This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil productio...This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year(or 9.6 EJ/year),in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around350 Bcm/year(or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year(or 91.9 EJ/year)around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI(energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found.展开更多
Dramatic fall in costs of renewable energy in the last 24 months has not only accelerated the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy in electricity generation. The low cost renewable electricity is now starti...Dramatic fall in costs of renewable energy in the last 24 months has not only accelerated the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy in electricity generation. The low cost renewable electricity is now starting to replace fossil fuels in other sectors. One reason is that renewable electricity is now cheaper per unit energy than oil, about the same price as fossil methan but, still, more expensive than coal. Another reason is that electricity often offer other opportunities, such as cheaper transport, better control, higher energy efficiency in final production of energy services and lower local environmental costs.展开更多
We have found some fluorescence characteristics of fossil fuels based on the contour maps of the three dimensional fluorescence spectra of their non quenching samples. The common fluorescence characteristic is t...We have found some fluorescence characteristics of fossil fuels based on the contour maps of the three dimensional fluorescence spectra of their non quenching samples. The common fluorescence characteristic is that the main peaks of various fossil fuels are located in the vicinity of excitation/emission wavelength pair 228nm/340nm.The diversity of fluorescence characteristics can be represented with several indexes α,K,F and R ,and these indexes provide measurable parameters for division of fluorescence fingerprints of fossil fuels. The fluorescence fingerprints of fossil fuels can be divided into five models named O,B,Q,P and G that are corresponding to condensate oil, light oil, heavy oil, coal and natural gas, respectively. The technique has a potential application in study of environment pollution on crude oil and geochemical exploration of fossil fuels.展开更多
Rising greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change, and the world’s focus has shifted to the need to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. There has been a rise in the published literature on the utilization o...Rising greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change, and the world’s focus has shifted to the need to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. There has been a rise in the published literature on the utilization of crops for bioenergy production in Louisiana. However, very few scholarly documents have used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the distribution of potential bioenergy crops in Louisiana. This study seeks to fill the void by evaluating the potential of bioenergy crops in Louisiana for energy production using GIS. Given this objective, the agricultural census data for 1999, 2009, 2019, and 2020 obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture were used in the analysis. The quantities of various crops produced in the state were loaded into an attribute table and joined to a shapefile using ArcGIS software. The symbology tool’s graduated option was used to create five maps representing each of the bioenergy crops in Louisiana. The findings of the GIS analysis show that some of the parishes, such as Franklin produced the most bushels of corn (13,795,416), Iberia produced the most tons of sugarcane (1,697,980), East Carroll produced the most bushels of soybean (8,237,991), Tensas harvested the most bales of cotton (80,898) and Avoyelles produced the most bushels of sorghum (630,694). The abundance and availability of crops as raw materials for energy production will translate into lower prices in terms of energy use, making bioenergy crops a promising alternative to fossil fuels. In addition, gasoline price data from 1993-2022 was obtained from U.S. Energy Information Administration. A regression model for the average annual gasoline price over the years was constructed. The results show that the average annual gasoline price variation with respect to years is statistically significant (p 0.05). This suggests that gasoline prices will generally rise despite a price drop over the years. The paper concludes by outlining policy recommendations in the form of assessing the availability and viability of other crop types, such as wheat, oats, and rice, for energy production in the state.展开更多
Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>ff</sub> at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are of...Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>ff</sub> at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are often densely populated and highly industrialized areas. In this case, in addition to the natural carbon dioxide level of the site, there are several other components that are added to it. The approaches we propose in this paper are based on the isotopic fractionation of carbon and the laws of matter conservation. Mathematical equations are derived from this and we propose approaches to establish them. Our method has allowed us to come to the conclusion of the relationship that is already found in literature. But we term this relationship in another way by introducing the fraction of carbon modern F and the proportion of CO<sub>2</sub> derived from fossil fuels, which will be noted (S)<sub>ff</sub> for the following. As an indicator of the Suess Effect, we have calculated these values in our different sites. Wooded areas sites which are located in urban areas have higher value of proportion of fossil fuel <span style="white-space:normal;">(S)</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">ff</sub> .展开更多
China has a huge demand for energy.Under the present energy structure of rich coal,lean oil,less gas,limited and low-rising rate renewable energy,discussion focus is now on the high-efficient mining of coal as well as...China has a huge demand for energy.Under the present energy structure of rich coal,lean oil,less gas,limited and low-rising rate renewable energy,discussion focus is now on the high-efficient mining of coal as well as its clean-and-low-carbon use.In view of this,based on an analysis of the problems in the coal chemical industry and the present coal utilization ways such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle(IGCC),this paper proposes that underground coal gasification(UCG)technology is a realistic choice.By virtue of its advantages in many aspects such as safety&environment,integrated use of superior resources,economic feasibility,etc.this technology can serve as the front-end support and guarantee for coal chemical industry and IGCC.Under the present situation,the following proposals were presented to promote the development of this technology.First,R&D of technical products should be strengthened,a comprehensive feasibility study assessment system should be established,and the relevant criteria in the industry should be formulated.Second,precise market positioning of UCG products should be made with much concern on the integrated economic indicators of each product's complete flow scheme,following the principle of“Technical Feasibility First,Economic Optimization Followed”.Third,a perfect operation and management pattern should be established with strict control over high-efficient,environmentally-friendly,safe,harmonious&compact objectives in the whole industry chain.In conclusion,to realize the large-scale UCG commercial production will strongly promote the optimization and innovation of fossil fuels supply-side economics in China.展开更多
A risk in the prices of fossil fuels is a major concern to importing countries of them. This study analyzes the risk of an increase in the cost for Japanese electric utility sector during the period 1978-2007 consider...A risk in the prices of fossil fuels is a major concern to importing countries of them. This study analyzes the risk of an increase in the cost for Japanese electric utility sector during the period 1978-2007 considering the uncertainty in the prices of fossil fuels. The mean-semivariance model, which uses an upper semivariance as an index of the risk, is adopted for the purpose. The result confirms that the semivariance is the better index of the risk than the variance. Furether, the semivariance is decomposed into two factors; the risk caused by price changes in an individual fossil fuel source and the risk caused by correlations among the changes in the prices of fossil fuel sources. The former has been kept at a low level as it appears to be easy to estimate, while the latter has not been maintained at the lowest level as it appears to be difficult to estimate. The Japanese electric utility sector followed the minimum-risk fossil fuel mix up until 2001, but discontinued the same post 2001.展开更多
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the current energy landscape and the imperative transition toward renewable energy.It begins with an overview of current energy sources and trends,highlighting the dispa...This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the current energy landscape and the imperative transition toward renewable energy.It begins with an overview of current energy sources and trends,highlighting the disparity between supply and increasing demand.Adverse impacts of reliance on fossil fuels such as environmental degradation,economic volatility,and health hazards underscore the urgent need for a transition.The study then explores the vast potential of renewable energy sources(RES)such as solar,wind,hydrogen,and hydro,emphasizing their feasibility in the Southern African context.The positive impacts of integrating renewables are examined,including reduced greenhouse gas emissions,enhanced energy security,and economic diversification.Through case studies of regional examples,the success and failures of transitioning efforts are analyzed,providing valuable insights into best practices and pitfalls.The study identifies significant challenges in transitioning,particularly in grid-tied and off-grid scenarios,and discusses infrastructural,financial,and regulatory obstacles.The recommendations section outlines strategic steps for achieving a feasible transition,proposing either a full transition or specific percentages of renewable energy integration to meet energy demands.In conclusion,the study emphasizes the critical importance of adopting these strategies for sustainable development and global climate goals,advocating for continuous innovation and localized solutions to maximize the benefits of renewable energy.Key findings are that the environmental and economic effects of fossil fuel usage strain economies by increasing fossil fuel subsidies.RES are abundant in the Southern African region,and some projects have already been successfully implemented,especially in South Africa.Economic growth and technological advancement are some of the benefits of fully transitioning to renewables,but lack of skilled labor,infrastructure,necessary technology,and most importantly,high capital requirements,etc.,are some challenges being faced.Hence,the need for regional cooperation,policy frameworks,and infrastructure enhancement,and investment mobilization for an accelerated transition.展开更多
Renewable energy sources and low-carbon power generation systems with carbon capture and storage(CCS)are expected to be key contributors towards the decarbonisation of the energy sector and to ensure sustainable energ...Renewable energy sources and low-carbon power generation systems with carbon capture and storage(CCS)are expected to be key contributors towards the decarbonisation of the energy sector and to ensure sustainable energy supply in the future.However,the variable nature of wind and solar power generation systems may affect the operation of the electricity system grid.Deployment of energy storage is expected to increase grid stability and renewable energy utilisation.The power sector of the future,therefore,needs to seek a synergy between renewable energy sources and low-carbon fossil fuel power generation.This can be achieved via wide deployment of CCS linked with energy storage.Interestingly,recent progress in both the CCS and energy storage fields reveals that technologies such as calcium looping are technically viable and promising options in both cases.Novel integrated systems can be achieved by integrating these applications into CCS with inherent energy storage capacity,as well as linking other CCS technologies with renewable energy sources via energy storage technologies,which will maximise the profit from electricity production,mitigate efficiency and economic penalties related to CCS,and improve renewable energy utilisation.展开更多
The energy access challenge remains a significant barrier to sustainable development,with millions of people still needing access to modern energy services.Fossil fuels have played a crucial role in meeting electricit...The energy access challenge remains a significant barrier to sustainable development,with millions of people still needing access to modern energy services.Fossil fuels have played a crucial role in meeting electricity demand,but they face challenges and drawbacks in terms of environmental sustainability,energy security,and climate change.This study examines how renewable and non-renewable energy generation capacity impacted the environment in 53 upper-middle-income countries from 1990 to 2020,using energy access and alternative energy sources as mediating variables.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between renewable energy generation capacity,energy access,alternative energy sources,and environmental conditions in upper-middleincome countries.The positive relationship between renewable energy generation capacity and environmental conditions emphasizes the importance and potential of renewable energy sources in mitigating environmental degradation.Additionally,the findings indicate that energy access also plays a crucial role in shaping energy generation patterns,with higher levels of access being associated with increased renewable energy generation and decreased reliance on non-renewable energy sources.These findings highlight the urgent need for policies and measures to promote renewable energy adoption and prioritize energy access to mitigate environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development goals.展开更多
Fossil fuels are the main energy source to satisfy the worldwide energy demands.However,the energy demands are increasing and the supply of fossil fuels is decreasing,thus many countries are looking for other fuel sou...Fossil fuels are the main energy source to satisfy the worldwide energy demands.However,the energy demands are increasing and the supply of fossil fuels is decreasing,thus many countries are looking for other fuel sources.Differing from the traditional fuels,hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising energy sources due to its intrinsic features such as clean,efficient,safe and sustainable.Developing novel technologies for hydrogen production from renewable sources(such as biomass)becomes a core area for the investigation of hydrogen industry.Within this work,different pathways for hydrogen production including steam reforming,electrolysis,and biomass gasification have been systematically compared in terms of yield and cost.This comparison is unique since the systematic evaluation was conducted from many aspects for all the hydrogen production pathways,especially those by involving the biomass gasification that still lack of available literatures.The assessment methods involved energy analysis,exergy analysis and economic analysis.It was concluded that steam reforming remains the cheapest method of hydrogen production at 1.748$/kg,however,steam reforming is not an ideal process currently or for the future,gasification and electrolysis remains competitive with high yield but requires relatively high initial and annual expenditure.For biomass gasification,though its energy efficiency is lower than steam reforming,it has relatively higher mass yield,demonstrating the feasibility of this process for hydrogen production.Further for biomass gasification,the selection of correct feedstock is a key to maximize its yield,i.e.a yield of 82.47%is possible with corn stover fed gasification.展开更多
The challenge of establishing top-down constraints for regional emissions of fossil fuel CO_(2)(FFCO_(2))arises from the difficulty in distinguishing between atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations released from fossil fuels...The challenge of establishing top-down constraints for regional emissions of fossil fuel CO_(2)(FFCO_(2))arises from the difficulty in distinguishing between atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations released from fossil fuels and background variability,particularly owing to the influence of terrestrial biospheric fluxes.This necessitates the development of a regional inversion methodology based on atmospheric CO_(2)observations to verify bottom-up estimations independently.This study presents a promising approach for estimating China's FFCO_(2)emissions by incorporating the model residual errors(MREs)of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO_(2)(XCO_(2))from FFCO_(2)emissions(MREff)retained in the analysis of natural flux optimization.China's FFCO_(2)emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 are estimated using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model.The relationship between the MREff and FFCO_(2)is determined using the model based on a regional FFCO_(2)anomaly suggested by posterior NOx emissions from air-quality data assimilation.The MREff is typically one-tenth in magnitude,but some positively skewed outliers exceed 1 ppm because the prior emissions lack lockdown impacts,thereby exerting considerable observation forcing given the satellite retrieval uncertainties.We initialize the FFCO_(2)with posterior NOx emissions and optimize the colinear emission ratio.Synthetic data experiments demonstrate that this approach reduces the FFCO_(2)bias to less than 10%.The real-data experiments estimate 19%lower FFCO_(2)with GOSAT XCO_(2)and 26%lower with OCO-2 XCO_(2)than the bottom-up estimations.This study proves the feasibility of our regional FFCO_(2)inversion,highlighting the importance of addressing the outlier behaviors observed in satellite XCO_(2)retrievals.展开更多
Under the context of carbon neutrality of China,it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission.Currently,coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of Ch...Under the context of carbon neutrality of China,it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission.Currently,coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of China.The country is striving hard to replace it with methane,a cleaner fossil fuel.Although China has rich geological resources of methane as coal bed methane(CBM)reserves,it is quite challenging to utilize them due to low concentration.The CBM is however mainly emitted directly to atmosphere during coal mining,causing waste of the resource and huge contribution to greenhouse effect.The recent work by Yang et al.demonstrated a potential solution to extract low concentration methane selectively from CBM through using MOF materials as sorbents.Such kind of materials and associated separation technology are promising to reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote the methane production capability,which would contribute to carbon neutrality in dual pathways.展开更多
Beginning from the industrial revolution,non-renewable fossil fuels have powered the population growth and economic expansion.However,the overdependence of such energy sources leads to serious eco-crisis and energy se...Beginning from the industrial revolution,non-renewable fossil fuels have powered the population growth and economic expansion.However,the overdependence of such energy sources leads to serious eco-crisis and energy security issues.As shown in Fig.1,the emissions of CO_(2) greenhouse gas are rising year by year because of the significant amount consumption of fossil energy[1].Searching sustainable energy technologies to achieve carbon neutrality has thus become an urgent task for the future of human society[2].As the most abundant and inexhaustible energy source,sunlight has brought dawn to the opportunities for a sustainable society.Owing to the diurnal and seasonal cycles,the solar energy has the intermittent character,which limits its applications.展开更多
Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have greatly increased with the increased use of fossil fuels, leading to air pollution and global warming. We present the researches on air pollution an...Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have greatly increased with the increased use of fossil fuels, leading to air pollution and global warming. We present the researches on air pollution and the use of fossil fuels in north China, the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan and the economic zone of the Pearl River Delta region. Researches indicate that the use of fossil fuels has been the main source of air pollution in the three regions. We present researches on global mean surface temperature (GMST) with the rise of carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) and global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC);researches indicate that the rise in CDC can account for 91% of the rise in GMST, and GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. We analyse the factors that bring about air pollution and temperature rise, they are the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. It is critically important to replace fossil fuels with clean energy, but renewable energy has also disadvantages. The world faces difficulties in solving air pollution and global warming, so governments of the world should cooperate to solve the technologies of clean energy, and preserve the forests and the natural environment.展开更多
Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO_(2) to the total CO_(2) changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe,specifically developing countries...Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO_(2) to the total CO_(2) changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe,specifically developing countries.Atmospheric radiocarbon represents an important observational constraint and utilized to trace fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))in the atmosphere.For the first time,we have presented a detailed analysis on the spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))over India using radiocarbon(Δ14C)measurements during three-year period.Analysis shows that theΔ14C values are varying between 29.33‰ to-34.06‰ across India in the year 2017,where highest value belongs to a location from Gujarat while lowest value belongs to a location from Chhattisgarh.Based on the14C patterns,spatial distributions of CO_(2ff) mole fractions have been determined over India and the calculated values of CO_(2ff) mole fractions are varying between 4.85 ppm to 26.59 ppm across India.It is also noticed that the highest CO_(2ff) mole fraction is observed as 26.59 ppm from a site in Chhattisgarh.CO_(2ff) mole fraction values from four high altitude sites are found to be varied between 4.85 ppm to 14.87 ppm.Effect of sampling different crop plants from the same growing season and different crop plant organs(grains,leaves,stems)on theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) have been studied.Annual and intra seasonal variations in theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) mole fractions have also been analyzed from a rural location(Dholpur,Rajasthan).展开更多
Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic R...Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.展开更多
Global Stocktake is an important component of the global climate governance mechanism.The first Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement in 2023 has clarified collective progress and identified the paths to bridge g...Global Stocktake is an important component of the global climate governance mechanism.The first Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement in 2023 has clarified collective progress and identified the paths to bridge gaps,but its understanding in the academic and policy communities is not yet systematic and comprehensive.Therefore,this study adopts textual analysis,timeline analysis,and game theory methods to comprehensively analyze the process and outcomes of the first Global Stocktake.The study finds that:①The first Global Stocktake underwent three stages,including scientific enhancement,technical dialogue,and political consensus,and took more than five years to reach the final outcome of the United Arab Emirates(UAE)Consensus in which the 1.5℃temperature control target anchored in the scientific enhancement stage set the general tone for the stocktake.②The first Global Stocktake focused on three specific areas—mitigation,adaptation,means of implementation and support—to fully realize the signaling effect.③The most prominent outcome of the stocktake is the new consensus on“transitioning away from all fossil fuels in energy systems”,which specifies the direction for countries to update their nationally determined contributions in 2025 and for the international community to conduct the second Global Stocktake in 2028.④The four groups of countries,namely,developed countries,emerging economies,hydrocarbon-exporting-oriented economies,and climate-vulnerable countries,have different interests and hold distinct core positions,which constrain each other but advance the global stocktake process as a whole.⑤The outcomes of the stocktake are comprehensive and systematic,with as many as 196 consensus items;however,the detailed targets for the three major focus areas are unclear and rigid,and need to be strengthened in the second global stocktake.The study suggests that,on the one hand,China needs to strengthen its policy research in the light of the outcomes of the first Global Stocktake and prepare for the submission of updated nationally determined contribution in 2025 for 2035,which should be consistent with the 1.5℃temperature control target.On the other hand,China should continue to take advantage of the zero-carbon industry to lead global climate change action and expand national development right and international communication capacity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71503264,71373285,71303258)Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant Nos.15YJC630121,13YJC630148)+1 种基金Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462014YJRC024)the Major Program of the National Social Science Found of China(Grant No.13&ZD159)
文摘This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year(or 9.6 EJ/year),in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around350 Bcm/year(or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year(or 91.9 EJ/year)around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI(energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found.
文摘Dramatic fall in costs of renewable energy in the last 24 months has not only accelerated the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy in electricity generation. The low cost renewable electricity is now starting to replace fossil fuels in other sectors. One reason is that renewable electricity is now cheaper per unit energy than oil, about the same price as fossil methan but, still, more expensive than coal. Another reason is that electricity often offer other opportunities, such as cheaper transport, better control, higher energy efficiency in final production of energy services and lower local environmental costs.
文摘We have found some fluorescence characteristics of fossil fuels based on the contour maps of the three dimensional fluorescence spectra of their non quenching samples. The common fluorescence characteristic is that the main peaks of various fossil fuels are located in the vicinity of excitation/emission wavelength pair 228nm/340nm.The diversity of fluorescence characteristics can be represented with several indexes α,K,F and R ,and these indexes provide measurable parameters for division of fluorescence fingerprints of fossil fuels. The fluorescence fingerprints of fossil fuels can be divided into five models named O,B,Q,P and G that are corresponding to condensate oil, light oil, heavy oil, coal and natural gas, respectively. The technique has a potential application in study of environment pollution on crude oil and geochemical exploration of fossil fuels.
文摘Rising greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change, and the world’s focus has shifted to the need to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. There has been a rise in the published literature on the utilization of crops for bioenergy production in Louisiana. However, very few scholarly documents have used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the distribution of potential bioenergy crops in Louisiana. This study seeks to fill the void by evaluating the potential of bioenergy crops in Louisiana for energy production using GIS. Given this objective, the agricultural census data for 1999, 2009, 2019, and 2020 obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture were used in the analysis. The quantities of various crops produced in the state were loaded into an attribute table and joined to a shapefile using ArcGIS software. The symbology tool’s graduated option was used to create five maps representing each of the bioenergy crops in Louisiana. The findings of the GIS analysis show that some of the parishes, such as Franklin produced the most bushels of corn (13,795,416), Iberia produced the most tons of sugarcane (1,697,980), East Carroll produced the most bushels of soybean (8,237,991), Tensas harvested the most bales of cotton (80,898) and Avoyelles produced the most bushels of sorghum (630,694). The abundance and availability of crops as raw materials for energy production will translate into lower prices in terms of energy use, making bioenergy crops a promising alternative to fossil fuels. In addition, gasoline price data from 1993-2022 was obtained from U.S. Energy Information Administration. A regression model for the average annual gasoline price over the years was constructed. The results show that the average annual gasoline price variation with respect to years is statistically significant (p 0.05). This suggests that gasoline prices will generally rise despite a price drop over the years. The paper concludes by outlining policy recommendations in the form of assessing the availability and viability of other crop types, such as wheat, oats, and rice, for energy production in the state.
文摘Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>ff</sub> at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are often densely populated and highly industrialized areas. In this case, in addition to the natural carbon dioxide level of the site, there are several other components that are added to it. The approaches we propose in this paper are based on the isotopic fractionation of carbon and the laws of matter conservation. Mathematical equations are derived from this and we propose approaches to establish them. Our method has allowed us to come to the conclusion of the relationship that is already found in literature. But we term this relationship in another way by introducing the fraction of carbon modern F and the proportion of CO<sub>2</sub> derived from fossil fuels, which will be noted (S)<sub>ff</sub> for the following. As an indicator of the Suess Effect, we have calculated these values in our different sites. Wooded areas sites which are located in urban areas have higher value of proportion of fossil fuel <span style="white-space:normal;">(S)</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">ff</sub> .
文摘China has a huge demand for energy.Under the present energy structure of rich coal,lean oil,less gas,limited and low-rising rate renewable energy,discussion focus is now on the high-efficient mining of coal as well as its clean-and-low-carbon use.In view of this,based on an analysis of the problems in the coal chemical industry and the present coal utilization ways such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle(IGCC),this paper proposes that underground coal gasification(UCG)technology is a realistic choice.By virtue of its advantages in many aspects such as safety&environment,integrated use of superior resources,economic feasibility,etc.this technology can serve as the front-end support and guarantee for coal chemical industry and IGCC.Under the present situation,the following proposals were presented to promote the development of this technology.First,R&D of technical products should be strengthened,a comprehensive feasibility study assessment system should be established,and the relevant criteria in the industry should be formulated.Second,precise market positioning of UCG products should be made with much concern on the integrated economic indicators of each product's complete flow scheme,following the principle of“Technical Feasibility First,Economic Optimization Followed”.Third,a perfect operation and management pattern should be established with strict control over high-efficient,environmentally-friendly,safe,harmonious&compact objectives in the whole industry chain.In conclusion,to realize the large-scale UCG commercial production will strongly promote the optimization and innovation of fossil fuels supply-side economics in China.
文摘A risk in the prices of fossil fuels is a major concern to importing countries of them. This study analyzes the risk of an increase in the cost for Japanese electric utility sector during the period 1978-2007 considering the uncertainty in the prices of fossil fuels. The mean-semivariance model, which uses an upper semivariance as an index of the risk, is adopted for the purpose. The result confirms that the semivariance is the better index of the risk than the variance. Furether, the semivariance is decomposed into two factors; the risk caused by price changes in an individual fossil fuel source and the risk caused by correlations among the changes in the prices of fossil fuel sources. The former has been kept at a low level as it appears to be easy to estimate, while the latter has not been maintained at the lowest level as it appears to be difficult to estimate. The Japanese electric utility sector followed the minimum-risk fossil fuel mix up until 2001, but discontinued the same post 2001.
文摘This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the current energy landscape and the imperative transition toward renewable energy.It begins with an overview of current energy sources and trends,highlighting the disparity between supply and increasing demand.Adverse impacts of reliance on fossil fuels such as environmental degradation,economic volatility,and health hazards underscore the urgent need for a transition.The study then explores the vast potential of renewable energy sources(RES)such as solar,wind,hydrogen,and hydro,emphasizing their feasibility in the Southern African context.The positive impacts of integrating renewables are examined,including reduced greenhouse gas emissions,enhanced energy security,and economic diversification.Through case studies of regional examples,the success and failures of transitioning efforts are analyzed,providing valuable insights into best practices and pitfalls.The study identifies significant challenges in transitioning,particularly in grid-tied and off-grid scenarios,and discusses infrastructural,financial,and regulatory obstacles.The recommendations section outlines strategic steps for achieving a feasible transition,proposing either a full transition or specific percentages of renewable energy integration to meet energy demands.In conclusion,the study emphasizes the critical importance of adopting these strategies for sustainable development and global climate goals,advocating for continuous innovation and localized solutions to maximize the benefits of renewable energy.Key findings are that the environmental and economic effects of fossil fuel usage strain economies by increasing fossil fuel subsidies.RES are abundant in the Southern African region,and some projects have already been successfully implemented,especially in South Africa.Economic growth and technological advancement are some of the benefits of fully transitioning to renewables,but lack of skilled labor,infrastructure,necessary technology,and most importantly,high capital requirements,etc.,are some challenges being faced.Hence,the need for regional cooperation,policy frameworks,and infrastructure enhancement,and investment mobilization for an accelerated transition.
基金This publication is based on research conducted within the“Redefining power generation from carbonaceous fliels with carbonate looping combustion and gasification technologies”project fUnded by U K Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC reference:EP/P034594/1).Data underlying this study can be accessed through the Cranfield University repository at 10.17862/cranfield.rd.8973440.
文摘Renewable energy sources and low-carbon power generation systems with carbon capture and storage(CCS)are expected to be key contributors towards the decarbonisation of the energy sector and to ensure sustainable energy supply in the future.However,the variable nature of wind and solar power generation systems may affect the operation of the electricity system grid.Deployment of energy storage is expected to increase grid stability and renewable energy utilisation.The power sector of the future,therefore,needs to seek a synergy between renewable energy sources and low-carbon fossil fuel power generation.This can be achieved via wide deployment of CCS linked with energy storage.Interestingly,recent progress in both the CCS and energy storage fields reveals that technologies such as calcium looping are technically viable and promising options in both cases.Novel integrated systems can be achieved by integrating these applications into CCS with inherent energy storage capacity,as well as linking other CCS technologies with renewable energy sources via energy storage technologies,which will maximise the profit from electricity production,mitigate efficiency and economic penalties related to CCS,and improve renewable energy utilisation.
文摘The energy access challenge remains a significant barrier to sustainable development,with millions of people still needing access to modern energy services.Fossil fuels have played a crucial role in meeting electricity demand,but they face challenges and drawbacks in terms of environmental sustainability,energy security,and climate change.This study examines how renewable and non-renewable energy generation capacity impacted the environment in 53 upper-middle-income countries from 1990 to 2020,using energy access and alternative energy sources as mediating variables.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between renewable energy generation capacity,energy access,alternative energy sources,and environmental conditions in upper-middleincome countries.The positive relationship between renewable energy generation capacity and environmental conditions emphasizes the importance and potential of renewable energy sources in mitigating environmental degradation.Additionally,the findings indicate that energy access also plays a crucial role in shaping energy generation patterns,with higher levels of access being associated with increased renewable energy generation and decreased reliance on non-renewable energy sources.These findings highlight the urgent need for policies and measures to promote renewable energy adoption and prioritize energy access to mitigate environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development goals.
基金The authors would like to sincerely thank the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51206044)the National Science Foundation of China(No.71573084)+1 种基金the EPSRC pump-priming feasibility grant awarded by Institutional Sponsorship 2016-QUB(EP/P511225/1)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2016YQ07,No.2015QN09).
文摘Fossil fuels are the main energy source to satisfy the worldwide energy demands.However,the energy demands are increasing and the supply of fossil fuels is decreasing,thus many countries are looking for other fuel sources.Differing from the traditional fuels,hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising energy sources due to its intrinsic features such as clean,efficient,safe and sustainable.Developing novel technologies for hydrogen production from renewable sources(such as biomass)becomes a core area for the investigation of hydrogen industry.Within this work,different pathways for hydrogen production including steam reforming,electrolysis,and biomass gasification have been systematically compared in terms of yield and cost.This comparison is unique since the systematic evaluation was conducted from many aspects for all the hydrogen production pathways,especially those by involving the biomass gasification that still lack of available literatures.The assessment methods involved energy analysis,exergy analysis and economic analysis.It was concluded that steam reforming remains the cheapest method of hydrogen production at 1.748$/kg,however,steam reforming is not an ideal process currently or for the future,gasification and electrolysis remains competitive with high yield but requires relatively high initial and annual expenditure.For biomass gasification,though its energy efficiency is lower than steam reforming,it has relatively higher mass yield,demonstrating the feasibility of this process for hydrogen production.Further for biomass gasification,the selection of correct feedstock is a key to maximize its yield,i.e.a yield of 82.47%is possible with corn stover fed gasification.
基金jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2023YFB3907405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42175132)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-037)。
文摘The challenge of establishing top-down constraints for regional emissions of fossil fuel CO_(2)(FFCO_(2))arises from the difficulty in distinguishing between atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations released from fossil fuels and background variability,particularly owing to the influence of terrestrial biospheric fluxes.This necessitates the development of a regional inversion methodology based on atmospheric CO_(2)observations to verify bottom-up estimations independently.This study presents a promising approach for estimating China's FFCO_(2)emissions by incorporating the model residual errors(MREs)of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO_(2)(XCO_(2))from FFCO_(2)emissions(MREff)retained in the analysis of natural flux optimization.China's FFCO_(2)emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 are estimated using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model.The relationship between the MREff and FFCO_(2)is determined using the model based on a regional FFCO_(2)anomaly suggested by posterior NOx emissions from air-quality data assimilation.The MREff is typically one-tenth in magnitude,but some positively skewed outliers exceed 1 ppm because the prior emissions lack lockdown impacts,thereby exerting considerable observation forcing given the satellite retrieval uncertainties.We initialize the FFCO_(2)with posterior NOx emissions and optimize the colinear emission ratio.Synthetic data experiments demonstrate that this approach reduces the FFCO_(2)bias to less than 10%.The real-data experiments estimate 19%lower FFCO_(2)with GOSAT XCO_(2)and 26%lower with OCO-2 XCO_(2)than the bottom-up estimations.This study proves the feasibility of our regional FFCO_(2)inversion,highlighting the importance of addressing the outlier behaviors observed in satellite XCO_(2)retrievals.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22038001,51621003,22108007)。
文摘Under the context of carbon neutrality of China,it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission.Currently,coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of China.The country is striving hard to replace it with methane,a cleaner fossil fuel.Although China has rich geological resources of methane as coal bed methane(CBM)reserves,it is quite challenging to utilize them due to low concentration.The CBM is however mainly emitted directly to atmosphere during coal mining,causing waste of the resource and huge contribution to greenhouse effect.The recent work by Yang et al.demonstrated a potential solution to extract low concentration methane selectively from CBM through using MOF materials as sorbents.Such kind of materials and associated separation technology are promising to reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote the methane production capability,which would contribute to carbon neutrality in dual pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52202321)the Starting Research Funds of Hefei University of Technology.
文摘Beginning from the industrial revolution,non-renewable fossil fuels have powered the population growth and economic expansion.However,the overdependence of such energy sources leads to serious eco-crisis and energy security issues.As shown in Fig.1,the emissions of CO_(2) greenhouse gas are rising year by year because of the significant amount consumption of fossil energy[1].Searching sustainable energy technologies to achieve carbon neutrality has thus become an urgent task for the future of human society[2].As the most abundant and inexhaustible energy source,sunlight has brought dawn to the opportunities for a sustainable society.Owing to the diurnal and seasonal cycles,the solar energy has the intermittent character,which limits its applications.
文摘Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have greatly increased with the increased use of fossil fuels, leading to air pollution and global warming. We present the researches on air pollution and the use of fossil fuels in north China, the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan and the economic zone of the Pearl River Delta region. Researches indicate that the use of fossil fuels has been the main source of air pollution in the three regions. We present researches on global mean surface temperature (GMST) with the rise of carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) and global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC);researches indicate that the rise in CDC can account for 91% of the rise in GMST, and GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. We analyse the factors that bring about air pollution and temperature rise, they are the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. It is critically important to replace fossil fuels with clean energy, but renewable energy has also disadvantages. The world faces difficulties in solving air pollution and global warming, so governments of the world should cooperate to solve the technologies of clean energy, and preserve the forests and the natural environment.
文摘Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO_(2) to the total CO_(2) changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe,specifically developing countries.Atmospheric radiocarbon represents an important observational constraint and utilized to trace fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))in the atmosphere.For the first time,we have presented a detailed analysis on the spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO_(2)(CO_(2ff))over India using radiocarbon(Δ14C)measurements during three-year period.Analysis shows that theΔ14C values are varying between 29.33‰ to-34.06‰ across India in the year 2017,where highest value belongs to a location from Gujarat while lowest value belongs to a location from Chhattisgarh.Based on the14C patterns,spatial distributions of CO_(2ff) mole fractions have been determined over India and the calculated values of CO_(2ff) mole fractions are varying between 4.85 ppm to 26.59 ppm across India.It is also noticed that the highest CO_(2ff) mole fraction is observed as 26.59 ppm from a site in Chhattisgarh.CO_(2ff) mole fraction values from four high altitude sites are found to be varied between 4.85 ppm to 14.87 ppm.Effect of sampling different crop plants from the same growing season and different crop plant organs(grains,leaves,stems)on theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) have been studied.Annual and intra seasonal variations in theΔ14C and CO_(2ff) mole fractions have also been analyzed from a rural location(Dholpur,Rajasthan).
基金The authors wish to thank:Igor Kharitonov,Director,Department for Foreign Statistics and International Projects,Federal State Statistics Service,Rosstat.State Statistics Service,Main Department of Statistics in Donetsk Oblast.The Ukrainian Statistical agency UkrStat.gov.ua.
文摘Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Study on the Construction of China’s Economic Transformation Model Toward Carbon Neutrality”[Grant No.72140001].
文摘Global Stocktake is an important component of the global climate governance mechanism.The first Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement in 2023 has clarified collective progress and identified the paths to bridge gaps,but its understanding in the academic and policy communities is not yet systematic and comprehensive.Therefore,this study adopts textual analysis,timeline analysis,and game theory methods to comprehensively analyze the process and outcomes of the first Global Stocktake.The study finds that:①The first Global Stocktake underwent three stages,including scientific enhancement,technical dialogue,and political consensus,and took more than five years to reach the final outcome of the United Arab Emirates(UAE)Consensus in which the 1.5℃temperature control target anchored in the scientific enhancement stage set the general tone for the stocktake.②The first Global Stocktake focused on three specific areas—mitigation,adaptation,means of implementation and support—to fully realize the signaling effect.③The most prominent outcome of the stocktake is the new consensus on“transitioning away from all fossil fuels in energy systems”,which specifies the direction for countries to update their nationally determined contributions in 2025 and for the international community to conduct the second Global Stocktake in 2028.④The four groups of countries,namely,developed countries,emerging economies,hydrocarbon-exporting-oriented economies,and climate-vulnerable countries,have different interests and hold distinct core positions,which constrain each other but advance the global stocktake process as a whole.⑤The outcomes of the stocktake are comprehensive and systematic,with as many as 196 consensus items;however,the detailed targets for the three major focus areas are unclear and rigid,and need to be strengthened in the second global stocktake.The study suggests that,on the one hand,China needs to strengthen its policy research in the light of the outcomes of the first Global Stocktake and prepare for the submission of updated nationally determined contribution in 2025 for 2035,which should be consistent with the 1.5℃temperature control target.On the other hand,China should continue to take advantage of the zero-carbon industry to lead global climate change action and expand national development right and international communication capacity.
