Background Four-chambered stomach including the forestomachs(rumen,reticulum,and omasum)and abomasum allows ruminants convert plant fiber into high-quality animal products.The early development of this four-chambered ...Background Four-chambered stomach including the forestomachs(rumen,reticulum,and omasum)and abomasum allows ruminants convert plant fiber into high-quality animal products.The early development of this four-chambered stomach is crucial for the health and well-being of young ruminants,especially the immune development.However,the dynamics of immune development are poorly understood.Results We investigated the early gene expression patterns across the four-chambered stomach in Hu sheep,at 5,10,15,and 25 days of age.We found that forestomachs share similar gene expression patterns,all four stomachs underwent widespread activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses from d 5 to 25,whereas the metabolic function were significantly downregulated with age.We constructed a cell landscape of the four-chambered stomach using single-cell sequencing.Integrating transcriptomic and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that the immune-associated module hub genes were highly expressed in T cells,monocytes and macrophages,as well as the defense-associated module hub genes were highly expressed in endothelial cells in the four-stomach tissues.Moreover,the non-immune cells such as epithelial cells play key roles in immune maturation.Cell communication analysis predicted that in addition to immune cells,non-immune cells recruit immune cells through macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling in the forestomachs.Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the immune and defense responses of four stomachs are quickly developing with age in lamb's early life.We also identified the gene expression patterns and functional cells associated with immune development.Additionally,we identified some key receptors and signaling involved in immune regulation.These results help to understand the early life immune development at single-cell resolution,which has implications to develop nutritional manipulation and health management strategies based on specific targets including key receptors and signaling pathways.展开更多
To address the industry challenges of unclear flow control mechanisms in magnetically driven fourchamber peristaltic pumps and the lack of a quantitative correlation between magnetic membrane deformation and pumping f...To address the industry challenges of unclear flow control mechanisms in magnetically driven fourchamber peristaltic pumps and the lack of a quantitative correlation between magnetic membrane deformation and pumping flow rate,a fully numerical simulation method based on multi-physics coupling of magnetic fields,structure,and flow fields was employed to construct a detailed simulation model of a four-chamber symmetric peristaltic pump.Using the maximum deformation intensity of the magnetic membrane as the sole independent variable,we conducted comparative simulations under gradient deformation conditions to accurately calculate the corresponding steady-state pumping flow rate,thereby revealing the quantitative correlation between the two and the underlying regulatory mechanism.The results indicate that,within the experimental deformation range,the pumping flow rate of the four-chamber peristaltic pump exhibits a quasilinear positive correlation with the maximum deformation intensity of the magnetic membrane,with a coefficient of determination R²>0.99;when the deformation intensity exceeds a critical threshold,the rate of flow increase slows down and gradually approaches saturation.This simulation study achieved quantitative verification of the relationship between magnetic membrane deformation and flow rate without the need for experiments,providing a theoretical basis and data support for the precise flow control and structural parameter optimization of four-chamber magnetically driven peristaltic pumps.展开更多
基金partially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Award number:D21C170001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Award number:31973000)。
文摘Background Four-chambered stomach including the forestomachs(rumen,reticulum,and omasum)and abomasum allows ruminants convert plant fiber into high-quality animal products.The early development of this four-chambered stomach is crucial for the health and well-being of young ruminants,especially the immune development.However,the dynamics of immune development are poorly understood.Results We investigated the early gene expression patterns across the four-chambered stomach in Hu sheep,at 5,10,15,and 25 days of age.We found that forestomachs share similar gene expression patterns,all four stomachs underwent widespread activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses from d 5 to 25,whereas the metabolic function were significantly downregulated with age.We constructed a cell landscape of the four-chambered stomach using single-cell sequencing.Integrating transcriptomic and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that the immune-associated module hub genes were highly expressed in T cells,monocytes and macrophages,as well as the defense-associated module hub genes were highly expressed in endothelial cells in the four-stomach tissues.Moreover,the non-immune cells such as epithelial cells play key roles in immune maturation.Cell communication analysis predicted that in addition to immune cells,non-immune cells recruit immune cells through macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling in the forestomachs.Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the immune and defense responses of four stomachs are quickly developing with age in lamb's early life.We also identified the gene expression patterns and functional cells associated with immune development.Additionally,we identified some key receptors and signaling involved in immune regulation.These results help to understand the early life immune development at single-cell resolution,which has implications to develop nutritional manipulation and health management strategies based on specific targets including key receptors and signaling pathways.
文摘To address the industry challenges of unclear flow control mechanisms in magnetically driven fourchamber peristaltic pumps and the lack of a quantitative correlation between magnetic membrane deformation and pumping flow rate,a fully numerical simulation method based on multi-physics coupling of magnetic fields,structure,and flow fields was employed to construct a detailed simulation model of a four-chamber symmetric peristaltic pump.Using the maximum deformation intensity of the magnetic membrane as the sole independent variable,we conducted comparative simulations under gradient deformation conditions to accurately calculate the corresponding steady-state pumping flow rate,thereby revealing the quantitative correlation between the two and the underlying regulatory mechanism.The results indicate that,within the experimental deformation range,the pumping flow rate of the four-chamber peristaltic pump exhibits a quasilinear positive correlation with the maximum deformation intensity of the magnetic membrane,with a coefficient of determination R²>0.99;when the deformation intensity exceeds a critical threshold,the rate of flow increase slows down and gradually approaches saturation.This simulation study achieved quantitative verification of the relationship between magnetic membrane deformation and flow rate without the need for experiments,providing a theoretical basis and data support for the precise flow control and structural parameter optimization of four-chamber magnetically driven peristaltic pumps.
