove acetic acid at 90 ℃. The isopropylidenes were hydrolyzed in 80% AcOH at 60 ℃ stepwisely in a reaction time- dependent manner. Results The yields of cyclization products 1b and 1c were improved from 53% and 51% to 74% and 79% respectively. The 1, 2-di-O-isopropylidene product 3 was obtained after 1 h and the total deprotected product 4 was obtained after 3 h in 80% AcOH at 60 ℃. Conclusion The yield of 1 is improved by cyclohexane-aided azeotropic removal of AcOH from the reaction mixture. Deprotection of 1 in 80% AcOH at 60 ℃ gives 3 or 4 after different time periods.
文摘We aimed to investigate whether increased consumption of fructose is linked to the increased prevalence of fatty liver.The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) is 3% and 20% in nonobese and obese subjects,respectively.Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflam-m-atory condition and obesity-related cytokines such as interleukin-6,adiponectin,leptin,and tumor necrosis factor-α may play important roles in the developm-ent of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Additionally,the prevalence of NASH associated with both cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinom-a was reported to be high am-ong patients with type 2 diabetes with or without obesity.Our research group previously showed that consumption of fructose is associated with adverse alterations of plasma lipid profiles and metabolic changes in m-ice,the Am-erican Lifestyle-Induced Obesity Syndrom-e m-odel,which included consum-ption of a high-fructose corn syrup in amounts relevant to that consum-ed by som-e Am-ericans.The observation reinforces the concerns about the role of fructose in the obesity epidem-ic.Increased availability of fructose(e.g.,high-fructose corn syrup) increases not only abnorm-al glucose flux but also fructose m-etabolism-in the hepatocyte.Thus,the anatomic position of the liver places it in a strategic buffering position for absorbed carbohydrates and am-ino acids.Fructose was previously accepted as a beneficial dietary com-ponent because it does not stim-ulate insulin secretion.However,since insulin signaling plays an important role in central m-echanism-s of NAFLD,this property of fructose m-ay be undesirable.Fructose has a selective hepatic m-etabolism,and provokes a hepatic stress response involving activation of c-Jun N-term-inal kinases and subsequent reduced hepatic insulin signaling.As high fat diet alone produces obesity,insulin resistance,and som-e degree of fatty liver with m-inim-al inflam-m-ation and no fibrosis,the fast food diet which includes fructose and fats produces a gene expression signature of increased hepatic fibrosis,inflam-m-ation,endoplasm-ic reticulumstress and lipoapoptosis.Hepatic de novo lipogenesis(fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis) is increased in patients with NAFLD.Stable-isotope studies showed that increased de novo lipogenesis(DNL) in patients with NAFLD contributed to fat accum-ulation in the liver and the developm-ent of NAFLD.Specifically,DNL was responsible for 26% of accum-ulated hepatic triglycerides and 15%-23% of secreted very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides in patients with NAFLD com-pared to an estim-ated less than 5% DNL in healthy subjects and 10% DNL in obese people with hyperinsulinem-ia.In conclusion,understanding the underlying causes of NAFLD form-s the basis for rational preventive and treatm-ent strategies of this m-ajor form-of chronic liver disease.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project （2009ZX09313-036） the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation （20090461360） the Zhejiang Provincial Education Department Projects （Y200907556）
文摘Experimental data on the solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose in the mixed solvents com-posed of water and ethanol from 273.2 to 293.2 K were determined.The solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose decreased as the ethanol content increased in the mixed solvent.The solubility of D-glucose,D-fructose and sucrose decreased with decreasing equilibrium temperature.The modified UNIQUAC model,S-UNIFAC model and mS-UNIFAC model were applied to predict the solid-liquid equilibria.The prediction results were compared and discussed.Better prediction accuracy was generated using the modified UNIQUAC model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1162201)the Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University (20121051)
文摘Sulfated porous carbon （PC-SO3H） catalyst was successfully synthesized from one-pot treatment of porous polydivinylbenzene in H2SO4 at 250 ℃, which exhibited very good catalytic performances in the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose.
文摘BACKGROUND: Fructose is cytoprotective during bile salt-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes by regulating protein kinase C (PKC). This study was undertaken to explore the regulating mechanism of hepatic injury in rats with obstructive jaundice, and to detect the PKC signal pathway. METHODS: Rat hepatocytes were isolated by in situ colla-genase perfusion and primary culture, and pretreated with various concentrations of PKC agonist phorbol myristate acetale (PMA) and inhibitor chelerythrine for 20 minutes. After pretreatment, 50 μmol/L glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) was added for additional 24 hours. Subsequently, the cells were detected by FCM and TUNEL. After adding with different concentrations of fructose and 100 μmol GCDC , the hepatocytes were evaluated by FCM and TUNEL. Experimental obstructive jaundice was induced with fructose and without fructose via double ligation of the bile duct for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Apoptotic status in the liver of all rats was detected with TUNEL, and PKC protein in the liver of obstructive jaundice ( OJ) with the immunohisto-chemistry method. RESULTS: PMA increased GCDC-induced apoptosis and chelerythrine decreased GCDC-induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Adding with different concentration of fructose and 100 μmol GCDC, the decreased apoptotic rate was related to the concentration of fructose. The apoptotic rate of the liver was related to times of OJ. PKC and apoptosis index (AI) were the highest after a 14-day ligation of the bile duct without use of fructose. AI and PKC were decreasing from a 14-day ligation of the bile duct with fructose. CONCLUSIONS: PKC takes part in the regulation, occurrence , and progression of hepatic injury in OJ. Fructose is cytoprotective during bile salt-induced apoptosis of hepato-cytes by regulating PKC.
