Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are caused by the Salmonella serovars Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gal-linarum,respectively.The prevalence of these diseases varies across regions and is affected by different risk...Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are caused by the Salmonella serovars Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gal-linarum,respectively.The prevalence of these diseases varies across regions and is affected by different risk fac-tors that remain insufficiently documented.To fill this knowledge gap,we have compiled a global dataset for its prevalence,drawing upon a collection of literature from the last seven decades obtained from bilingual databases.However,a more interactive and dynamic platform is still needed for both academics and policymakers to improve biosecurity measures,limit disease transmission,and prevent future outbreaks at the global and local levels.Here,we developed an advanced visualization platform to depict the prevalence of Salmonella Pullorum and Gallinarum,espe-cially in China,which is categorized by geographical region and temporal span.The platform offers a user-friendly,efficient,and visually engaging tool to explore the prevalence of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid between 1945 and 2021 in different regions.Additionally,this platform allows users to understand the influence of various fac-tors,such as breed,farm mode,economic usage and even the sex of the primary host,chickens,on the prevalence of this disease.We further provided a detailed overview of individual province within China.In particular,by selecting two different provinces on the interface,users can quickly visualize and grasp the disparities in disease prevalence between the chosen regions.This interactive toolkit enables a dynamic exploration of the patterns and factors con-tributing to the prevalence of Salmonella Pullorum and Gallinarum.This interactive platform is freely available open source at http://139.9.85.208/.展开更多
Fowl adenovirus(FAdV)serotype 4,recognized as the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome(HPS)in chickens,causes substantial economic losses in poultry farming.To develop a simple,rapid,and reliable diagnostic me...Fowl adenovirus(FAdV)serotype 4,recognized as the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome(HPS)in chickens,causes substantial economic losses in poultry farming.To develop a simple,rapid,and reliable diagnostic method for the timely detection of FAdV-4 nucleic acid,we integrated the CRISPR/Cas12a system with recombinase-aided amplification(RAA).This approach enables visual detection of FAdV-4 with a sensitivity of one genome copy.The results can be obtained within 40 to 50 min without the need for complex instrumentation,making it ideal for remote field applications.Using this method,we investigated the prevalence of FAdV-4 in both common farm poultry and wild birds.Our results indicated that the FAdV-4-positive rate in wild birds was 51.19%,suggesting that wild birds may serve as specific reservoirs for this virus.In summary,we present a sensitive,swift,accurate,and inexpensive detection method for FAdV-4,along with an investigation of its epidemic situation in birds.Our study advances the detection and epidemiological understanding of FAdV-4 transmission among farm poultry and wild birds.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study is to provide theoretical basis for immunizing waterfowls(duck and goose)with the inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine against Newcastle Disease(ND)and Fowl Cholera(FC).[Method]Bac...[Objective] The aim of this study is to provide theoretical basis for immunizing waterfowls(duck and goose)with the inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine against Newcastle Disease(ND)and Fowl Cholera(FC).[Method]Bacterial liquid from solid culture media inoculated avian Pasteurella multocida(APM)type A and allantoic fluid from embryonic eggs infected with Newcastle Disease Virus(NDV)attenuated strain La Sota were mixed and inactivated by formalin to prepare 5 batches of inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine,which were then used for the safety and immune efficacy test on duck and goose.[Result]Immunized ducks and geese didn't performed any adverse reactions in the safety test of the 5 batches of vaccine;the immune efficacy test showed that ND-HI antibody titers of ducks and geese were no less than 4 log2 three weeks after inoculation,and the protection rates against NDV and APM were 100% and 66.7%-83.3%,respectively.[Conclusion]The binary vaccine against ND and FC is safe and reliable for duck and goose,and can provide them with sufficient immunity protection against ND and FC.展开更多
[ Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of the inactivated vaccine in oil emulsion against Newcastle disease and Fowl cholera, and provide conditions for combined prevention and control ...[ Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of the inactivated vaccine in oil emulsion against Newcastle disease and Fowl cholera, and provide conditions for combined prevention and control of Newcastle disease and Fowl cholera. [ Method] The mixture of avian pasteurella multocida （type A） virulent strain 1502 and Newcastle disease virus attenuated strain La Sota was prepared into five batches of the inactivated vaccine in oil emulsion to use in the field test for assessing its safety and effects on immune protection of chicken, duck and goose. [ Result] The field safety test showed that there was no adverse reaction in the vaccinated chickens, ducks and geese. The field test of immune effect for chickens suggested that the titers of hemagglutination inhibition antibody for Nescastle disease virus （ ND-HI ） in 7 - 14 day- old chickens and 60 -90 day-old young chickens were 2 -3 log2 higher than the control group after being vaccinated for 3 weeks, which could last for more than 4 months. The protection rate against avian pasteurella multocida was over 75.0% and its immune effect could last for 6 months. The field test of immune effect for duck and goose indicated that the titers of ND-HI antibody were all higher than 4.2 log2 in vaccinated ducks and geese while lower than 2 log2 in the control group after being vaccinated for 3 weeks. The protection rate against avian pasteurella multocida in vaccinated ducks and geese was higher than 75.0% and 62.5% respectively. [ Conclusion] The binary vaccine is safe for poultry and has good immune effects.展开更多
The main line of John Fowles' short story The Enigma is the missing of John Marcus Fielding. It mainly narrates people's views on Mr. Fielding, attitudes to him and attempts to clear the mystery up. Fowles inh...The main line of John Fowles' short story The Enigma is the missing of John Marcus Fielding. It mainly narrates people's views on Mr. Fielding, attitudes to him and attempts to clear the mystery up. Fowles inherits the concept of postmodernism in terms of themes, narration and other aspects, which gives a further and deeper expression of his views on freedom, mystery and the relationship between author, characters and readers. In particular, this short story of John Fowles, who was influenced by existentialism, carries out a profound literary interpretation of existentialism in many aspects. Focusing on the themes, the paper will look at the existentialist articulation in The Enigma.展开更多
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4)strain SD1511 was isolated from chickens with severe inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome in Shandong Province,China.The isolate was cultured in primary chicken embr...Fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4)strain SD1511 was isolated from chickens with severe inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome in Shandong Province,China.The isolate was cultured in primary chicken embryo kidney cells.A study of pathogenicity indicated that SD1511 readily infected 7–35-d-old chickens by intramuscular injection and intranasal and oral routes,causing 50%–100%mortality.The 35-d-old chickens suffered more severe infection than 7-and 21-d-old chickens with mortality highest in the intramuscular injection group.The serum from surviving chickens showed potent viral neutralizing capability.The complete genome of SD1511 was sequenced and analyzed.The strain was found to belong to the FAdV-4 cluster with more than 99%identity with the virulent FAdV-4 strains isolated in China in recent years except for some distinct variations,including deletions of open reading frame 27(ORF27),ORF48,and part of ORF19.Our findings suggest that SD1511 might be used as a prototype strain for the study of pathogenesis and vaccine development.展开更多
Since 2012,the clinical cases of inclusion body hepatitis showed an increasing trend in China,causing considerable economic losses to the poultry industry.In this study,a fowl adenovirus strain CH/GDLZ/201801 was isol...Since 2012,the clinical cases of inclusion body hepatitis showed an increasing trend in China,causing considerable economic losses to the poultry industry.In this study,a fowl adenovirus strain CH/GDLZ/201801 was isolated from a chicken flock experiencing inclusion body hepatitis and analyzed by complete genome sequencing.The pathogenicity of the new virus strain was examined by experimental infection of specific pathogen free chickens.The isolate was identified by immunofluorescence and the virions presented typical icosahedral particles under transmission electron microscopy.The full genome of the isolate was 44,329 nucleotides in length with 58%G+C content.Phylogenetic analysis,based on the whole genome,revealed that the new isolate was closest to serotype 8a from the species Fowl aviadenovirus E(FAdVE).Recombination analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that the new isolate is a recombinant strain between FAdV-8a and FAdV-8b.In infection experiments,three infected chickens showed clinical signs and one chicken died on day 7 post infection,corresponding to 5%mortality.Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the liver were observed,and viral antigen could be detected in the livers by immunohistochemical staining and TEM.Taken together,our study describes the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of a FAdV-8a strain in China.It would lay a solid foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism and vaccine development of the virus.展开更多
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome(HHS)is an infectious disease caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4).Several structural and non-structural proteins of FAdV-4 have been expressed in Escherichia coli and baculo...Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome(HHS)is an infectious disease caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4).Several structural and non-structural proteins of FAdV-4 have been expressed in Escherichia coli and baculovirus expression system to develop candidate subunit vaccines.However,the protective efficiency of baculovirus-expressed penton base protein has not been assessed.In this study,two recombinant capsid proteins,penton base and fiber-2,were constructed.And then,penton base and fiber-2 were administrated alone or together to specific pathogen-free(SPF)chickens at 14 days of life and boosted at 28 days of life.At 42 days of life,the immunized groups and the control group were challenged with FAdV-4 virulent strain.Results show that inoculating penton base or penton base+fiber-2 provided 100%protection to the chickens.All groups vaccinated with the recombinant protein produced detectable antibodies and showed no apparent lesions.Thus,baculovirus-expressed penton base protein is a promising candidate subunit vaccine.展开更多
Forty seven clinical samples of Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) associated with Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) from Peruvian broilers received between July 2006 and April 2013 were genotyped using sequencing of L1 Loop of Hexo...Forty seven clinical samples of Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) associated with Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) from Peruvian broilers received between July 2006 and April 2013 were genotyped using sequencing of L1 Loop of Hexon gene. All 47 clinical samples presented macroscopic and histopathology lesions consistent with IBH, and amplified a specific fragment of Hexon gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A unique nucleotide sequence of 789 base pairs of Hexon gene (position 273 to 1061) was obtained in all 47 clinical samples analyzed. This sequence showed a high level of conservation in amino acid and nucleotide sequence (>99%) with a Fowl Adenovirus C serotype 4 previously identified. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate no genotypic variation in Peruvian isolates. The presence of a unique genotype very closely related with genotype C1 previously reported in Peru and Ecuador (>99%), suggests the presence of FAdV C serotype 4 genotype C1 in clinical cases of IBH from Peruvian broilers.展开更多
Antiviral effects of a synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) were tested on Fowl Pox Virus (FPV). Five batches of the Nigerian brand of FPV vaccine were used as sources of the virus. The reconstituted vaccines w...Antiviral effects of a synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) were tested on Fowl Pox Virus (FPV). Five batches of the Nigerian brand of FPV vaccine were used as sources of the virus. The reconstituted vaccines were mixed with The Synthetic AMS on equal volume to weight basis and incubated at room temperature for one hour. They were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2000 revolutions per minute. The incubation and centrifugation were repeated on a portion of each vaccine supernatant. The two sets of supernatants were tested by the Modified Passive Haemagglutination test, for FPV titres. Portions of the vaccines, not incubated with the AMS, were served as controls. Fowl Pox Virus titres of the vaccines increased from a mean of 2.8 ± 1.10 to 11.2 ± 4.38 when incubated with the AMS once. When incubation with the AMS was repeated, the titres reduced (P< 0.05) to zero in each sample.展开更多
In the present research, artificial artificial networks hare be applied to establish the constitutive rela- tionship model of Ti - 5Al - 2Sn - 2Zr - 4Mo - 4Cr (wt - % ) alloy. In the first stage of the re- search...In the present research, artificial artificial networks hare be applied to establish the constitutive rela- tionship model of Ti - 5Al - 2Sn - 2Zr - 4Mo - 4Cr (wt - % ) alloy. In the first stage of the re- search, an isothermal compressive experiment using Thermecmastor - Z hot simulator is studied to ac- quire the flow stress at different deformation temperature,equivalent strain and equivalent strain rate. Then,a feed - forward neural network is trained by using the experimental data.After the training process is finished, the neural networks become a knowledge-based constitutive relationship system. Comparison of the predicted and experimental results results shows that the neural network model has good le- arning precision and good generalization.The neural neural network methods are found to show much better agreement than existing methods with the experiment data, and have the advantage of being able to deal with noisy for or data with strong non - linear reationships. At last, this model can be aused to simulate the flow behavior of Ti - 5Al - 2Sn - 2Zr - 4Mo - 4Ca alloy.展开更多
[ Objective] To establish an indirect ELISA method which can detect fowl adenovirus group I （FAVI） antibody easily and rapidly. [ Method] The expressed and purified FAVI penton recombinant protein was used to be an ...[ Objective] To establish an indirect ELISA method which can detect fowl adenovirus group I （FAVI） antibody easily and rapidly. [ Method] The expressed and purified FAVI penton recombinant protein was used to be an antigen, optimized the reaction conditions, and then estab- lished the FAVI indirect penton-ELISA antibody detection method. [ Result] The optimal coating concentration of antigen was 1.5 μg/hole, the opti- mal coating condition was 37℃ 2 h and 4 ℃ overnight; the optimal dilution of serum was 1：100; the optimal working concentration of anti-chicken IgG-HRP was 1：2 000; the positive and negative critical value of ELISA was 0.335. Detected the 100 chicken serum samples by the established penton-ELISA method, the positive rate was 41%. [ Conclusion] Through the study, ~e established penton-ELISA method has a good specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. And it offers an effective tool for the diagnosis of FAVI, the survey of antibody and epidemiology survey.展开更多
A study was conducted to compare laying performance, fertility, hatchability, and egg quality of guinea fowl (GF) with Horro (HR) and Tilili (TL) local chicken and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) exotic chicken. Forty five...A study was conducted to compare laying performance, fertility, hatchability, and egg quality of guinea fowl (GF) with Horro (HR) and Tilili (TL) local chicken and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) exotic chicken. Forty five layers from each genotype and 6 cocks from each chicken genotype and 9 cocks from GF were used in 3 replications in a completely randomized design. Commercial layer feed was used ad libitum for the study that lasted 29 weeks. Daily DM intake per hen was 85, 114, 103 and 137 g (SEM = 3.1) for GF, HR, TL and PK, respectively, and was in the order of GF < TL < HR < PK. Final body weight of hens was highest for PK (2490 g), intermediate for HR (1983 g) and lowest for TL (1671 g) and GF (1641 g). Egg number per production week followed a similar trend like that of DM intake and was 71, 101, 75 and 121 (SEM = 0.5) for GF, HR, TL and PK, respectively. Both fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs for GF were 57%, which were lower than the mean of chicken genotypes by 41% and 34%, respectively. Embryonic mortality was higher for GF (early, middle and late was 15.8%, 10.0%. and 17.4% respectively) compared to chicken genotypes. Chick weight was highest for PK, intermediate for HR and TL and lowest for GF;while chick length was in the order of PK > HR > TL > GF. Average egg weight was higher for PK eggs (46.4 g), intermediate for HR (43.5 g) and TL (42.3 g), and lowest for GF (35.9 g). Eggshell weight and thickness were higher for GF than chicken genotypes. Haugh unit was similar among genotypes. Such differences among poultry genotypes could be reflection of previous selection and breeding interventions, which are apparently more in chicken genotypes than GF. A possible more stressful condition of the confined environment for GF versus chicken genotypes could have also contributed to such differences. This study highlighted the need of implementing future selection and breeding schemes to improve the performance of GF and TL birds to the level achieved by other genotypes.展开更多
This study was aimed at comparing nutrient composition of some bird eggs in their raw and boiled forms. The different varieties were exotic chicken, local chicken, turkey, quail and guinea fowl eggs. The eggs were she...This study was aimed at comparing nutrient composition of some bird eggs in their raw and boiled forms. The different varieties were exotic chicken, local chicken, turkey, quail and guinea fowl eggs. The eggs were shelled and their contents (boiled and raw) lyophilized. Standard AOAC methods were used for determination of proximate, mineral and vitamin compositions. Results showed the boiled eggs having higher nutrient concentrations than the raw eggs across all species. Guinea fowl egg had significantly higher (p < 0.05) content of protein, fat and most micronutrients. The eggs were rich in microelements, with guinea fowl egg having the best sodium-potassium ratio (0.66). Turkey eggs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher iron content in the raw and boiled samples (7.2 ± 0.09 mg/100g and 9.6 mg/100g, respectively). This study showed some “less-popular”/underutilized eggs having certain nutrients in significantly greater quantities;hence exploiting these may greatly improve diet quality and nutritional status of consumers.展开更多
In order to obtain a fowl avidenovirus type 4 strain with good immunogenicity,chicken liver tissues suspected of adenovirus infection in a chicken farm in Binzhou were treated and then inoculated to chicken liver hepa...In order to obtain a fowl avidenovirus type 4 strain with good immunogenicity,chicken liver tissues suspected of adenovirus infection in a chicken farm in Binzhou were treated and then inoculated to chicken liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells(LMH).The cell cultures were extracted for DNA,which was subjected to PCR identification and sequencing analysis,and animal regression test and immunogenicity test were also carried out.The results showed that one fowl avidenovirus strain was successfully isolated.The isolated strain was inoculated to LMH cells,and the first generation showed obvious cytopathic changes.The PCR identification result of the 8^(th)generation cell culture of the isolated virus strain on LMH cells was positive.The sequencing result and NCBI sequence alignment analysis showed that the isolated virus strain had the highest nucleotide similarity with fowl avidenovirus type 4,reaching 100%,indicating that the isolated strain was of fowl avidenovirus type 4.The strain could cause the death of 21-day-old SPF chickens,with a mortality rate of 100%,and could completely replicate the same symptoms as clinically infected chickens after being challenged.The three batches of oil vaccine prepared with the isolated strain had a protection rate of 100%,and the geometric mean values of serum agar expansion titers were 1∶4.6,1∶4.9,and 1∶4.6,respectively.It can be seen that the isolated virus is of fowl avidenovirus type 4 in group I,and has good immunogenicity.展开更多
A commercial recombinant fowl pox vectored infectious laryngotracheitis （ILT） vaccine was examined its protection efficacy in one-day-old chicks by subcutaneous route with various dose-strength. The treatment groups...A commercial recombinant fowl pox vectored infectious laryngotracheitis （ILT） vaccine was examined its protection efficacy in one-day-old chicks by subcutaneous route with various dose-strength. The treatment groups I-III birds were vaccinated with a full, 1/2 and 1/3 dose of recommendation dose, respectively. Thereafter, at 6 wk post vaccination, they were challenged with 5x labeled dose of live ILT vaccine. Protection efficacy of the vaccine was compared among groups based on antibody production and eye lesion score. The results of eye lesion score showed that there was a significant difference between control and treatment groups, whereas the difference was not found among the treatment groups. For seroconversion, there was no significant difference between birds in group I and II. However, higher number of seroconversion birds in groups I and II than group III was observed （P 〈 0.05）. It was concluded that a half dose of recommendation dose had the same protection efficacy as a full dose of recombinant YP-LT vaccine.展开更多
A study on the evaluation of the effectiveness of three traditional methods of protecting guinea fowl from mortality was carried out at CRA-SS （Centre de Recherche Agronomique de la Savane S6che） in northem Togo. Gu...A study on the evaluation of the effectiveness of three traditional methods of protecting guinea fowl from mortality was carried out at CRA-SS （Centre de Recherche Agronomique de la Savane S6che） in northem Togo. Guinea fowl were divided into 5 batches, of which 3 batches received prophylactic medical treatment including plant decoctions, the 4th batch was followed by a medical prophylaxis program as a control group and the 5th batch considered as a negative control, has not received any prophylactic treatment. The results showed that a mortality rate of 25% for the reference lot and two other batches which received plant decoctions （Euphorbia poissonii or Khaya senegalensis） were recorded against a rate of 87.5% in the batch of guinea fowl which received the decoction of Pteleopsis suberosa. Meanwhile, regardless of weight growth, daily average gain （GMQ） or food consumption, no significant difference was observed （p 〉 0.05） between the guinea fowl that received a baseline health monitoring and those having taken the decoction orE. poissonii. On the other hand, the values recorded in these two batches of guinea fowl differed statistically from those in the guinea fowl that received the decoction of K. senegalensis. Although the decoction of K. senegalensis has a protective effect in guinea fowl, the growth of guinea fowl has been slowed down. On the basis of these results, it appears that two endogenous practices tested （K. senegalensis or E. poissonii） have positive effects. However, it would be desirable to carry out a toxicity test in order to determine the recommended doses.展开更多
A survey was conducted in the Sudano-Sahelian, High Savannah, and Western Highlands agroecological zones of Cameroon to assess the morphometric features and to determine the population structure of the native common g...A survey was conducted in the Sudano-Sahelian, High Savannah, and Western Highlands agroecological zones of Cameroon to assess the morphometric features and to determine the population structure of the native common guinea fowl breed. A total of 1021 adult common guinea fowls were sampled in the dominant pastoral production system. The main results showed that there was a phenotypic variability (p < 0.01) of the morphometric characteristics of common guinea fowls with a dominance of pearl gray coloring of the plumage (23.02%), bluish red barbels (29.09%), black eyes (36.04%) and tarsi (39.18%). The development of the barbels and the shape of the comb are determinants of the sex (p < 0.01), as well as the live weight which presents a dimorphism in favor of the females (p < 0.01). The average measurements (in cm) were: Crest height (2.07 ± 0.03), Crest length (2.79 ± 0.03), Barbel length (3.35 ± 0.04), Barbel height (2.28 ± 0.02), Spout length (2.11 ± 0.01), Caruncle length (0.69 ± 0.01), Baleen length (4.32 ± 0.04), Chest circumference (31.81 ± 0.99), Wing length (25.99 ± 0.18), wingspan (41.82 ± 0.32), Thigh diameter (9.17 ± 0.10), Thigh length (11.30 ± 0.07), Tarsus length (6.62 ± 0.04), Tarsus diameter (1.20 ± 0.07), Body length (40.13 ± 0.15), and Live weight (1.68 ± 0.02 kg). The highest positive correlation (r < 0.70) was observed between thigh and ridge length. The PCR revealed that three (3) components (F1, F2 and F3) make it possible to better explain phenotypic variability (50.21%). The variables that contributed most to the explanation of the observed total variability are the length of the crest (0.70%), the beak (0.61%), the wattle (0.70%), the body (0.44%), the wing (0.35%), thigh (0.68%), tarsus (0.29%) and wing span (0.41%) for the main component F1 while the F2 and F3 components mainly concern the length of the barbel (0.43%) and the height of the crest (0.48%) respectively. The F1 factor constitutes the most discriminating variable (89.40%). The AFD and the CAH made it possible to detect 03 sub-populations (T1, T2, and T3) which can be grouped into 2 subgroups on the basis of intra/inter population variations and genetic distances. Morphometric assessment coupled with genomics would increase the efficiency of selection, improvement, and conservation of common guinea fowl in Cameroun.展开更多
基金supported by the National Program on the Key Research Project of China(2022YFC2604201)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Founda-tion of China(LZ24C180002+2 种基金LR19C180001)the Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(2021JJLH0083)the Open Project Program of the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis(R1902).
文摘Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are caused by the Salmonella serovars Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gal-linarum,respectively.The prevalence of these diseases varies across regions and is affected by different risk fac-tors that remain insufficiently documented.To fill this knowledge gap,we have compiled a global dataset for its prevalence,drawing upon a collection of literature from the last seven decades obtained from bilingual databases.However,a more interactive and dynamic platform is still needed for both academics and policymakers to improve biosecurity measures,limit disease transmission,and prevent future outbreaks at the global and local levels.Here,we developed an advanced visualization platform to depict the prevalence of Salmonella Pullorum and Gallinarum,espe-cially in China,which is categorized by geographical region and temporal span.The platform offers a user-friendly,efficient,and visually engaging tool to explore the prevalence of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid between 1945 and 2021 in different regions.Additionally,this platform allows users to understand the influence of various fac-tors,such as breed,farm mode,economic usage and even the sex of the primary host,chickens,on the prevalence of this disease.We further provided a detailed overview of individual province within China.In particular,by selecting two different provinces on the interface,users can quickly visualize and grasp the disparities in disease prevalence between the chosen regions.This interactive toolkit enables a dynamic exploration of the patterns and factors con-tributing to the prevalence of Salmonella Pullorum and Gallinarum.This interactive platform is freely available open source at http://139.9.85.208/.
基金funded by the Seed Industry Vitalization Program of Guangdong Province,grant number 2022-XPY-06–001.
文摘Fowl adenovirus(FAdV)serotype 4,recognized as the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome(HPS)in chickens,causes substantial economic losses in poultry farming.To develop a simple,rapid,and reliable diagnostic method for the timely detection of FAdV-4 nucleic acid,we integrated the CRISPR/Cas12a system with recombinase-aided amplification(RAA).This approach enables visual detection of FAdV-4 with a sensitivity of one genome copy.The results can be obtained within 40 to 50 min without the need for complex instrumentation,making it ideal for remote field applications.Using this method,we investigated the prevalence of FAdV-4 in both common farm poultry and wild birds.Our results indicated that the FAdV-4-positive rate in wild birds was 51.19%,suggesting that wild birds may serve as specific reservoirs for this virus.In summary,we present a sensitive,swift,accurate,and inexpensive detection method for FAdV-4,along with an investigation of its epidemic situation in birds.Our study advances the detection and epidemiological understanding of FAdV-4 transmission among farm poultry and wild birds.
基金Supported by the 11th Five-Year Plan Key Project Funded by Science and Technology Department of Hubei Province(2006AA202A05)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study is to provide theoretical basis for immunizing waterfowls(duck and goose)with the inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine against Newcastle Disease(ND)and Fowl Cholera(FC).[Method]Bacterial liquid from solid culture media inoculated avian Pasteurella multocida(APM)type A and allantoic fluid from embryonic eggs infected with Newcastle Disease Virus(NDV)attenuated strain La Sota were mixed and inactivated by formalin to prepare 5 batches of inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine,which were then used for the safety and immune efficacy test on duck and goose.[Result]Immunized ducks and geese didn't performed any adverse reactions in the safety test of the 5 batches of vaccine;the immune efficacy test showed that ND-HI antibody titers of ducks and geese were no less than 4 log2 three weeks after inoculation,and the protection rates against NDV and APM were 100% and 66.7%-83.3%,respectively.[Conclusion]The binary vaccine against ND and FC is safe and reliable for duck and goose,and can provide them with sufficient immunity protection against ND and FC.
文摘[ Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of the inactivated vaccine in oil emulsion against Newcastle disease and Fowl cholera, and provide conditions for combined prevention and control of Newcastle disease and Fowl cholera. [ Method] The mixture of avian pasteurella multocida （type A） virulent strain 1502 and Newcastle disease virus attenuated strain La Sota was prepared into five batches of the inactivated vaccine in oil emulsion to use in the field test for assessing its safety and effects on immune protection of chicken, duck and goose. [ Result] The field safety test showed that there was no adverse reaction in the vaccinated chickens, ducks and geese. The field test of immune effect for chickens suggested that the titers of hemagglutination inhibition antibody for Nescastle disease virus （ ND-HI ） in 7 - 14 day- old chickens and 60 -90 day-old young chickens were 2 -3 log2 higher than the control group after being vaccinated for 3 weeks, which could last for more than 4 months. The protection rate against avian pasteurella multocida was over 75.0% and its immune effect could last for 6 months. The field test of immune effect for duck and goose indicated that the titers of ND-HI antibody were all higher than 4.2 log2 in vaccinated ducks and geese while lower than 2 log2 in the control group after being vaccinated for 3 weeks. The protection rate against avian pasteurella multocida in vaccinated ducks and geese was higher than 75.0% and 62.5% respectively. [ Conclusion] The binary vaccine is safe for poultry and has good immune effects.
文摘The main line of John Fowles' short story The Enigma is the missing of John Marcus Fielding. It mainly narrates people's views on Mr. Fielding, attitudes to him and attempts to clear the mystery up. Fowles inherits the concept of postmodernism in terms of themes, narration and other aspects, which gives a further and deeper expression of his views on freedom, mystery and the relationship between author, characters and readers. In particular, this short story of John Fowles, who was influenced by existentialism, carries out a profound literary interpretation of existentialism in many aspects. Focusing on the themes, the paper will look at the existentialist articulation in The Enigma.
基金the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2015BAD12B01)the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-40-K13)
文摘Fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4)strain SD1511 was isolated from chickens with severe inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome in Shandong Province,China.The isolate was cultured in primary chicken embryo kidney cells.A study of pathogenicity indicated that SD1511 readily infected 7–35-d-old chickens by intramuscular injection and intranasal and oral routes,causing 50%–100%mortality.The 35-d-old chickens suffered more severe infection than 7-and 21-d-old chickens with mortality highest in the intramuscular injection group.The serum from surviving chickens showed potent viral neutralizing capability.The complete genome of SD1511 was sequenced and analyzed.The strain was found to belong to the FAdV-4 cluster with more than 99%identity with the virulent FAdV-4 strains isolated in China in recent years except for some distinct variations,including deletions of open reading frame 27(ORF27),ORF48,and part of ORF19.Our findings suggest that SD1511 might be used as a prototype strain for the study of pathogenesis and vaccine development.
文摘Since 2012,the clinical cases of inclusion body hepatitis showed an increasing trend in China,causing considerable economic losses to the poultry industry.In this study,a fowl adenovirus strain CH/GDLZ/201801 was isolated from a chicken flock experiencing inclusion body hepatitis and analyzed by complete genome sequencing.The pathogenicity of the new virus strain was examined by experimental infection of specific pathogen free chickens.The isolate was identified by immunofluorescence and the virions presented typical icosahedral particles under transmission electron microscopy.The full genome of the isolate was 44,329 nucleotides in length with 58%G+C content.Phylogenetic analysis,based on the whole genome,revealed that the new isolate was closest to serotype 8a from the species Fowl aviadenovirus E(FAdVE).Recombination analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that the new isolate is a recombinant strain between FAdV-8a and FAdV-8b.In infection experiments,three infected chickens showed clinical signs and one chicken died on day 7 post infection,corresponding to 5%mortality.Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the liver were observed,and viral antigen could be detected in the livers by immunohistochemical staining and TEM.Taken together,our study describes the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of a FAdV-8a strain in China.It would lay a solid foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism and vaccine development of the virus.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0500801)
文摘Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome(HHS)is an infectious disease caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4).Several structural and non-structural proteins of FAdV-4 have been expressed in Escherichia coli and baculovirus expression system to develop candidate subunit vaccines.However,the protective efficiency of baculovirus-expressed penton base protein has not been assessed.In this study,two recombinant capsid proteins,penton base and fiber-2,were constructed.And then,penton base and fiber-2 were administrated alone or together to specific pathogen-free(SPF)chickens at 14 days of life and boosted at 28 days of life.At 42 days of life,the immunized groups and the control group were challenged with FAdV-4 virulent strain.Results show that inoculating penton base or penton base+fiber-2 provided 100%protection to the chickens.All groups vaccinated with the recombinant protein produced detectable antibodies and showed no apparent lesions.Thus,baculovirus-expressed penton base protein is a promising candidate subunit vaccine.
文摘Forty seven clinical samples of Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) associated with Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) from Peruvian broilers received between July 2006 and April 2013 were genotyped using sequencing of L1 Loop of Hexon gene. All 47 clinical samples presented macroscopic and histopathology lesions consistent with IBH, and amplified a specific fragment of Hexon gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A unique nucleotide sequence of 789 base pairs of Hexon gene (position 273 to 1061) was obtained in all 47 clinical samples analyzed. This sequence showed a high level of conservation in amino acid and nucleotide sequence (>99%) with a Fowl Adenovirus C serotype 4 previously identified. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate no genotypic variation in Peruvian isolates. The presence of a unique genotype very closely related with genotype C1 previously reported in Peru and Ecuador (>99%), suggests the presence of FAdV C serotype 4 genotype C1 in clinical cases of IBH from Peruvian broilers.
文摘Antiviral effects of a synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) were tested on Fowl Pox Virus (FPV). Five batches of the Nigerian brand of FPV vaccine were used as sources of the virus. The reconstituted vaccines were mixed with The Synthetic AMS on equal volume to weight basis and incubated at room temperature for one hour. They were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2000 revolutions per minute. The incubation and centrifugation were repeated on a portion of each vaccine supernatant. The two sets of supernatants were tested by the Modified Passive Haemagglutination test, for FPV titres. Portions of the vaccines, not incubated with the AMS, were served as controls. Fowl Pox Virus titres of the vaccines increased from a mean of 2.8 ± 1.10 to 11.2 ± 4.38 when incubated with the AMS once. When incubation with the AMS was repeated, the titres reduced (P< 0.05) to zero in each sample.
文摘In the present research, artificial artificial networks hare be applied to establish the constitutive rela- tionship model of Ti - 5Al - 2Sn - 2Zr - 4Mo - 4Cr (wt - % ) alloy. In the first stage of the re- search, an isothermal compressive experiment using Thermecmastor - Z hot simulator is studied to ac- quire the flow stress at different deformation temperature,equivalent strain and equivalent strain rate. Then,a feed - forward neural network is trained by using the experimental data.After the training process is finished, the neural networks become a knowledge-based constitutive relationship system. Comparison of the predicted and experimental results results shows that the neural network model has good le- arning precision and good generalization.The neural neural network methods are found to show much better agreement than existing methods with the experiment data, and have the advantage of being able to deal with noisy for or data with strong non - linear reationships. At last, this model can be aused to simulate the flow behavior of Ti - 5Al - 2Sn - 2Zr - 4Mo - 4Ca alloy.
基金Guangxi Expert Special Fund Project (2011B020)Guangxi Science and Technology Research (0815009-3-6 and 10100014-5 )Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2010GXNSFA013090)
文摘[ Objective] To establish an indirect ELISA method which can detect fowl adenovirus group I （FAVI） antibody easily and rapidly. [ Method] The expressed and purified FAVI penton recombinant protein was used to be an antigen, optimized the reaction conditions, and then estab- lished the FAVI indirect penton-ELISA antibody detection method. [ Result] The optimal coating concentration of antigen was 1.5 μg/hole, the opti- mal coating condition was 37℃ 2 h and 4 ℃ overnight; the optimal dilution of serum was 1：100; the optimal working concentration of anti-chicken IgG-HRP was 1：2 000; the positive and negative critical value of ELISA was 0.335. Detected the 100 chicken serum samples by the established penton-ELISA method, the positive rate was 41%. [ Conclusion] Through the study, ~e established penton-ELISA method has a good specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. And it offers an effective tool for the diagnosis of FAVI, the survey of antibody and epidemiology survey.
文摘A study was conducted to compare laying performance, fertility, hatchability, and egg quality of guinea fowl (GF) with Horro (HR) and Tilili (TL) local chicken and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) exotic chicken. Forty five layers from each genotype and 6 cocks from each chicken genotype and 9 cocks from GF were used in 3 replications in a completely randomized design. Commercial layer feed was used ad libitum for the study that lasted 29 weeks. Daily DM intake per hen was 85, 114, 103 and 137 g (SEM = 3.1) for GF, HR, TL and PK, respectively, and was in the order of GF < TL < HR < PK. Final body weight of hens was highest for PK (2490 g), intermediate for HR (1983 g) and lowest for TL (1671 g) and GF (1641 g). Egg number per production week followed a similar trend like that of DM intake and was 71, 101, 75 and 121 (SEM = 0.5) for GF, HR, TL and PK, respectively. Both fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs for GF were 57%, which were lower than the mean of chicken genotypes by 41% and 34%, respectively. Embryonic mortality was higher for GF (early, middle and late was 15.8%, 10.0%. and 17.4% respectively) compared to chicken genotypes. Chick weight was highest for PK, intermediate for HR and TL and lowest for GF;while chick length was in the order of PK > HR > TL > GF. Average egg weight was higher for PK eggs (46.4 g), intermediate for HR (43.5 g) and TL (42.3 g), and lowest for GF (35.9 g). Eggshell weight and thickness were higher for GF than chicken genotypes. Haugh unit was similar among genotypes. Such differences among poultry genotypes could be reflection of previous selection and breeding interventions, which are apparently more in chicken genotypes than GF. A possible more stressful condition of the confined environment for GF versus chicken genotypes could have also contributed to such differences. This study highlighted the need of implementing future selection and breeding schemes to improve the performance of GF and TL birds to the level achieved by other genotypes.
文摘This study was aimed at comparing nutrient composition of some bird eggs in their raw and boiled forms. The different varieties were exotic chicken, local chicken, turkey, quail and guinea fowl eggs. The eggs were shelled and their contents (boiled and raw) lyophilized. Standard AOAC methods were used for determination of proximate, mineral and vitamin compositions. Results showed the boiled eggs having higher nutrient concentrations than the raw eggs across all species. Guinea fowl egg had significantly higher (p < 0.05) content of protein, fat and most micronutrients. The eggs were rich in microelements, with guinea fowl egg having the best sodium-potassium ratio (0.66). Turkey eggs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher iron content in the raw and boiled samples (7.2 ± 0.09 mg/100g and 9.6 mg/100g, respectively). This study showed some “less-popular”/underutilized eggs having certain nutrients in significantly greater quantities;hence exploiting these may greatly improve diet quality and nutritional status of consumers.
基金Supported by Poultry Innovation Team Project of Agriculture Research System in Shandong Province(SDAIT-11-16)2017 Shandong Province Foreign Experts Double Hundred Plan Project(2017 Double Hundred Program for Chinese and British Foreign Experts)Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020KC006)。
文摘In order to obtain a fowl avidenovirus type 4 strain with good immunogenicity,chicken liver tissues suspected of adenovirus infection in a chicken farm in Binzhou were treated and then inoculated to chicken liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells(LMH).The cell cultures were extracted for DNA,which was subjected to PCR identification and sequencing analysis,and animal regression test and immunogenicity test were also carried out.The results showed that one fowl avidenovirus strain was successfully isolated.The isolated strain was inoculated to LMH cells,and the first generation showed obvious cytopathic changes.The PCR identification result of the 8^(th)generation cell culture of the isolated virus strain on LMH cells was positive.The sequencing result and NCBI sequence alignment analysis showed that the isolated virus strain had the highest nucleotide similarity with fowl avidenovirus type 4,reaching 100%,indicating that the isolated strain was of fowl avidenovirus type 4.The strain could cause the death of 21-day-old SPF chickens,with a mortality rate of 100%,and could completely replicate the same symptoms as clinically infected chickens after being challenged.The three batches of oil vaccine prepared with the isolated strain had a protection rate of 100%,and the geometric mean values of serum agar expansion titers were 1∶4.6,1∶4.9,and 1∶4.6,respectively.It can be seen that the isolated virus is of fowl avidenovirus type 4 in group I,and has good immunogenicity.
文摘A commercial recombinant fowl pox vectored infectious laryngotracheitis （ILT） vaccine was examined its protection efficacy in one-day-old chicks by subcutaneous route with various dose-strength. The treatment groups I-III birds were vaccinated with a full, 1/2 and 1/3 dose of recommendation dose, respectively. Thereafter, at 6 wk post vaccination, they were challenged with 5x labeled dose of live ILT vaccine. Protection efficacy of the vaccine was compared among groups based on antibody production and eye lesion score. The results of eye lesion score showed that there was a significant difference between control and treatment groups, whereas the difference was not found among the treatment groups. For seroconversion, there was no significant difference between birds in group I and II. However, higher number of seroconversion birds in groups I and II than group III was observed （P 〈 0.05）. It was concluded that a half dose of recommendation dose had the same protection efficacy as a full dose of recombinant YP-LT vaccine.
文摘A study on the evaluation of the effectiveness of three traditional methods of protecting guinea fowl from mortality was carried out at CRA-SS （Centre de Recherche Agronomique de la Savane S6che） in northem Togo. Guinea fowl were divided into 5 batches, of which 3 batches received prophylactic medical treatment including plant decoctions, the 4th batch was followed by a medical prophylaxis program as a control group and the 5th batch considered as a negative control, has not received any prophylactic treatment. The results showed that a mortality rate of 25% for the reference lot and two other batches which received plant decoctions （Euphorbia poissonii or Khaya senegalensis） were recorded against a rate of 87.5% in the batch of guinea fowl which received the decoction of Pteleopsis suberosa. Meanwhile, regardless of weight growth, daily average gain （GMQ） or food consumption, no significant difference was observed （p 〉 0.05） between the guinea fowl that received a baseline health monitoring and those having taken the decoction orE. poissonii. On the other hand, the values recorded in these two batches of guinea fowl differed statistically from those in the guinea fowl that received the decoction of K. senegalensis. Although the decoction of K. senegalensis has a protective effect in guinea fowl, the growth of guinea fowl has been slowed down. On the basis of these results, it appears that two endogenous practices tested （K. senegalensis or E. poissonii） have positive effects. However, it would be desirable to carry out a toxicity test in order to determine the recommended doses.
文摘A survey was conducted in the Sudano-Sahelian, High Savannah, and Western Highlands agroecological zones of Cameroon to assess the morphometric features and to determine the population structure of the native common guinea fowl breed. A total of 1021 adult common guinea fowls were sampled in the dominant pastoral production system. The main results showed that there was a phenotypic variability (p < 0.01) of the morphometric characteristics of common guinea fowls with a dominance of pearl gray coloring of the plumage (23.02%), bluish red barbels (29.09%), black eyes (36.04%) and tarsi (39.18%). The development of the barbels and the shape of the comb are determinants of the sex (p < 0.01), as well as the live weight which presents a dimorphism in favor of the females (p < 0.01). The average measurements (in cm) were: Crest height (2.07 ± 0.03), Crest length (2.79 ± 0.03), Barbel length (3.35 ± 0.04), Barbel height (2.28 ± 0.02), Spout length (2.11 ± 0.01), Caruncle length (0.69 ± 0.01), Baleen length (4.32 ± 0.04), Chest circumference (31.81 ± 0.99), Wing length (25.99 ± 0.18), wingspan (41.82 ± 0.32), Thigh diameter (9.17 ± 0.10), Thigh length (11.30 ± 0.07), Tarsus length (6.62 ± 0.04), Tarsus diameter (1.20 ± 0.07), Body length (40.13 ± 0.15), and Live weight (1.68 ± 0.02 kg). The highest positive correlation (r < 0.70) was observed between thigh and ridge length. The PCR revealed that three (3) components (F1, F2 and F3) make it possible to better explain phenotypic variability (50.21%). The variables that contributed most to the explanation of the observed total variability are the length of the crest (0.70%), the beak (0.61%), the wattle (0.70%), the body (0.44%), the wing (0.35%), thigh (0.68%), tarsus (0.29%) and wing span (0.41%) for the main component F1 while the F2 and F3 components mainly concern the length of the barbel (0.43%) and the height of the crest (0.48%) respectively. The F1 factor constitutes the most discriminating variable (89.40%). The AFD and the CAH made it possible to detect 03 sub-populations (T1, T2, and T3) which can be grouped into 2 subgroups on the basis of intra/inter population variations and genetic distances. Morphometric assessment coupled with genomics would increase the efficiency of selection, improvement, and conservation of common guinea fowl in Cameroun.
