This paper describes a low-noise front-end readout circuit for CZT detectors based on TSMC 0.35 um mixed-single CMOS technology;mainly analyzes the noise model of the detector-preamplifier and presents the low-noise c...This paper describes a low-noise front-end readout circuit for CZT detectors based on TSMC 0.35 um mixed-single CMOS technology;mainly analyzes the noise model of the detector-preamplifier and presents the low-noise circuit schematic of charge sensitive preamplifier and shaper. Considering the parasitical influences, the circuit and layout-design are optimized to reduce noise. The preliminary simulation results show that, the equivalent noise charge (ENC) is 74 e﹣ (rms), noise slope is 9 e﹣/pF, power consumption is 2 mW, and non-linearity展开更多
The architecture of a multi-channel front-end system is important for realizing a high-resolution PET system. We propose a novel front-end readout electronic system with TDC to deal with time information for PET syste...The architecture of a multi-channel front-end system is important for realizing a high-resolution PET system. We propose a novel front-end readout electronic system with TDC to deal with time information for PET system which can easily design the timing control. Each channel consists of a charge preamplifier, slow/fast shaper, discriminator and an analog memory. There are an ADC and a TDC to process the energy information and time information for each channel at the same time. In this paper, the whole system signals flow is all simulated by MATLAB. The simulation results show that the proposed system can process slender current from the detector and achieve the energy and time information. The proposed architecture can be applied to high-resolution PET imaging systems with multi-channel ASICs.展开更多
In this paper, the design of a novel low-noise front-end readout circuit for Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) X-ray and γ-ray detectors is described. The front-end readout circuits include the charge sensitive amplifi...In this paper, the design of a novel low-noise front-end readout circuit for Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) X-ray and γ-ray detectors is described. The front-end readout circuits include the charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) and the CR-RC shaper is implemented in TSMC 0.35 μm mixed-signal CMOS technology. The die size of the prototype chip is 4.9 mm × 2.2 mm. The simulation results show that, the noise performance is 46 electrons + 10 electrons/pF, and power consumption is 1.65 mW per channel.展开更多
The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(...The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.展开更多
The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor th...The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor the beam status and to improve the reconstruction resolution of the primary vertex.Custom-designed pixel charge sensors,named TopmetalCEEv1,are employed in the detector to locate the position of each particle.Readout electronics for the beam monitor were designed,including front-end electronics utilizing the Topmetal-CEEv1 sensors,as well as a readout and control unit that communicates with the DAQ,trigger,and clock systems.A series of tests were performed to validate the functionality and performance of the system,including basic electronic verifications and responses toαparticles and heavy-ion beams.The results show that all designed functions of the readout electronics system work well,and this system could be used for beam monitoring in the CEE experiment.展开更多
The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high c...The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high charge resolution.In this study,we present a compact readout electronic system for the SCD that is designed for the HERD heavy-ion beam test.It comprises front-end readout electronics with 200 input channels as well as data acquisition and data management electronics.The test results showed that the SCD readout system had low noise with a silicon-strip detector connected.The dynamic range could be extended from 200 to 1200 fC,and the cosmic-ray test was performed as expected.展开更多
This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high back...This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high background-count rate in the STCF ECAL,the temporal features of signals are analyzed node-by-node along the chain of the analog front-end circuit.Then,the system is optimized to mitigate the pile-up effects and elevate the count rate to megahertz levels.First,a charge-sensitive amplifier(CSA)with a fast reset path is developed,enabling quick resetting when the output reaches the maximum amplitude.This prevents the CSA from entering a pulse-dead zone owing to amplifier saturation caused by the pile-up.Second,a high-order shaper with baseline holder circuits is improved to enhance the anti-pile-up capability while maintaining an effective noise-filtering performance.Third,a high-speed peak-detection and hold circuit with an asynchronous first-input-first-output buffer function is proposed to hold and read the piled-up signals of the shaper.The ASIC is designed and manufactured using a standard commercial 1P6M 0.18μm mixed-signal CMOS process with a chip area of 2.4 mm×1.6 mm.The measurement results demonstrate a dynamic range of 4–500 fC with a nonlinearity error below 1.5%.For periodically distributed input signals,a count rate of 1.5 MHz/Ch is achieved with a peak time of 360 ns,resulting in an equivalent noise charge(ENC)of 2500 e^(-)-.The maximum count rate is 4 MHz/Ch at a peak time of 120 ns.At a peak time of 1.68μs with a 270 pF external capacitance,the minimum ENC is 1966 e^(-)-,and the noise slope is 3.08 e^(-)-∕pF.The timing resolution is better than 125 ps at an input charge of 200 fC.The power consumption is 35 mW/Ch.展开更多
Front-end readout electronics have been developed for silicon strip detectors at our institute. In this system an Application Specific Integrated Circuit （ASIC） ATHED is used to realize multi-channel energy and time...Front-end readout electronics have been developed for silicon strip detectors at our institute. In this system an Application Specific Integrated Circuit （ASIC） ATHED is used to realize multi-channel energy and time measurements. The slow control of ASIC chips is achieved by parallel port and the timing control signals of ASIC chips are implemented with the CPLD. The data acquisition is carried out with a PXI-DAQ card. The software has a user-friendly GUI developed with LabWindows/CVI in the Windows XP operating system. The test results show that the energy resolution is about 1.14% for alpha at 5.48 MeV and the maximum channel crosstalk of the system is 4.60%. The performance of the system is very reliable and is suitable for nuclear physics experiments.展开更多
An ultra-low power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor （CMOS） front-end readout ASIC was developed for a portable digital radiation detector. The ASIC having a charge sensitive amplifier and a semi-Gaussian puls...An ultra-low power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor （CMOS） front-end readout ASIC was developed for a portable digital radiation detector. The ASIC having a charge sensitive amplifier and a semi-Gaussian pulse-shaper was produced using the CSMC 0.5 μm DPDM process. The ENC noise of 363 e at 0 pF with a noise slope of 23 e/pF complies with the stringent low noise requirements. The peaking time was 250 ns at a 100 mV/fC conversion gain （detector capacitance is 20 pF）. By operating this frontend readout ASIC in the weak inversion region, the ultra-low power dissipation is only 0.1 mW/channel （3.0 V） Simulations and test results suggest that this design gives lower power consumption than the front-end readout ASICs working in the strong inversion and is appropriate for the portable digital radiation detectors.展开更多
The single-shot readout data process is essential for the realization of high-fidelity qubits and fault-tolerant quantum algorithms in semiconductor quantum dots. However, the fidelity and visibility of the readout pr...The single-shot readout data process is essential for the realization of high-fidelity qubits and fault-tolerant quantum algorithms in semiconductor quantum dots. However, the fidelity and visibility of the readout process are sensitive to the choice of the thresholds and limited by the experimental hardware. By demonstrating the linear dependence between the measured spin state probabilities and readout visibilities along with dark counts, we describe an alternative threshold-independent method for the single-shot readout of spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots. We can obtain the extrapolated spin state probabilities of the prepared probabilities of the excited spin state through the threshold-independent method. We then analyze the corresponding errors of the method, finding that errors of the extrapolated probabilities cannot be neglected with no constraints on the readout time and threshold voltage. Therefore, by limiting the readout time and threshold voltage, we ensure the accuracy of the extrapolated probability. We then prove that the efficiency and robustness of this method are 60 times larger than those of the most commonly used method. Moreover, we discuss the influence of the electron temperature on the effective area with a fixed external magnetic field and provide a preliminary demonstration for a single-shot readout of up to 0.7K/1.5T in the future.展开更多
The BETA application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)is a fully programmable chip designed to amplify,shape and digitize the signal of up to 64 Silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)channels,with a power consumption of approx...The BETA application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)is a fully programmable chip designed to amplify,shape and digitize the signal of up to 64 Silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)channels,with a power consumption of approximately~1 mW/channel.Owing to its dual-path gain,the BETA chip is capable of resolving single photoelectrons(phes)with a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)>5 while simultaneously achieving a dynamic range of~4000 phes.Thus,BETA can provide a cost-effective solution for the readout of SiPMs in space missions and other applications with a maximum rate below 10 kHz.In this study,we describe the key characteristics of the BETA ASIC and present an evaluation of the performance of its 16-channel version,which is implemented using 130 nm technology.The ASIC also contains two discriminators that can provide trigger signals with a time jitter down to 400 ps FWHM for 10 phes.The linearity error of the charge gain measurement was less than 2%for a dynamic range as large as 15 bits.展开更多
The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and a...The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.展开更多
The High-energy Fragment Separator(HFRS),which is currently under construction,is a leading international radioactive beam device.Multiple sets of position-sensitive twin time projection chamber(TPC)detectors are dist...The High-energy Fragment Separator(HFRS),which is currently under construction,is a leading international radioactive beam device.Multiple sets of position-sensitive twin time projection chamber(TPC)detectors are distributed on HFRS for particle identification and beam monitoring.The twin TPCs'readout electronics system operates in a trigger-less mode due to its high counting rate,leading to a challenge of handling large amounts of data.To address this problem,we introduced an event-building algorithm.This algorithm employs a hierarchical processing strategy to compress data during transmission and aggregation.In addition,it reconstructs twin TPCs'events online and stores only the reconstructed particle information,which significantly reduces the burden on data transmission and storage resources.Simulation studies demonstrated that the algorithm accurately matches twin TPCs'events and reduces more than 98%of the data volume at a counting rate of 500 kHz/channel.展开更多
Readout errors caused by measurement noise are a significant source of errors in quantum circuits,which severely affect the output results and are an urgent problem to be solved in noisy-intermediate scale quantum(NIS...Readout errors caused by measurement noise are a significant source of errors in quantum circuits,which severely affect the output results and are an urgent problem to be solved in noisy-intermediate scale quantum(NISQ)computing.In this paper,we use the bit-flip averaging(BFA)method to mitigate frequent readout errors in quantum generative adversarial networks(QGAN)for image generation,which simplifies the response matrix structure by averaging the qubits for each random bit-flip in advance,successfully solving problems with high cost of measurement for traditional error mitigation methods.Our experiments were simulated in Qiskit using the handwritten digit image recognition dataset under the BFA-based method,the Kullback-Leibler(KL)divergence of the generated images converges to 0.04,0.05,and 0.1 for readout error probabilities of p=0.01,p=0.05,and p=0.1,respectively.Additionally,by evaluating the fidelity of the quantum states representing the images,we observe average fidelity values of 0.97,0.96,and 0.95 for the three readout error probabilities,respectively.These results demonstrate the robustness of the model in mitigating readout errors and provide a highly fault tolerant mechanism for image generation models.展开更多
This paper examines strategies for optimizing front-end page loading speed in complex Single-Page Applications(SPAs).Through quantitative analysis,it evaluates the effectiveness of various optimization techniques,incl...This paper examines strategies for optimizing front-end page loading speed in complex Single-Page Applications(SPAs).Through quantitative analysis,it evaluates the effectiveness of various optimization techniques,including resource compression,code-splitting,and network caching.Key findings reveal that intelligent resource preloading,adaptive frameworks,and cross-device optimization significantly enhance loading speed and user experience.The study underscores the importance of combining these strategies to address the challenges posed by complex SPAs and achieve robust performance improvements.Additionally,it explores how emerging technologies like machine learning and server-side rendering can further refine optimization practices.展开更多
An analog front-end of HF passive RFID transponders compatible with ISO/IEC 18000-3 is presented.Design considerations, especially the power transmission in the RFID transponder, are analyzed. Based on these considera...An analog front-end of HF passive RFID transponders compatible with ISO/IEC 18000-3 is presented.Design considerations, especially the power transmission in the RFID transponder, are analyzed. Based on these considerations,an analog front-end is presented with novel architecture, high power conversion efficiency, low voltage, low power consumption, and high performance in an environment of noise and power fluctuation. The circuit is implemented in a Chartered 0.35μm standard CMOS process. The experimental results show that the chip can satisfy the design target well.展开更多
Novel schemes for a charge sensitive amplifier （CSA） and a CR-（RC）, semi-Gaussian shaper in a fully integrated CMOS readout circuit for particle detectors are presented. The CSA is designed with poly-resistors as ...Novel schemes for a charge sensitive amplifier （CSA） and a CR-（RC）, semi-Gaussian shaper in a fully integrated CMOS readout circuit for particle detectors are presented. The CSA is designed with poly-resistors as feedback components to reduce noise. Compared with conventional CSA, the input referred equivalent noise charge（ENC） is simulated to be reduced from 5036e to 2381e with a large detector capacitance of 150pF at the cost of 0.5V output swing loss. The CR-（RC）,semi-Gaussian shaper uses MOS transistors in the triode region in series with poly-resistors to compensate process variation without much linearity reduction.展开更多
文摘This paper describes a low-noise front-end readout circuit for CZT detectors based on TSMC 0.35 um mixed-single CMOS technology;mainly analyzes the noise model of the detector-preamplifier and presents the low-noise circuit schematic of charge sensitive preamplifier and shaper. Considering the parasitical influences, the circuit and layout-design are optimized to reduce noise. The preliminary simulation results show that, the equivalent noise charge (ENC) is 74 e﹣ (rms), noise slope is 9 e﹣/pF, power consumption is 2 mW, and non-linearity
文摘The architecture of a multi-channel front-end system is important for realizing a high-resolution PET system. We propose a novel front-end readout electronic system with TDC to deal with time information for PET system which can easily design the timing control. Each channel consists of a charge preamplifier, slow/fast shaper, discriminator and an analog memory. There are an ADC and a TDC to process the energy information and time information for each channel at the same time. In this paper, the whole system signals flow is all simulated by MATLAB. The simulation results show that the proposed system can process slender current from the detector and achieve the energy and time information. The proposed architecture can be applied to high-resolution PET imaging systems with multi-channel ASICs.
文摘In this paper, the design of a novel low-noise front-end readout circuit for Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) X-ray and γ-ray detectors is described. The front-end readout circuits include the charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) and the CR-RC shaper is implemented in TSMC 0.35 μm mixed-signal CMOS technology. The die size of the prototype chip is 4.9 mm × 2.2 mm. The simulation results show that, the noise performance is 46 electrons + 10 electrons/pF, and power consumption is 1.65 mW per channel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12222512, 12375193, U2031206, U1831206, and U2032209)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJJSTD20210009)+1 种基金the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Programthe CAS Light of West China Program
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11927901,12105110,U2032209,12275105)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2020YFE0202002,2022YFA1602103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.CCNU22QN005)。
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor the beam status and to improve the reconstruction resolution of the primary vertex.Custom-designed pixel charge sensors,named TopmetalCEEv1,are employed in the detector to locate the position of each particle.Readout electronics for the beam monitor were designed,including front-end electronics utilizing the Topmetal-CEEv1 sensors,as well as a readout and control unit that communicates with the DAQ,trigger,and clock systems.A series of tests were performed to validate the functionality and performance of the system,including basic electronic verifications and responses toαparticles and heavy-ion beams.The results show that all designed functions of the readout electronics system work well,and this system could be used for beam monitoring in the CEE experiment.
基金supported by the CNSA program(D050102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12061131007,12003038,42365006)Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11903037).
文摘The high-energy cosmic radiation detector(HERD)is a planned experimental instrument at the Chinese Space Station.The silicon charge detector(SCD),a subdetector in HERD,is used to detect cosmic-ray nuclei with a high charge resolution.In this study,we present a compact readout electronic system for the SCD that is designed for the HERD heavy-ion beam test.It comprises front-end readout electronics with 200 input channels as well as data acquisition and data management electronics.The test results showed that the SCD readout system had low noise with a silicon-strip detector connected.The dynamic range could be extended from 200 to 1200 fC,and the cosmic-ray test was performed as expected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375191,12275218,12341502,12105224,12205307)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFE0206300,2023YFF0719600)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515012141)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M742850)Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University(No.CX2021025)。
文摘This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high background-count rate in the STCF ECAL,the temporal features of signals are analyzed node-by-node along the chain of the analog front-end circuit.Then,the system is optimized to mitigate the pile-up effects and elevate the count rate to megahertz levels.First,a charge-sensitive amplifier(CSA)with a fast reset path is developed,enabling quick resetting when the output reaches the maximum amplitude.This prevents the CSA from entering a pulse-dead zone owing to amplifier saturation caused by the pile-up.Second,a high-order shaper with baseline holder circuits is improved to enhance the anti-pile-up capability while maintaining an effective noise-filtering performance.Third,a high-speed peak-detection and hold circuit with an asynchronous first-input-first-output buffer function is proposed to hold and read the piled-up signals of the shaper.The ASIC is designed and manufactured using a standard commercial 1P6M 0.18μm mixed-signal CMOS process with a chip area of 2.4 mm×1.6 mm.The measurement results demonstrate a dynamic range of 4–500 fC with a nonlinearity error below 1.5%.For periodically distributed input signals,a count rate of 1.5 MHz/Ch is achieved with a peak time of 360 ns,resulting in an equivalent noise charge(ENC)of 2500 e^(-)-.The maximum count rate is 4 MHz/Ch at a peak time of 120 ns.At a peak time of 1.68μs with a 270 pF external capacitance,the minimum ENC is 1966 e^(-)-,and the noise slope is 3.08 e^(-)-∕pF.The timing resolution is better than 125 ps at an input charge of 200 fC.The power consumption is 35 mW/Ch.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(10735060 and 11005135)Important Direction Project of CAS Knowledge Innovation Program(KJCX2-YW-N27)
文摘Front-end readout electronics have been developed for silicon strip detectors at our institute. In this system an Application Specific Integrated Circuit （ASIC） ATHED is used to realize multi-channel energy and time measurements. The slow control of ASIC chips is achieved by parallel port and the timing control signals of ASIC chips are implemented with the CPLD. The data acquisition is carried out with a PXI-DAQ card. The software has a user-friendly GUI developed with LabWindows/CVI in the Windows XP operating system. The test results show that the energy resolution is about 1.14% for alpha at 5.48 MeV and the maximum channel crosstalk of the system is 4.60%. The performance of the system is very reliable and is suitable for nuclear physics experiments.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. BK2007026)the 333 High-Level Personnel Training Project of Jiangsu Province (No. 2007124)
文摘An ultra-low power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor （CMOS） front-end readout ASIC was developed for a portable digital radiation detector. The ASIC having a charge sensitive amplifier and a semi-Gaussian pulse-shaper was produced using the CSMC 0.5 μm DPDM process. The ENC noise of 363 e at 0 pF with a noise slope of 23 e/pF complies with the stringent low noise requirements. The peaking time was 250 ns at a 100 mV/fC conversion gain （detector capacitance is 20 pF）. By operating this frontend readout ASIC in the weak inversion region, the ultra-low power dissipation is only 0.1 mW/channel （3.0 V） Simulations and test results suggest that this design gives lower power consumption than the front-end readout ASICs working in the strong inversion and is appropriate for the portable digital radiation detectors.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12074368,92165207,12034018,and 62004185)the Anhui Province Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.2108085J03)the USTC Tang Scholarship。
文摘The single-shot readout data process is essential for the realization of high-fidelity qubits and fault-tolerant quantum algorithms in semiconductor quantum dots. However, the fidelity and visibility of the readout process are sensitive to the choice of the thresholds and limited by the experimental hardware. By demonstrating the linear dependence between the measured spin state probabilities and readout visibilities along with dark counts, we describe an alternative threshold-independent method for the single-shot readout of spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots. We can obtain the extrapolated spin state probabilities of the prepared probabilities of the excited spin state through the threshold-independent method. We then analyze the corresponding errors of the method, finding that errors of the extrapolated probabilities cannot be neglected with no constraints on the readout time and threshold voltage. Therefore, by limiting the readout time and threshold voltage, we ensure the accuracy of the extrapolated probability. We then prove that the efficiency and robustness of this method are 60 times larger than those of the most commonly used method. Moreover, we discuss the influence of the electron temperature on the effective area with a fixed external magnetic field and provide a preliminary demonstration for a single-shot readout of up to 0.7K/1.5T in the future.
基金support from Grant PID2020-116075GB-C21funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033+1 种基金by“ERDF A way of making Europe”under Grant PID2020-116075GB-C21They also acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the“Unit of Excellence Maria de Maeztu 2020-2023”award to the Institute of Cosmos Sciences(CEX2019-000918-M)。
文摘The BETA application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)is a fully programmable chip designed to amplify,shape and digitize the signal of up to 64 Silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)channels,with a power consumption of approximately~1 mW/channel.Owing to its dual-path gain,the BETA chip is capable of resolving single photoelectrons(phes)with a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)>5 while simultaneously achieving a dynamic range of~4000 phes.Thus,BETA can provide a cost-effective solution for the readout of SiPMs in space missions and other applications with a maximum rate below 10 kHz.In this study,we describe the key characteristics of the BETA ASIC and present an evaluation of the performance of its 16-channel version,which is implemented using 130 nm technology.The ASIC also contains two discriminators that can provide trigger signals with a time jitter down to 400 ps FWHM for 10 phes.The linearity error of the charge gain measurement was less than 2%for a dynamic range as large as 15 bits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375193,11975292,11875304)the CAS“Light of West China”Program+1 种基金the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.GJJSTD20210009)the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Program。
文摘The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.
基金partially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Science(No.XDB 34030000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11975293 and 12205348)。
文摘The High-energy Fragment Separator(HFRS),which is currently under construction,is a leading international radioactive beam device.Multiple sets of position-sensitive twin time projection chamber(TPC)detectors are distributed on HFRS for particle identification and beam monitoring.The twin TPCs'readout electronics system operates in a trigger-less mode due to its high counting rate,leading to a challenge of handling large amounts of data.To address this problem,we introduced an event-building algorithm.This algorithm employs a hierarchical processing strategy to compress data during transmission and aggregation.In addition,it reconstructs twin TPCs'events online and stores only the reconstructed particle information,which significantly reduces the burden on data transmission and storage resources.Simulation studies demonstrated that the algorithm accurately matches twin TPCs'events and reduces more than 98%of the data volume at a counting rate of 500 kHz/channel.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China (Grant No.ZR2021MF049)Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos.ZR2022LLZ012 and ZR2021LLZ001)。
文摘Readout errors caused by measurement noise are a significant source of errors in quantum circuits,which severely affect the output results and are an urgent problem to be solved in noisy-intermediate scale quantum(NISQ)computing.In this paper,we use the bit-flip averaging(BFA)method to mitigate frequent readout errors in quantum generative adversarial networks(QGAN)for image generation,which simplifies the response matrix structure by averaging the qubits for each random bit-flip in advance,successfully solving problems with high cost of measurement for traditional error mitigation methods.Our experiments were simulated in Qiskit using the handwritten digit image recognition dataset under the BFA-based method,the Kullback-Leibler(KL)divergence of the generated images converges to 0.04,0.05,and 0.1 for readout error probabilities of p=0.01,p=0.05,and p=0.1,respectively.Additionally,by evaluating the fidelity of the quantum states representing the images,we observe average fidelity values of 0.97,0.96,and 0.95 for the three readout error probabilities,respectively.These results demonstrate the robustness of the model in mitigating readout errors and provide a highly fault tolerant mechanism for image generation models.
文摘This paper examines strategies for optimizing front-end page loading speed in complex Single-Page Applications(SPAs).Through quantitative analysis,it evaluates the effectiveness of various optimization techniques,including resource compression,code-splitting,and network caching.Key findings reveal that intelligent resource preloading,adaptive frameworks,and cross-device optimization significantly enhance loading speed and user experience.The study underscores the importance of combining these strategies to address the challenges posed by complex SPAs and achieve robust performance improvements.Additionally,it explores how emerging technologies like machine learning and server-side rendering can further refine optimization practices.
文摘An analog front-end of HF passive RFID transponders compatible with ISO/IEC 18000-3 is presented.Design considerations, especially the power transmission in the RFID transponder, are analyzed. Based on these considerations,an analog front-end is presented with novel architecture, high power conversion efficiency, low voltage, low power consumption, and high performance in an environment of noise and power fluctuation. The circuit is implemented in a Chartered 0.35μm standard CMOS process. The experimental results show that the chip can satisfy the design target well.
文摘Novel schemes for a charge sensitive amplifier （CSA） and a CR-（RC）, semi-Gaussian shaper in a fully integrated CMOS readout circuit for particle detectors are presented. The CSA is designed with poly-resistors as feedback components to reduce noise. Compared with conventional CSA, the input referred equivalent noise charge（ENC） is simulated to be reduced from 5036e to 2381e with a large detector capacitance of 150pF at the cost of 0.5V output swing loss. The CR-（RC）,semi-Gaussian shaper uses MOS transistors in the triode region in series with poly-resistors to compensate process variation without much linearity reduction.
