In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute quantities. Space and time are treated as independent quantities and can be discussed sepa-rately. With his theory of relativity, Einstein proved ...In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute quantities. Space and time are treated as independent quantities and can be discussed sepa-rately. With his theory of relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are de-pendent and must be treated inseparably. Minkowski adopted a four-dimensional space-time frame and indirectly revealed the dependency of space and time by adding a constraint for an event interval. Since space and time are inseparable, a three-dimensional space-time frame can be constructed by embedding time into space to directly show the interdependency of space and time. The formula for time dilation, length contraction, and the Lorenz transformation can be derived from graphs utilizing this new frame. The proposed three-dimensional space-time frame is an alternate frame that can be used to describe motions of objects, and it may improve teaching and learning Special Relativity and provide additional insights into space and time.展开更多
We study the Bell's inequality and multipartite entanglement generation for initially maximally entangled states of free Dirac field in a non inertial frame and asymptotically flat Robertson–Walker space-time.For...We study the Bell's inequality and multipartite entanglement generation for initially maximally entangled states of free Dirac field in a non inertial frame and asymptotically flat Robertson–Walker space-time.For two qubit case,we show that the Bell's inequality always is violated as measured by the accelerated observers which are in the causally connected regions.On the other hand,for those observers in the causally disconnected regions inequality is not violated for any values of acceleration.The generated three qubit state from two qubit state due to acceleration of one parties has a zero 3-tangle.For a three qubit state,the inequality violated for measurements done by both causally connected and disconnected observers.Initially GHZ state with non zero 3-tangle,in accelerated frame,transformed to a four qubit state with vanishing 4-tangle value.On the other hand,for a W-state with zero 3-tangle,in non inertial frame,transformed to a four qubit state with a non-zero 4-tangle acceleration dependent.In an expanding space-time with asymptotically flat regions,for an initially maximally entangled state,the maximum value of violation of Bell's inequality in the far past decreased in the far future due to cosmological particle creation.For some initially maximally entangled states,the generated four qubit state due to expansion of space-time,has non vanishing 4-tangle.展开更多
The electrodynamics both in RF with prescribed law of motion and in FR with prescribed structure is considered. Parallel comparison for solutions in “uniformly accelerated” NRF M?ller system and in uniformly acceler...The electrodynamics both in RF with prescribed law of motion and in FR with prescribed structure is considered. Parallel comparison for solutions in “uniformly accelerated” NRF M?ller system and in uniformly accelerated rigid NFR in the space of the constant curvature is carried out. The stationary criterion is formulated. On the basis of this criterion, one of the “eternal physical problems” concerning the field at uniformly accelerated charge motion is considered. The problems of electromagnetic wave spreading, Doppler’s effect and field transformations are discussed.展开更多
In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute, independent quantities and can be discussed separately. In Special Relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are relative and dependent and...In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute, independent quantities and can be discussed separately. In Special Relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are relative and dependent and therefore must not be treated separately. Minkowski adopted four-dimensional space-time frames (4-d s-t frames), which indirectly revealed the dependency of space and time with the addition of a constraint for an event interval. We are not able to visualize 4-d s-t frames. Since space and time are inseparable, three-dimensional space-time frames (3-d s-t frames) can be constructed by embedding time into space to directly show the interdependency of space and time. Time contraction and length contraction can also be depicted graphically using 3-d s-t frames. We have much better understanding reality of space and time in 3-d s-t frames. This will lead to Contextual Reality for better understanding the universe.展开更多
In this paper, a Wind Direction Change Index (WI), which can describe four-dimensional spatiotemporal changes of the atmospheric circulation objectively and quantitatively, is defined to study its evolution and season...In this paper, a Wind Direction Change Index (WI), which can describe four-dimensional spatiotemporal changes of the atmospheric circulation objectively and quantitatively, is defined to study its evolution and seasonal variation. The first four modes can be obtained by EOF expansion of the zonally averaged WI. The first mode reveals the basic spatial distribution of the annually averaged WI. The second mode reflects the quasi-harmonic parts of the WI deviations. Tropical, subtropical and extratropical monsoon areas can be clearly reflected by this mode. The third mode reflects the non-harmonic parts of the WI deviations. It shows the so-called February reverse in stratospheric atmosphere as well as the asymmetric seasonal changes from spring to fall and from fall to spring due to both the land-sea distribution contrast between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and the nonlinear effect of atmospheric and ocean fluids. The fourth mode reveals the northward advancing of the global reversed wind fields from spring to summer and their southward withdrawal from summer to autumn.展开更多
Fundamental units of measurements are kilograms, meters, and seconds—in regards to mass length, and time. All other measurements in mechanical quantities including kinetic quantities and dynamic quantities are called...Fundamental units of measurements are kilograms, meters, and seconds—in regards to mass length, and time. All other measurements in mechanical quantities including kinetic quantities and dynamic quantities are called derived units. These derived units can be expressed in terms of fundamental units, such as acceleration, area, energy, force, power, velocity and volume. Derived quantities will be referred to as time, length, and mass. In order to explain that fundamental units are not equivalent with fundamental quantities, we need to understand the contraction of time and length in Special Relativity. If we choose the velocity of light as fundamental quantity and length and time as derived quantities, then we are able to construct three-dimensional space-time frames. Three-dimensional space-time frames representing time with polar coordination, time contraction and length contraction can be shown graphically.展开更多
文摘In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute quantities. Space and time are treated as independent quantities and can be discussed sepa-rately. With his theory of relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are de-pendent and must be treated inseparably. Minkowski adopted a four-dimensional space-time frame and indirectly revealed the dependency of space and time by adding a constraint for an event interval. Since space and time are inseparable, a three-dimensional space-time frame can be constructed by embedding time into space to directly show the interdependency of space and time. The formula for time dilation, length contraction, and the Lorenz transformation can be derived from graphs utilizing this new frame. The proposed three-dimensional space-time frame is an alternate frame that can be used to describe motions of objects, and it may improve teaching and learning Special Relativity and provide additional insights into space and time.
基金Islamic Azad University,Khorram Branch,for Financial support
文摘We study the Bell's inequality and multipartite entanglement generation for initially maximally entangled states of free Dirac field in a non inertial frame and asymptotically flat Robertson–Walker space-time.For two qubit case,we show that the Bell's inequality always is violated as measured by the accelerated observers which are in the causally connected regions.On the other hand,for those observers in the causally disconnected regions inequality is not violated for any values of acceleration.The generated three qubit state from two qubit state due to acceleration of one parties has a zero 3-tangle.For a three qubit state,the inequality violated for measurements done by both causally connected and disconnected observers.Initially GHZ state with non zero 3-tangle,in accelerated frame,transformed to a four qubit state with vanishing 4-tangle value.On the other hand,for a W-state with zero 3-tangle,in non inertial frame,transformed to a four qubit state with a non-zero 4-tangle acceleration dependent.In an expanding space-time with asymptotically flat regions,for an initially maximally entangled state,the maximum value of violation of Bell's inequality in the far past decreased in the far future due to cosmological particle creation.For some initially maximally entangled states,the generated four qubit state due to expansion of space-time,has non vanishing 4-tangle.
文摘The electrodynamics both in RF with prescribed law of motion and in FR with prescribed structure is considered. Parallel comparison for solutions in “uniformly accelerated” NRF M?ller system and in uniformly accelerated rigid NFR in the space of the constant curvature is carried out. The stationary criterion is formulated. On the basis of this criterion, one of the “eternal physical problems” concerning the field at uniformly accelerated charge motion is considered. The problems of electromagnetic wave spreading, Doppler’s effect and field transformations are discussed.
文摘In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute, independent quantities and can be discussed separately. In Special Relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are relative and dependent and therefore must not be treated separately. Minkowski adopted four-dimensional space-time frames (4-d s-t frames), which indirectly revealed the dependency of space and time with the addition of a constraint for an event interval. We are not able to visualize 4-d s-t frames. Since space and time are inseparable, three-dimensional space-time frames (3-d s-t frames) can be constructed by embedding time into space to directly show the interdependency of space and time. Time contraction and length contraction can also be depicted graphically using 3-d s-t frames. We have much better understanding reality of space and time in 3-d s-t frames. This will lead to Contextual Reality for better understanding the universe.
文摘In this paper, a Wind Direction Change Index (WI), which can describe four-dimensional spatiotemporal changes of the atmospheric circulation objectively and quantitatively, is defined to study its evolution and seasonal variation. The first four modes can be obtained by EOF expansion of the zonally averaged WI. The first mode reveals the basic spatial distribution of the annually averaged WI. The second mode reflects the quasi-harmonic parts of the WI deviations. Tropical, subtropical and extratropical monsoon areas can be clearly reflected by this mode. The third mode reflects the non-harmonic parts of the WI deviations. It shows the so-called February reverse in stratospheric atmosphere as well as the asymmetric seasonal changes from spring to fall and from fall to spring due to both the land-sea distribution contrast between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and the nonlinear effect of atmospheric and ocean fluids. The fourth mode reveals the northward advancing of the global reversed wind fields from spring to summer and their southward withdrawal from summer to autumn.
文摘Fundamental units of measurements are kilograms, meters, and seconds—in regards to mass length, and time. All other measurements in mechanical quantities including kinetic quantities and dynamic quantities are called derived units. These derived units can be expressed in terms of fundamental units, such as acceleration, area, energy, force, power, velocity and volume. Derived quantities will be referred to as time, length, and mass. In order to explain that fundamental units are not equivalent with fundamental quantities, we need to understand the contraction of time and length in Special Relativity. If we choose the velocity of light as fundamental quantity and length and time as derived quantities, then we are able to construct three-dimensional space-time frames. Three-dimensional space-time frames representing time with polar coordination, time contraction and length contraction can be shown graphically.
