One of the primary barriers to the advancement of high-efficiency energy conversion technologies is the Shockley–Queisser limit,which imposes a fundamental efficiency constraint on single-junction solar cells.The adv...One of the primary barriers to the advancement of high-efficiency energy conversion technologies is the Shockley–Queisser limit,which imposes a fundamental efficiency constraint on single-junction solar cells.The advent of multi-junction solar cells provides a formidable alternative to this obstacle.Among these,organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have captured substantial interest due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties,including tunable bandgaps and high-power conversion efficiencies,positioning them as prime candidates for multi-junction photovoltaic systems.We give a review of the latest advancements in four-terminal(4T)perovskite tandem solar cells(TSCs),emphasizing four pertinent configurations:perovskite-silicon(PVK/Si),per-ovskite-perovskite(PVK/PVK),perovskite-Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2)(PVK/CIGS),and perovskite-organic(PVK/organic),as well as other emerging 4T perovskite TSCs.Further,it also emphasizes the advancement of semitransparent wide-bandgap PSCs for TSC applications,tackling important issues and outlining potential future directions for optimizing 4T tandem design performance.展开更多
Perovskite/Silicon tandem solar cells have attracted increasing attention in photovoltaic fields.However,expensive electrode materials and complex manufacturing procedures of top semitransparent perovskite solar cells...Perovskite/Silicon tandem solar cells have attracted increasing attention in photovoltaic fields.However,expensive electrode materials and complex manufacturing procedures of top semitransparent perovskite solar cells(PSCs)and conventional bottom silicon(Si)solar cells are incompatible with economical pro-duction.Single-walled carbon nanotube(SWCNT)films have been regarded as promising transparent elec-trodes because of their hydrophobic nature,earth-abundant carbon sources,mechanical robustness,and good chemical stability.Herein,we report a new and simple four-terminal tandem device with the in-tegration of SWCNT-based semitransparent PSCs and SWCNT-Si heterojunction solar cells.The employed SWCNT film is composed of high-crystallinity and small-bundled nanotubes with excellent optical trans-mittance and electric conductivity.It was adopted as the top electrode to realize semitransparent PSCs,which deliver a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 12.02%,and the value can be further enhanced to 17.2%by introducing Spiro-OMeTAD into the SWCNT network.Interestingly,this semitransparent PSC has a bifacial feature and exhibits a bifaciality factor value of 91.1%.Moreover,the SWCNT film was trans-ferred onto the surface of a Si wafer at room temperature to achieve the SWCNT-Si device with a PCE of 16.2%.Eventually,by integrating these two solar cells,a perovskite/SWCNT-Si tandem device with an efficiency of over 22%was obtained.展开更多
CsPbI_(3)perovskites with suitable bandgaps∼1.70 eV present distinct advantages for top-cell photovoltaic materials in tandem solar cells,however,relevant work has been rarely reported.This work designed a sandwich-l...CsPbI_(3)perovskites with suitable bandgaps∼1.70 eV present distinct advantages for top-cell photovoltaic materials in tandem solar cells,however,relevant work has been rarely reported.This work designed a sandwich-like MoO_(X)/Ag/MoO_(X)(MAM)buffer layer as the front cell window layer to maximize incident light utilization efficiency for semi-transparent CsPbI_(3)solar cells and four terminal(4-T)stacked cells.Further investigation revealed that the MAM has to experience in-situ reaction between Ag metal and fresh MoO_(X),which can simultaneously ensure the transparency of the buffer layer and improve the carrier transportation and collection,except for protecting the underlying spiro-OMeTAD layer from the bombardment of magnetron sputtering.Thanks to this MAM buffer layer and a tunnel oxide passivating contact(TOPCon)bottom cell with edge passivation,semi-transparent CsPbI_(3)devices(aperture area:0.50 cm^(2))demonstrated a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.86%while corresponding 4-T CsPbI_(3)/TOPCon tandem solar cells(PSTSCs)presented the PCE of 26.55%.Besides,we also fabricated semi-transparent CsPbI_(3)minimodules with 16.67%PCE and 4-T PSTSCs with 26.41%PCE(aperture area:6.62 cm^(2)).This work provided a new scalable strategy for transparent buffer layers by constructing in-situ generated sandwich structured buffer layer,which is suitable for perovskite tandem solar cells.展开更多
To demonstrate flexible and tandem device applications,a low-temperature Cu_(2)ZnSnSe_(4)(CZTSe)deposition process,combined with efficient alkali doping,was developed.First,high-quality CZTSe films were grown at 480℃...To demonstrate flexible and tandem device applications,a low-temperature Cu_(2)ZnSnSe_(4)(CZTSe)deposition process,combined with efficient alkali doping,was developed.First,high-quality CZTSe films were grown at 480℃by a single co-evaporation,which is applicable to polyimide(PI)substrate.Because of the alkali-free substrate,Na and K alkali doping were systematically studied and optimized to precisely control the alkali distribution in CZTSe.The bulk defect density was significantly reduced by suppression of deep acceptor states after the(NaF+KF)PDTs.Through the low-temperature deposition with(NaF+KF)PDTs,the CZTSe device on glass yields the best efficiency of 8.1%with an improved Voc deficit of 646 mV.The developed deposition technologies have been applied to PI.For the first time,we report the highest efficiency of 6.92%for flexible CZTSe solar cells on PI.Additionally,CZTSe devices were utilized as bottom cells to fabricate four-terminal CZTSe/perovskite tandem cells because of a low bandgap of CZTSe(~1.0 eV)so that the tandem cell yielded an efficiency of 20%.The obtained results show that CZTSe solar cells prepared by a low-temperature process with in-situ alkali doping can be utilized for flexible thin-film solar cells as well as tandem device applications.展开更多
A general multiple-loop feedback approach for realization of Four-Terminal Floating Nullor RC(FTFN-RC) filter is presented.The proposed filter is constructed by multi-output FTFNs, capacitors and resistors.It can simu...A general multiple-loop feedback approach for realization of Four-Terminal Floating Nullor RC(FTFN-RC) filter is presented.The proposed filter is constructed by multi-output FTFNs, capacitors and resistors.It can simultaneously realize slow-pass, band-pass(if order is even number), and high-pass filter responses.With RC elements grounded and requiring no component matching con-straints, it is fully integrated conveniently.Simulations are performed for the fourth-order Butterworth filter to verify the validity of the circuit.展开更多
In a typical oil-based mud environment, the borehole fluid and mud cake are highly resistive and will not permit any significant current flow from the tool to the formation. In order to overcome the high insulation ef...In a typical oil-based mud environment, the borehole fluid and mud cake are highly resistive and will not permit any significant current flow from the tool to the formation. In order to overcome the high insulation effect of the medium, measurement current must be injected at a relative high frequency since most of the conduction is due to capacitive coupling. In this paper, an OBIT numerical model based on four-terminal method was established to study the tool responses during the measurements. The influences of tool parameters, such as the area and distance of current-injector electrodes, inject frequency, distance of button sensors, standoff and electrical properties of borehole fluid, the tool responses, were investigated and the tool optimization was discussed.展开更多
Antimony selenide(Sb_(2)Se_(3))semiconducting material possesses a band gap of 1.05-1.2 eV and has been widely applied in single-junction solar cells.Based on its band gap,Sb_(2)Se_(3)can also be used as the bottom ce...Antimony selenide(Sb_(2)Se_(3))semiconducting material possesses a band gap of 1.05-1.2 eV and has been widely applied in single-junction solar cells.Based on its band gap,Sb_(2)Se_(3)can also be used as the bottom cell absorber material in tandem solar cells.More importantly,Sb_(2)Se_(3)solar cells exhibit excellent stability with nontoxic compositional elements.The band gap of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite is tunable over a wide range.In this work,we demonstrate for the first time a perovskite/antimony selenide four-terminal tandem solar cell with a specially designed and fabricated transparent electrode for an optimized spectral response.By adjusting the thickness of the transparent electrode layer of the top cell,the wide-band-gap perovskite top solar cell achieves an efficiency of 17.88%,while the optimized antimony selenide bottom cell delivers a power conversion efficiency of 7.85%by introducing a double electron transport layer.Finally,the four-termi-nal tandem solar cell achieves an impressive efficiency exceeding 20%.This work provides a new tandem device structure and demonstrates that antimony selenide is a promising absorber material for bottom cell applications in tandem solar cells.展开更多
A rising candidate for upgrading the performance of an established narrow-bandgap solar technology without adding much cost is to construct the tandem solar cells from a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a high open...A rising candidate for upgrading the performance of an established narrow-bandgap solar technology without adding much cost is to construct the tandem solar cells from a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a high open-circuit voltage top cell.Here,we present a four-terminal tandem solar cell architecture consisting of a selffiltered planar architecture perovskite top cell and a silicon heterojunction bottom cell.A transparent ultrathin gold electrode has been used in perovskite solar cells to achieve a semi-transparent device.The transparent ultrathin gold contact could provide a better electrical conductivity and optical reflectance-scattering to maintain the performance of the top cell compared with the traditional metal oxide contact.The four-terminal tandem solar cell yields an efficiency of 14.8%,with contributions of the top（8.98%）and the bottom cell（5.82%）,respectively.We also point out that in terms of optical losses,the intermediate contact of self-filtered tandem architecture is the uppermost problem,which has been addressed in this communication,and the results show that reducing the parasitic light absorption and improving the long wavelength range transmittance without scarifying the electrical properties of the intermediate hole contact layer are the key issues towards further improving the efficiency of this architecture device.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20138,52173192,and 52203250)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803300).
文摘One of the primary barriers to the advancement of high-efficiency energy conversion technologies is the Shockley–Queisser limit,which imposes a fundamental efficiency constraint on single-junction solar cells.The advent of multi-junction solar cells provides a formidable alternative to this obstacle.Among these,organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have captured substantial interest due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties,including tunable bandgaps and high-power conversion efficiencies,positioning them as prime candidates for multi-junction photovoltaic systems.We give a review of the latest advancements in four-terminal(4T)perovskite tandem solar cells(TSCs),emphasizing four pertinent configurations:perovskite-silicon(PVK/Si),per-ovskite-perovskite(PVK/PVK),perovskite-Cu(In,Ga)Se_(2)(PVK/CIGS),and perovskite-organic(PVK/organic),as well as other emerging 4T perovskite TSCs.Further,it also emphasizes the advancement of semitransparent wide-bandgap PSCs for TSC applications,tackling important issues and outlining potential future directions for optimizing 4T tandem design performance.
基金supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.62304163 and 62374128)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2024GX-YBXM-512)+6 种基金the Young Talent Fund of Xi’an As-sociation for Science and Technology(No.959202413054)the Qinchuangyuan Cited High-level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Projects(No.QCYRCXM-2022-364)the Natural Science Ba-sic Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2023-JC-QN-0471)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semi-conductor Materials(No.SKL2023-03)the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing(Wuhan University of Technology,No.2024-KF-12)the Xidian University Specially Funded Project for Interdisciplinary Explo-ration(Nos.TZJH2024066,TZJH2024052,and TZJH2024050)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.ZYTS25157).
文摘Perovskite/Silicon tandem solar cells have attracted increasing attention in photovoltaic fields.However,expensive electrode materials and complex manufacturing procedures of top semitransparent perovskite solar cells(PSCs)and conventional bottom silicon(Si)solar cells are incompatible with economical pro-duction.Single-walled carbon nanotube(SWCNT)films have been regarded as promising transparent elec-trodes because of their hydrophobic nature,earth-abundant carbon sources,mechanical robustness,and good chemical stability.Herein,we report a new and simple four-terminal tandem device with the in-tegration of SWCNT-based semitransparent PSCs and SWCNT-Si heterojunction solar cells.The employed SWCNT film is composed of high-crystallinity and small-bundled nanotubes with excellent optical trans-mittance and electric conductivity.It was adopted as the top electrode to realize semitransparent PSCs,which deliver a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 12.02%,and the value can be further enhanced to 17.2%by introducing Spiro-OMeTAD into the SWCNT network.Interestingly,this semitransparent PSC has a bifacial feature and exhibits a bifaciality factor value of 91.1%.Moreover,the SWCNT film was trans-ferred onto the surface of a Si wafer at room temperature to achieve the SWCNT-Si device with a PCE of 16.2%.Eventually,by integrating these two solar cells,a perovskite/SWCNT-Si tandem device with an efficiency of over 22%was obtained.
基金support from CAS-CSIRO Joint Project(112111KYSB20210017)Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52361145847,52172260,52227803,U24A6003,52203368,52222212)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3800103).
文摘CsPbI_(3)perovskites with suitable bandgaps∼1.70 eV present distinct advantages for top-cell photovoltaic materials in tandem solar cells,however,relevant work has been rarely reported.This work designed a sandwich-like MoO_(X)/Ag/MoO_(X)(MAM)buffer layer as the front cell window layer to maximize incident light utilization efficiency for semi-transparent CsPbI_(3)solar cells and four terminal(4-T)stacked cells.Further investigation revealed that the MAM has to experience in-situ reaction between Ag metal and fresh MoO_(X),which can simultaneously ensure the transparency of the buffer layer and improve the carrier transportation and collection,except for protecting the underlying spiro-OMeTAD layer from the bombardment of magnetron sputtering.Thanks to this MAM buffer layer and a tunnel oxide passivating contact(TOPCon)bottom cell with edge passivation,semi-transparent CsPbI_(3)devices(aperture area:0.50 cm^(2))demonstrated a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.86%while corresponding 4-T CsPbI_(3)/TOPCon tandem solar cells(PSTSCs)presented the PCE of 26.55%.Besides,we also fabricated semi-transparent CsPbI_(3)minimodules with 16.67%PCE and 4-T PSTSCs with 26.41%PCE(aperture area:6.62 cm^(2)).This work provided a new scalable strategy for transparent buffer layers by constructing in-situ generated sandwich structured buffer layer,which is suitable for perovskite tandem solar cells.
基金financially supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Research(KIER)(grant no.C3-2401,2402,2403)the National Research Foundation(grant no.2022M3J1A1063019)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT
文摘To demonstrate flexible and tandem device applications,a low-temperature Cu_(2)ZnSnSe_(4)(CZTSe)deposition process,combined with efficient alkali doping,was developed.First,high-quality CZTSe films were grown at 480℃by a single co-evaporation,which is applicable to polyimide(PI)substrate.Because of the alkali-free substrate,Na and K alkali doping were systematically studied and optimized to precisely control the alkali distribution in CZTSe.The bulk defect density was significantly reduced by suppression of deep acceptor states after the(NaF+KF)PDTs.Through the low-temperature deposition with(NaF+KF)PDTs,the CZTSe device on glass yields the best efficiency of 8.1%with an improved Voc deficit of 646 mV.The developed deposition technologies have been applied to PI.For the first time,we report the highest efficiency of 6.92%for flexible CZTSe solar cells on PI.Additionally,CZTSe devices were utilized as bottom cells to fabricate four-terminal CZTSe/perovskite tandem cells because of a low bandgap of CZTSe(~1.0 eV)so that the tandem cell yielded an efficiency of 20%.The obtained results show that CZTSe solar cells prepared by a low-temperature process with in-situ alkali doping can be utilized for flexible thin-film solar cells as well as tandem device applications.
基金Supported by the Hunan Province Project of Education Department of Financial Aid (No.04C346)
文摘A general multiple-loop feedback approach for realization of Four-Terminal Floating Nullor RC(FTFN-RC) filter is presented.The proposed filter is constructed by multi-output FTFNs, capacitors and resistors.It can simultaneously realize slow-pass, band-pass(if order is even number), and high-pass filter responses.With RC elements grounded and requiring no component matching con-straints, it is fully integrated conveniently.Simulations are performed for the fourth-order Butterworth filter to verify the validity of the circuit.
文摘In a typical oil-based mud environment, the borehole fluid and mud cake are highly resistive and will not permit any significant current flow from the tool to the formation. In order to overcome the high insulation effect of the medium, measurement current must be injected at a relative high frequency since most of the conduction is due to capacitive coupling. In this paper, an OBIT numerical model based on four-terminal method was established to study the tool responses during the measurements. The influences of tool parameters, such as the area and distance of current-injector electrodes, inject frequency, distance of button sensors, standoff and electrical properties of borehole fluid, the tool responses, were investigated and the tool optimization was discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0405600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22275180)+2 种基金School-Local Cooperation Industrial Innovation Guidance Fund Key Project,Hefei University of Technology,China(Grant No.JZ2022YDZJ0087)Wuhu Major Engineering Application Project,China(Grant No.W2022JSKF0499)Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS.
文摘Antimony selenide(Sb_(2)Se_(3))semiconducting material possesses a band gap of 1.05-1.2 eV and has been widely applied in single-junction solar cells.Based on its band gap,Sb_(2)Se_(3)can also be used as the bottom cell absorber material in tandem solar cells.More importantly,Sb_(2)Se_(3)solar cells exhibit excellent stability with nontoxic compositional elements.The band gap of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite is tunable over a wide range.In this work,we demonstrate for the first time a perovskite/antimony selenide four-terminal tandem solar cell with a specially designed and fabricated transparent electrode for an optimized spectral response.By adjusting the thickness of the transparent electrode layer of the top cell,the wide-band-gap perovskite top solar cell achieves an efficiency of 17.88%,while the optimized antimony selenide bottom cell delivers a power conversion efficiency of 7.85%by introducing a double electron transport layer.Finally,the four-termi-nal tandem solar cell achieves an impressive efficiency exceeding 20%.This work provides a new tandem device structure and demonstrates that antimony selenide is a promising absorber material for bottom cell applications in tandem solar cells.
基金Project supported by the International Cooperation Projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2014DFE60170)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61474065,61674084)+2 种基金the Tianjin Research Key Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology(No.15JCZDJC31300)the Key Project in the Science&Technology Pillar Program of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2014147-3)the 111 Project(No.B16027)
文摘A rising candidate for upgrading the performance of an established narrow-bandgap solar technology without adding much cost is to construct the tandem solar cells from a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a high open-circuit voltage top cell.Here,we present a four-terminal tandem solar cell architecture consisting of a selffiltered planar architecture perovskite top cell and a silicon heterojunction bottom cell.A transparent ultrathin gold electrode has been used in perovskite solar cells to achieve a semi-transparent device.The transparent ultrathin gold contact could provide a better electrical conductivity and optical reflectance-scattering to maintain the performance of the top cell compared with the traditional metal oxide contact.The four-terminal tandem solar cell yields an efficiency of 14.8%,with contributions of the top（8.98%）and the bottom cell（5.82%）,respectively.We also point out that in terms of optical losses,the intermediate contact of self-filtered tandem architecture is the uppermost problem,which has been addressed in this communication,and the results show that reducing the parasitic light absorption and improving the long wavelength range transmittance without scarifying the electrical properties of the intermediate hole contact layer are the key issues towards further improving the efficiency of this architecture device.
