In recent years,the rising prevalence of respiratory diseases,coupled with advancements in biotechnology and pharmacology,has positioned inhalable formulations as a preferred method of drug administration.This approac...In recent years,the rising prevalence of respiratory diseases,coupled with advancements in biotechnology and pharmacology,has positioned inhalable formulations as a preferred method of drug administration.This approach enables direct and rapid delivery of medication to the lungs,maximizing therapeutic effects while minimizing dosage and potential side effects.In this review,we meticulously examined current literature and clinical trial databases to present a comprehensive overview of three key areas:(1)inhalation devices currently utilized in clinical settings;(2)the clinical applications of approved inhalable formulations;and(3)preclinical research on inhalable treatments targeting various lung conditions,including pulmonary infections,tuberculosis,lung cancer,pulmonary fibrosis,as well as systemic diseases like Parkinson’s disease.The objective was to delve into both foundational research and the clinical use of inhalable formulations within the pharmaceutical field,with the aim of fostering their broader adoption and guiding the development of inhalable therapies for a more comprehensive range of diseases.展开更多
Cashew processing in Côte d’Ivoire focuses only on the cashew nut, to the detriment of the apple. Only a very small proportion of the apple is processed into juice. The aim of this work is to enhance the value o...Cashew processing in Côte d’Ivoire focuses only on the cashew nut, to the detriment of the apple. Only a very small proportion of the apple is processed into juice. The aim of this work is to enhance the value of cashew apples by transforming them into jam. Specifically, the aim was first to characterize the sensory properties of cashew apple jam formulations using baobab powder as a source of pectin and then to optimise the formulations. A Box-Behken design with pH, Sugar, and Baobab as factors was used to model and characterize the jam sensory descriptors, and a multivariate analysis with SensomineR was used to characterize the jam formulations. The desirability function was used to optimise the formulations. The results show globally significant regressions at the 0.05 threshold for the sensory descriptors Gelling, Brilliance, Smell, Sweetness, and (-)Astringency, with the exception of (-)Salinity. The R2 coefficients are greater than 80%. The factors studied could have effects on the sensory descriptors of cashew jam formulations. The Baobab had the main effect on the gelling, smell, and astringency of the jams. Brilliance depended on the added sugar. A product effect (p < 0.001) was observed for the descriptors Smell, Gelling, Brilliance, and Sweetness, as these allowed the panelists to find differences between the formulations. Optimum jam formulation can be achieved with 51.56% sugar and 2.12% Baobab at a pH of 3.15. Cashew apple jam using Baobab offers opportunities to add value to apples that have long been abandoned in the field. It would be important to find conditions for prolonged storage of this jam.展开更多
With the recent advances in neoantigen identification,peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy.However,rapid clearance,low immunogenicity,and insufficient antigen-present...With the recent advances in neoantigen identification,peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy.However,rapid clearance,low immunogenicity,and insufficient antigen-presenting cell(APC)uptake limit the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines.This review explores the barriers hindering vaccine efficiency,highlights recent advancements in synthetic delivery systems,and features strategies for the key delivery steps of lymph node(LN)drainage,APC delivery,cross-presentation strategies,and adjuvant incorporation.This paper also discusses the design of preclinical studies evaluating vaccine efficiency,including vaccine administration routes and murine tumor models.展开更多
The likelihood of radiation-induced injury(RII)has increased.Currently,the chemical drugs used to prevent and control radiation damage have some drawbacks,such as high toxicity,which can also have other side effects o...The likelihood of radiation-induced injury(RII)has increased.Currently,the chemical drugs used to prevent and control radiation damage have some drawbacks,such as high toxicity,which can also have other side effects on the body.However,many traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)monomers,single TCM,and compound TCM preparations have shown good therapeutic effects against radiation damage with increased safety and minimal adverse reactions.Therefore,new anti-RII TCMs must be explored and developed.This study reviewed the TCM preparations for the prevention and treatment of RII and their mechanisms of action to provide a better theoretical basis for research on the prevention and treatment of RII.TCM is an efficient,safe,and convenient strategy for the prevention and treatment of RII.展开更多
To investigate the effects of silicon formulations on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings,Song Japonica 16(not cold tolerant)and Dongnong 427(cold tolerant)rice varieties were used as test materials and four differen...To investigate the effects of silicon formulations on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings,Song Japonica 16(not cold tolerant)and Dongnong 427(cold tolerant)rice varieties were used as test materials and four different types of silicon formulations,Si-50-G,Si-60-G,Si-T-G,and Si-E-G,were applied as foliar sprays at the seedling stage,and a control group CK(equal amount of distilled water)was set up.One week after the first silicon spray,two types of rice were subjected to low-temperature stress treatments at day/night temperatures of 12℃/10℃for 2,4,6,and 8 days.The effects of different silicon formulations on the chlorophyll,proline(Pro)and soluble sugar contents as well as superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities of rice seedlings under low-temperature stress were compared to find out the effects of silicon formulations on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings.The results showed that silicon formulations could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of rice seedling leaves,with Si-50-G being the most effective,with a significant increment of 40.17%compared to the CK at 2 days of low temperature.Four silicon formulations significantly increased the proline content and soluble sugar content of rice leaves at low temperature for 4-8 days.For Song Japonica 16,the most significant increment in leaf POD activity was observed in Si-E-G treatment at 2,4 and 8 days of temperature stress,with 73.58%,20.95%and 217.24%increases compared to the CK,respectively.For 4 and 6 days of temperature stress,the most significant increase in CAT activity was observed in Si-E-G treatment,with 25.70%and 75.78%increases compared to the CK,respectively.For Dongnong 427,the Si-60-G treatment showed the highest increase in leaf SOD activity for 4 and 8 days of temperature stress,with significant increases of 58.15%and 82.76%compared to the CK,respectively,and the Si-E-G treatment showed the highest increase in leaf POD activity for 2 and 8 days of temperature stress,with significant increases of 97.75%and 245.10%compared to the CK,respectively.It showed that the spraying of silicon formulations could significantly enhance the cold tolerance of rice.This study provided a scientific basis for the rational use of silicon formulations to enhance cold tolerance in rice and had important theoretical and practical significance for ensuring sustainable high and stable rice yields in Heilongjiang Province,as well as for the development of silicon fertilizers.展开更多
Previous study has shown that 10-hydroxycamptothecin（HCPT） has well-established pharmacological effects in vitro.However,its in vivo bioavailability is very poor due to various problems,which severely restricts its ...Previous study has shown that 10-hydroxycamptothecin（HCPT） has well-established pharmacological effects in vitro.However,its in vivo bioavailability is very poor due to various problems,which severely restricts its clinical applications.In the present study,phospholipid complex（PC） technology was employed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of HCPT.XRD data confirmed the formation of HCPT-PC.However,our previously prepared HCPT-PC is too sticky,which may result in the slow dissolution rate and negative effects on its absorption.Therefore,we prepared HCPT-PC-solid dispersion（HCPT-PC-SD）and lipid-based formulations of HCPT-PC through simple preparation process.The results showed that the dissolution rate of HCPT-PC was effectively improved by solid dispersion technology,which reached 91.73%in 45 min.Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the AUC_（0-t） of HCPT-PC-SD and HCPT-PC lipid-based formulations was effectively further increased compared with HCPT-PC.Moreover,we found that the combination of SD technology and lipid-base formulations could be a promising drug-delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of HCPT-PC.In addition,we showed that the bioavailability of HCPT-PC lipid-base formulations was even greater than that of HCPT-PC-SD.In particular,lipid-base formulations could be prepared just by a simple method,suggesting its feasibility of industrialization.展开更多
Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(...Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.展开更多
3 D printing is a method of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in which materials are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three-dimensional object. Although 3 D printing was developed in the 1980 s and ...3 D printing is a method of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in which materials are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three-dimensional object. Although 3 D printing was developed in the 1980 s and the technology has found widespread industrial applications for production from automotive parts to machine tools,its application in pharmaceutical area is still limited. However,the potential of 3 D printing in the pharmaceutical industry is now being recognized. The ability of 3 D printing to produce medications to exact specifications tailored to the needs of individual patients has indicated the possibility of developing personalized medicines. The technology allows dosage forms to be precisely printed in various shapes,sizes and textures that are difficult to produce using traditional techniques. However,there are various challenges associated with the proper application of3 D printing in the pharmaceutical sector which should be overcome to exploit the scope of this technology. In this review,an overview is provided on the various 3 D printing technologies used in fabrication of complex dosage forms along with their feasibility and limitations.展开更多
Liposome is one of the most successful drug delivery systems applying nanotechnology topotentiate the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicities of conventional medicines. Sincethe first doxorubicin-loaded liposome re...Liposome is one of the most successful drug delivery systems applying nanotechnology topotentiate the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicities of conventional medicines. Sincethe first doxorubicin-loaded liposome reached the market, numerous researches have beencarried out to develop new liposomal formulations over the past decade and have givenbirth to a series of commercial products. Therapeutic agents, most of which are anti-cancerdrugs, are encapsulated in the aqueous core or lipid bilayers of liposomes to improve theirdelivery to the targeted tissue. There are several liposomal formulations, such as EndoTAG-1 (paclitaxel-loaded cationic liposomes), Lipoplatin (cisplatin-loaded long circulating liposomes) and Stimuvax (a cancer vaccine), showing promising therapeutic value in clinicalstudies. Besides, new designs including environmentally sensitive liposomes, liposomaldrug combinations and liposomal vaccines are now tested in clinical trials.展开更多
Boswellia serrata is a widely used herb in Indian systems of medicine and is well known for its potential medicinal properties.A chromatographic method was developed for the analysis and quanti cation of six boswellic...Boswellia serrata is a widely used herb in Indian systems of medicine and is well known for its potential medicinal properties.A chromatographic method was developed for the analysis and quanti cation of six boswellic acid marker compounds,i.e.,keto boswellic acid(1),3-O-Acetyl 11-keto-boswellic acid(2),-b Boswellic acid(3),-Boswellic acid(4),3-O-Acetyl--boswellic acid(5)and 3-O-Acetyl--boswellic acid b(6)in commercial herbal products containing B.serrata as an ingredient.Combining UPLCbwith Q-Tof-MS/MS makes the better identi cation of secondary metabolites and adulterants in the herbal formulations containing B.serrata in rapid time using fragmentation approach than the traditional approaches.In this study quanti cation of boswellic acids with UPLC-PDA method was performed as per the pharmacopeia guidelines.Furthermore,minor phytochemical constituenBoswellia serrata is a widely used herb in Indian systems of medicine and is well known for its potential medicinal properties.A chromatographic method was developed for the analysis and quantification of six boswellic acid marker compounds,i.e.,keto boswellic acid(1),3-O-Acetyl 11-keto b-boswellic acid(2),ɑ-Boswellic acid(3),b-Boswellic acid(4),3-O-Acetyl-ɑ-boswellic acid(5)and 3-O-Acetyl-b-boswellic acid(6)in commercial herbal products containing B.serrata as an ingredient.Combining UPLC with Q-Tof-MS/MS makes the better identification of secondary metabolites and adulterants in the herbal formulations containing B.serrata in rapid time using fragmentation approach than the traditional approaches.In this study quantification of boswellic acids with UPLC-PDA method was performed as per the pharmacopeia guidelines.Furthermore,minor phytochemical constituents were identified and characterized with the help of LC-Q-Tof-MS/MS fragmentation data and various isoforms of boswellic acids and tirucallic acids in B.serrata oleo-gum-resin extract were identified.ts were identi ed and characterized with the help of LC-Q-Tof-MS/MS fragmentation data and various isoforms of boswellic acids and tirucallic acids in B.serrata oleo-gum-resin extract were identi ed.展开更多
Nutritional evaluation of complementary food formulations from maize, soybean and peanut fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder was carried out. Maize, soybean and peanut were blended in a ratio of 60:30:10 to pr...Nutritional evaluation of complementary food formulations from maize, soybean and peanut fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder was carried out. Maize, soybean and peanut were blended in a ratio of 60:30:10 to produce a complementary food, which was then fortified. While the unfortified food product (sample A) served as control, the other three formulations were fortified with 5%, 10% and 15% Moringa leaf powder to give three samples (B, C and D respectively) of fortified food. Nutritional composition determination and feeding trials were then carried out, using two weeks old male albino rats to determine the performance of the food formulations. While the crude protein, crude fibre, and ash contents of the diets increased significantly (p with fortification, with values ranging from 16.04% to 17.59%, 2.25% to 4.42% and 1.40% to 2.50% respectively, crude fat and carbohydrate decreased significantly (p < 0.05), with concomitant decrease in energy, with values ranging from 23.48% to 20.80%, 49.32% to 47.63% and 472.76% to 448.08 kcal/100g respectively in samples A to D. PER values significantly (p < 0.05) improved up to 10% substitution, from 1.77 in unfortified (sample A) to 1.90 in 10% fortified (sample C), but declined at 15% substitution (sample D) to 1.69. Similarly, NPR values increased from 0.71 to 0.76 and 0.68. However, all the PER values including that of Nestle Cerelac (2.04) were lower than, though within the same range, with the value of 2.10 recommended by the Protein Advisory Group (PAG) for complementary foods. Sample C (10% Moringa flour blend) gave the best performance after rat feeding trials.展开更多
In this paper the effect of gasoline formulations on fuel economy and emissions were studied,aiming at exploring the optimized fuel formulation that can alleviate energy crisis and greenhouse effect to some extent.Fiv...In this paper the effect of gasoline formulations on fuel economy and emissions were studied,aiming at exploring the optimized fuel formulation that can alleviate energy crisis and greenhouse effect to some extent.Five gasoline blends with same research octane number(RON)were designed and tested on a calibrated gasoline direct injection(GDI)engine under the mapped characteristic conditions.Test results illustrate that the optimized fuel formulation shows good superiority in fuel economy,and reduces carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions at low engine speeds with medium loads.The brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)decreased by a maximum value of 3.26%mainly because of the improvement of combustion velocity and the optimization of low heating value.The optimized fuel formulation simultaneously increases total hydrocarbon(THC)emissions.Nevertheless,it also markedly reduces CO2 emissions,reaching the maximum value of 2.34%.The research results can be applied practically by refineries to reduce the CO2 emissions and to alleviate the greenhouse effect.展开更多
Since the start of the Precision Medicine Initiative by the United States of America in 2015,interest in personalized medicine has grown extensively.In short,personalized medicine is a term that describes medical trea...Since the start of the Precision Medicine Initiative by the United States of America in 2015,interest in personalized medicine has grown extensively.In short,personalized medicine is a term that describes medical treatment that is tuned to the individual.One possible way to realize personalized medicine is 3D printing.When using materials that can be tuned upon stimulation,4D printing is established.In recent years,many studies have been exploring a new field that combines 3D and 4D printing with therapeutics.This has resulted in many concepts of pharmaceutical devices and formulations that can be printed and,possibly,tailored to an individual.Moreover,the first 3D printed drug,Spritam®,has already found its way to the clinic.This review gives an overview of various 3D and 4D printing techniques and their applications in the pharmaceutical field as drug delivery systems and personalized medicine.展开更多
Caffeine is present in products marketed for weight loss, with the purpose of increasing thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. The dosage declared by the product manufacturer, or even its presence, is not always correct...Caffeine is present in products marketed for weight loss, with the purpose of increasing thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. The dosage declared by the product manufacturer, or even its presence, is not always correctly described on the label. This work aimed to investigate the undeclared synthetic caffeine in weight loss formulations by a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) method. From one hundred products purchased through Brazilian e-commerce, seventeen contained caffeine, either naturally or synthetically added to formulation. The caffeine-containing samples were confirmed by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS) method, and adulteration was clearly proven in five products. The content highest caffeine contained 448.8 mg per dose. Other irregularities were also found; nevertheless, the most serious was the addition of synthetic drugs without asking the consumers. Additional drugs expose the consumer to more possible side-effects as well as deleterious drug interactions. Intentional adulteration with any unlabeled substance is typically motivated by a desire to increase or alter the claimed effect of the marketed product to gain a commercial advantage.展开更多
The Birkhoffian mechanics is more general than the Hamilton mechanics,but only some dynamical systems can be realized as a Birkhoffian formulation.This paper proposes a novel Birkhoffian formulation for the classical ...The Birkhoffian mechanics is more general than the Hamilton mechanics,but only some dynamical systems can be realized as a Birkhoffian formulation.This paper proposes a novel Birkhoffian formulation for the classical Bessel equation.Based on the first method of Santilli,the Birkhoffian formulation of Bessel equation is established under the assumption that the Birkhoffian describes the total physical energy of the corresponding conservative systems.Zero and n-th order classical Bessel equations are studied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed formulation.展开更多
The choice of active Trichoderma strains is important in designing effective and safe biocontrol applications. Many species of Trichoderma have multiple strategies for fungal antagonism and indirect effects on plant h...The choice of active Trichoderma strains is important in designing effective and safe biocontrol applications. Many species of Trichoderma have multiple strategies for fungal antagonism and indirect effects on plant health, such as growth promotion, systemic resistance induction and fertility improvements. Some strains are powerful antibiotic producers, and their suitability for use in biocontrol systems must be carefully assessed. However, many other active strains have no antibiotic capacity, and these are likely to be more useful in food production systems since they have not adverse effects on important groups of beneficial soil organisms. We have assessed the performance of selected naturally occurring Trichoderma strains (singly and in combination) and developed TUSAL, a mixture of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride that has demonstrated to be effective against major pathogens in sugar beet and horticulture. TUSAL, has been bulked up and tested under field conditions, showing positive effects on precocity and root development, and increasing the crop production in field trials carried out in different pathosystems. The environmental impact of TUSAL strains on beneficial organisms in the environment were assessed before release, and molecular detection methods were developed to monitor the presence and performance of strains in the field. In addition, Trichoderma protein extracts with high glucanase and chitinase activities, have also been obtained from wild type strains and their effectiveness as biofungicides was tested in laboratory and field conditions, defining the concentration of protein necessary to produce fungicide effects. The genes coding for protein production were introduced into suitable organisms for large-scale production in the laboratory, never released to the environment. The effect of these novel biofungicide proteins was studied separately and synergistically with Trichoderma conidia, and with minimal doses of chemical fungicides. Suitable active Trichoderma strains are being registered in the EU by the company NBT. Both Trichoderma strains and proteins are included in formulations patented as biocontrol agents.展开更多
Traditional medicine systems around the globe,like Unani,Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine,include a number of sugar-based formulations,which contain a large amount of saccharide-containing sweetener,such as h...Traditional medicine systems around the globe,like Unani,Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine,include a number of sugar-based formulations,which contain a large amount of saccharide-containing sweetener,such as honey,sucrose or jaggery.With pervasive lifestyle disorders throughout the world,there have been discussions to consider alternative sweetening agents.Here,from the perspective of Unani medicine,we discuss how the saccharide-based sweeteners may be an essential component of these traditional preparations,like electuaries,which may be deprived of their bioactivities without these saccharides.With contemporary researches,it is known that apart from their own therapeutic effects,saccharides also form deep eutectic solvents which help in enhancing the bioactivity of other ingredients present in crude drugs.In addition,they provide energy for fermentation which is essential for biotransformation of compounds.Interestingly,the sugars also increase the shelf-life of these compound drugs and act as natural preservatives.On the basis of this review,we strongly believe that saccharide-based sweeteners are an essential component of traditional medicines and not merely an excipient.展开更多
A highly simple, rapid, sensitive and selective method is developed for spectrophotometric determination of gabapentin in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of a ...A highly simple, rapid, sensitive and selective method is developed for spectrophotometric determination of gabapentin in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of a yellow Schiff base derived from the condensation of gabapentin drug (1-amino methyl) cyclo hexane acetic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA) exhibiting a maximum absorbance at 445 nm. The composition, molar absorptivity and effect of different excipient have been determined spectrophotometrically. Under optimized experimental conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range 2.57 - 37.25 μg/ml. The method is validated with respect to accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The Sandell sensitivity, correlation coefficient and regression equation are calculated. The equilibrium constant and free energy change using Benesi-Hildebrand plot are also determined. The Schiff base derived from condensation of gabapentin with DHBA is also synthesized and characterized. The condensation reaction mechanism has been proposed.展开更多
Objective To evaluate CC2 (N, N’-dichloro-bis [2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl] urea) invarious hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations as a personnel decontaminant for sulphurmustard (SM). Methods Twenty percent of CC...Objective To evaluate CC2 (N, N’-dichloro-bis [2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl] urea) invarious hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations as a personnel decontaminant for sulphurmustard (SM). Methods Twenty percent of CC2 was prepared as a suspension or ointmentwith various chemical agents and its stability was evaluated by active chlorine assay. Theefficacy was evaluated in mice by recording the mortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM (LD50 =8.1 mg/kg dermally) and decontaminating it after 2 min with 200 mg of the formulation.Studies were also carried out with 10% and 20% CC2 in acacia and hydroxypropyl cellulose,and the suspensions were stored in polyethylene containers. The stability of the suspensionswas evaluated by active chlorine assay. The efficacy was evaluated by recording themortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM in mice and 12 LD50 of SM in rats (LD50 = 2.4 mg/kgdermally), and decontaminating it with the formulations. LD50 by different routes andprimary skin irritation test of CC2 were also carried out. Results CC2 reacted with peanutoil and neem oil, and was unstable in povidone iodine and Fuller’s earth. Good stability wasachieved with petroleum jelly, honey, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, calamine lotion, acacia andhydroxypropyl cellulose. Though CC2 was stable in lipophilic formulations, it did notprotect the animals. The hydrophilic formulations particularly acacia and hydroxypropylcellulose gave very good protection and was stable in the polyethylene containers for aperiod of 1 year. The efficacy of 20% CC2 was better than 10% CC2. The oral and dermalLD50 of CC2 was found to be above 5.0 g/kg. CC2 was also found to be nonirritant.Conclusion Twenty percent of CC2 in hydroxypropyl cellulose is better with respect tostability, efficacy and ease of decontamination. CC2 is also a safe chemical.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and residual effects of trypsin modulating ecstatic factor-Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis(TMOF-Bti) formulations against Aedes aegypti(Ae. aegypti)(L) larvae at UKM Campus ...Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and residual effects of trypsin modulating ecstatic factor-Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis(TMOF-Bti) formulations against Aedes aegypti(Ae. aegypti)(L) larvae at UKM Campus Kuala Lumpur.Methods:Twenty first instar Ae.aegypti larvae were added in each bucket containing 4 L of water supplied with crushed dried-leaf powder as their source of food.Combination of TMOF-Bti in rice husk formulation with the following weights viz 10,25,50 and 100 mg,respectively in duplicate was distributed in the buckets;while TMOF-Bti in wettable powder formulation each weighing viz 2,5,10 and 20 mg,respectively in duplicate was also placed in the buckets.The control buckets run in duplicate with 4 L of water and 20 first instar Ae.aegypti larvae.All buckets were covered with mosquito netting.Larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours and weekly for five weeks.A new batch of 20 1^(st) instar larvae Ae.aegypti was introduced into each bucket weekly without additional TMOF-Bti rice husk formulation or wettable powder.The experiment was repeated for four times.Results:The result of the study showed that all formulations were very effective on the first two weeks by giving 100% larval mortality for all concentrations applied.The TMOF(2%) + Bti(2%) had a good residual effect until the end of 3^(rd) week,TMOF(4%) + Bti(4%) until 4^(th) week,wettable powder TMOF(20%) + Bti(20%) until the third week.Condusions:From the results it can be concluded that the TMOF-Bti formulations can be utilized in dengue vector control.展开更多
文摘In recent years,the rising prevalence of respiratory diseases,coupled with advancements in biotechnology and pharmacology,has positioned inhalable formulations as a preferred method of drug administration.This approach enables direct and rapid delivery of medication to the lungs,maximizing therapeutic effects while minimizing dosage and potential side effects.In this review,we meticulously examined current literature and clinical trial databases to present a comprehensive overview of three key areas:(1)inhalation devices currently utilized in clinical settings;(2)the clinical applications of approved inhalable formulations;and(3)preclinical research on inhalable treatments targeting various lung conditions,including pulmonary infections,tuberculosis,lung cancer,pulmonary fibrosis,as well as systemic diseases like Parkinson’s disease.The objective was to delve into both foundational research and the clinical use of inhalable formulations within the pharmaceutical field,with the aim of fostering their broader adoption and guiding the development of inhalable therapies for a more comprehensive range of diseases.
文摘Cashew processing in Côte d’Ivoire focuses only on the cashew nut, to the detriment of the apple. Only a very small proportion of the apple is processed into juice. The aim of this work is to enhance the value of cashew apples by transforming them into jam. Specifically, the aim was first to characterize the sensory properties of cashew apple jam formulations using baobab powder as a source of pectin and then to optimise the formulations. A Box-Behken design with pH, Sugar, and Baobab as factors was used to model and characterize the jam sensory descriptors, and a multivariate analysis with SensomineR was used to characterize the jam formulations. The desirability function was used to optimise the formulations. The results show globally significant regressions at the 0.05 threshold for the sensory descriptors Gelling, Brilliance, Smell, Sweetness, and (-)Astringency, with the exception of (-)Salinity. The R2 coefficients are greater than 80%. The factors studied could have effects on the sensory descriptors of cashew jam formulations. The Baobab had the main effect on the gelling, smell, and astringency of the jams. Brilliance depended on the added sugar. A product effect (p < 0.001) was observed for the descriptors Smell, Gelling, Brilliance, and Sweetness, as these allowed the panelists to find differences between the formulations. Optimum jam formulation can be achieved with 51.56% sugar and 2.12% Baobab at a pH of 3.15. Cashew apple jam using Baobab offers opportunities to add value to apples that have long been abandoned in the field. It would be important to find conditions for prolonged storage of this jam.
基金supported by the U.S.National Institutes of Health,National Cancer Institute Grant R01CA257563.
文摘With the recent advances in neoantigen identification,peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy.However,rapid clearance,low immunogenicity,and insufficient antigen-presenting cell(APC)uptake limit the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines.This review explores the barriers hindering vaccine efficiency,highlights recent advancements in synthetic delivery systems,and features strategies for the key delivery steps of lymph node(LN)drainage,APC delivery,cross-presentation strategies,and adjuvant incorporation.This paper also discusses the design of preclinical studies evaluating vaccine efficiency,including vaccine administration routes and murine tumor models.
文摘The likelihood of radiation-induced injury(RII)has increased.Currently,the chemical drugs used to prevent and control radiation damage have some drawbacks,such as high toxicity,which can also have other side effects on the body.However,many traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)monomers,single TCM,and compound TCM preparations have shown good therapeutic effects against radiation damage with increased safety and minimal adverse reactions.Therefore,new anti-RII TCMs must be explored and developed.This study reviewed the TCM preparations for the prevention and treatment of RII and their mechanisms of action to provide a better theoretical basis for research on the prevention and treatment of RII.TCM is an efficient,safe,and convenient strategy for the prevention and treatment of RII.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471440)。
文摘To investigate the effects of silicon formulations on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings,Song Japonica 16(not cold tolerant)and Dongnong 427(cold tolerant)rice varieties were used as test materials and four different types of silicon formulations,Si-50-G,Si-60-G,Si-T-G,and Si-E-G,were applied as foliar sprays at the seedling stage,and a control group CK(equal amount of distilled water)was set up.One week after the first silicon spray,two types of rice were subjected to low-temperature stress treatments at day/night temperatures of 12℃/10℃for 2,4,6,and 8 days.The effects of different silicon formulations on the chlorophyll,proline(Pro)and soluble sugar contents as well as superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities of rice seedlings under low-temperature stress were compared to find out the effects of silicon formulations on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings.The results showed that silicon formulations could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of rice seedling leaves,with Si-50-G being the most effective,with a significant increment of 40.17%compared to the CK at 2 days of low temperature.Four silicon formulations significantly increased the proline content and soluble sugar content of rice leaves at low temperature for 4-8 days.For Song Japonica 16,the most significant increment in leaf POD activity was observed in Si-E-G treatment at 2,4 and 8 days of temperature stress,with 73.58%,20.95%and 217.24%increases compared to the CK,respectively.For 4 and 6 days of temperature stress,the most significant increase in CAT activity was observed in Si-E-G treatment,with 25.70%and 75.78%increases compared to the CK,respectively.For Dongnong 427,the Si-60-G treatment showed the highest increase in leaf SOD activity for 4 and 8 days of temperature stress,with significant increases of 58.15%and 82.76%compared to the CK,respectively,and the Si-E-G treatment showed the highest increase in leaf POD activity for 2 and 8 days of temperature stress,with significant increases of 97.75%and 245.10%compared to the CK,respectively.It showed that the spraying of silicon formulations could significantly enhance the cold tolerance of rice.This study provided a scientific basis for the rational use of silicon formulations to enhance cold tolerance in rice and had important theoretical and practical significance for ensuring sustainable high and stable rice yields in Heilongjiang Province,as well as for the development of silicon fertilizers.
基金Science and Technology Department of Henan province Fund Project(Grant No.144300510019)
文摘Previous study has shown that 10-hydroxycamptothecin（HCPT） has well-established pharmacological effects in vitro.However,its in vivo bioavailability is very poor due to various problems,which severely restricts its clinical applications.In the present study,phospholipid complex（PC） technology was employed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of HCPT.XRD data confirmed the formation of HCPT-PC.However,our previously prepared HCPT-PC is too sticky,which may result in the slow dissolution rate and negative effects on its absorption.Therefore,we prepared HCPT-PC-solid dispersion（HCPT-PC-SD）and lipid-based formulations of HCPT-PC through simple preparation process.The results showed that the dissolution rate of HCPT-PC was effectively improved by solid dispersion technology,which reached 91.73%in 45 min.Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the AUC_（0-t） of HCPT-PC-SD and HCPT-PC lipid-based formulations was effectively further increased compared with HCPT-PC.Moreover,we found that the combination of SD technology and lipid-base formulations could be a promising drug-delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of HCPT-PC.In addition,we showed that the bioavailability of HCPT-PC lipid-base formulations was even greater than that of HCPT-PC-SD.In particular,lipid-base formulations could be prepared just by a simple method,suggesting its feasibility of industrialization.
文摘Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.
基金supported by Keimyung University Research Grant of 2017
文摘3 D printing is a method of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in which materials are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three-dimensional object. Although 3 D printing was developed in the 1980 s and the technology has found widespread industrial applications for production from automotive parts to machine tools,its application in pharmaceutical area is still limited. However,the potential of 3 D printing in the pharmaceutical industry is now being recognized. The ability of 3 D printing to produce medications to exact specifications tailored to the needs of individual patients has indicated the possibility of developing personalized medicines. The technology allows dosage forms to be precisely printed in various shapes,sizes and textures that are difficult to produce using traditional techniques. However,there are various challenges associated with the proper application of3 D printing in the pharmaceutical sector which should be overcome to exploit the scope of this technology. In this review,an overview is provided on the various 3 D printing technologies used in fabrication of complex dosage forms along with their feasibility and limitations.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81130059).
文摘Liposome is one of the most successful drug delivery systems applying nanotechnology topotentiate the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicities of conventional medicines. Sincethe first doxorubicin-loaded liposome reached the market, numerous researches have beencarried out to develop new liposomal formulations over the past decade and have givenbirth to a series of commercial products. Therapeutic agents, most of which are anti-cancerdrugs, are encapsulated in the aqueous core or lipid bilayers of liposomes to improve theirdelivery to the targeted tissue. There are several liposomal formulations, such as EndoTAG-1 (paclitaxel-loaded cationic liposomes), Lipoplatin (cisplatin-loaded long circulating liposomes) and Stimuvax (a cancer vaccine), showing promising therapeutic value in clinicalstudies. Besides, new designs including environmentally sensitive liposomes, liposomaldrug combinations and liposomal vaccines are now tested in clinical trials.
基金Dr.S.Chandrasekhar,Director,CSIR-IICT,for the financial grant under MLP-0030CSIR for financial support(IICT Communication No.IICT/Pubs/2018/183gs5)
文摘Boswellia serrata is a widely used herb in Indian systems of medicine and is well known for its potential medicinal properties.A chromatographic method was developed for the analysis and quanti cation of six boswellic acid marker compounds,i.e.,keto boswellic acid(1),3-O-Acetyl 11-keto-boswellic acid(2),-b Boswellic acid(3),-Boswellic acid(4),3-O-Acetyl--boswellic acid(5)and 3-O-Acetyl--boswellic acid b(6)in commercial herbal products containing B.serrata as an ingredient.Combining UPLCbwith Q-Tof-MS/MS makes the better identi cation of secondary metabolites and adulterants in the herbal formulations containing B.serrata in rapid time using fragmentation approach than the traditional approaches.In this study quanti cation of boswellic acids with UPLC-PDA method was performed as per the pharmacopeia guidelines.Furthermore,minor phytochemical constituenBoswellia serrata is a widely used herb in Indian systems of medicine and is well known for its potential medicinal properties.A chromatographic method was developed for the analysis and quantification of six boswellic acid marker compounds,i.e.,keto boswellic acid(1),3-O-Acetyl 11-keto b-boswellic acid(2),ɑ-Boswellic acid(3),b-Boswellic acid(4),3-O-Acetyl-ɑ-boswellic acid(5)and 3-O-Acetyl-b-boswellic acid(6)in commercial herbal products containing B.serrata as an ingredient.Combining UPLC with Q-Tof-MS/MS makes the better identification of secondary metabolites and adulterants in the herbal formulations containing B.serrata in rapid time using fragmentation approach than the traditional approaches.In this study quantification of boswellic acids with UPLC-PDA method was performed as per the pharmacopeia guidelines.Furthermore,minor phytochemical constituents were identified and characterized with the help of LC-Q-Tof-MS/MS fragmentation data and various isoforms of boswellic acids and tirucallic acids in B.serrata oleo-gum-resin extract were identified.ts were identi ed and characterized with the help of LC-Q-Tof-MS/MS fragmentation data and various isoforms of boswellic acids and tirucallic acids in B.serrata oleo-gum-resin extract were identi ed.
文摘Nutritional evaluation of complementary food formulations from maize, soybean and peanut fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder was carried out. Maize, soybean and peanut were blended in a ratio of 60:30:10 to produce a complementary food, which was then fortified. While the unfortified food product (sample A) served as control, the other three formulations were fortified with 5%, 10% and 15% Moringa leaf powder to give three samples (B, C and D respectively) of fortified food. Nutritional composition determination and feeding trials were then carried out, using two weeks old male albino rats to determine the performance of the food formulations. While the crude protein, crude fibre, and ash contents of the diets increased significantly (p with fortification, with values ranging from 16.04% to 17.59%, 2.25% to 4.42% and 1.40% to 2.50% respectively, crude fat and carbohydrate decreased significantly (p < 0.05), with concomitant decrease in energy, with values ranging from 23.48% to 20.80%, 49.32% to 47.63% and 472.76% to 448.08 kcal/100g respectively in samples A to D. PER values significantly (p < 0.05) improved up to 10% substitution, from 1.77 in unfortified (sample A) to 1.90 in 10% fortified (sample C), but declined at 15% substitution (sample D) to 1.69. Similarly, NPR values increased from 0.71 to 0.76 and 0.68. However, all the PER values including that of Nestle Cerelac (2.04) were lower than, though within the same range, with the value of 2.10 recommended by the Protein Advisory Group (PAG) for complementary foods. Sample C (10% Moringa flour blend) gave the best performance after rat feeding trials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFB0306505)supported by the Sinopec Group and the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing.
文摘In this paper the effect of gasoline formulations on fuel economy and emissions were studied,aiming at exploring the optimized fuel formulation that can alleviate energy crisis and greenhouse effect to some extent.Five gasoline blends with same research octane number(RON)were designed and tested on a calibrated gasoline direct injection(GDI)engine under the mapped characteristic conditions.Test results illustrate that the optimized fuel formulation shows good superiority in fuel economy,and reduces carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions at low engine speeds with medium loads.The brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)decreased by a maximum value of 3.26%mainly because of the improvement of combustion velocity and the optimization of low heating value.The optimized fuel formulation simultaneously increases total hydrocarbon(THC)emissions.Nevertheless,it also markedly reduces CO2 emissions,reaching the maximum value of 2.34%.The research results can be applied practically by refineries to reduce the CO2 emissions and to alleviate the greenhouse effect.
文摘Since the start of the Precision Medicine Initiative by the United States of America in 2015,interest in personalized medicine has grown extensively.In short,personalized medicine is a term that describes medical treatment that is tuned to the individual.One possible way to realize personalized medicine is 3D printing.When using materials that can be tuned upon stimulation,4D printing is established.In recent years,many studies have been exploring a new field that combines 3D and 4D printing with therapeutics.This has resulted in many concepts of pharmaceutical devices and formulations that can be printed and,possibly,tailored to an individual.Moreover,the first 3D printed drug,Spritam®,has already found its way to the clinic.This review gives an overview of various 3D and 4D printing techniques and their applications in the pharmaceutical field as drug delivery systems and personalized medicine.
文摘Caffeine is present in products marketed for weight loss, with the purpose of increasing thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. The dosage declared by the product manufacturer, or even its presence, is not always correctly described on the label. This work aimed to investigate the undeclared synthetic caffeine in weight loss formulations by a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) method. From one hundred products purchased through Brazilian e-commerce, seventeen contained caffeine, either naturally or synthetically added to formulation. The caffeine-containing samples were confirmed by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS) method, and adulteration was clearly proven in five products. The content highest caffeine contained 448.8 mg per dose. Other irregularities were also found; nevertheless, the most serious was the addition of synthetic drugs without asking the consumers. Additional drugs expose the consumer to more possible side-effects as well as deleterious drug interactions. Intentional adulteration with any unlabeled substance is typically motivated by a desire to increase or alter the claimed effect of the marketed product to gain a commercial advantage.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11702119,11502071)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20170565)
文摘The Birkhoffian mechanics is more general than the Hamilton mechanics,but only some dynamical systems can be realized as a Birkhoffian formulation.This paper proposes a novel Birkhoffian formulation for the classical Bessel equation.Based on the first method of Santilli,the Birkhoffian formulation of Bessel equation is established under the assumption that the Birkhoffian describes the total physical energy of the corresponding conservative systems.Zero and n-th order classical Bessel equations are studied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed formulation.
文摘The choice of active Trichoderma strains is important in designing effective and safe biocontrol applications. Many species of Trichoderma have multiple strategies for fungal antagonism and indirect effects on plant health, such as growth promotion, systemic resistance induction and fertility improvements. Some strains are powerful antibiotic producers, and their suitability for use in biocontrol systems must be carefully assessed. However, many other active strains have no antibiotic capacity, and these are likely to be more useful in food production systems since they have not adverse effects on important groups of beneficial soil organisms. We have assessed the performance of selected naturally occurring Trichoderma strains (singly and in combination) and developed TUSAL, a mixture of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride that has demonstrated to be effective against major pathogens in sugar beet and horticulture. TUSAL, has been bulked up and tested under field conditions, showing positive effects on precocity and root development, and increasing the crop production in field trials carried out in different pathosystems. The environmental impact of TUSAL strains on beneficial organisms in the environment were assessed before release, and molecular detection methods were developed to monitor the presence and performance of strains in the field. In addition, Trichoderma protein extracts with high glucanase and chitinase activities, have also been obtained from wild type strains and their effectiveness as biofungicides was tested in laboratory and field conditions, defining the concentration of protein necessary to produce fungicide effects. The genes coding for protein production were introduced into suitable organisms for large-scale production in the laboratory, never released to the environment. The effect of these novel biofungicide proteins was studied separately and synergistically with Trichoderma conidia, and with minimal doses of chemical fungicides. Suitable active Trichoderma strains are being registered in the EU by the company NBT. Both Trichoderma strains and proteins are included in formulations patented as biocontrol agents.
文摘Traditional medicine systems around the globe,like Unani,Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine,include a number of sugar-based formulations,which contain a large amount of saccharide-containing sweetener,such as honey,sucrose or jaggery.With pervasive lifestyle disorders throughout the world,there have been discussions to consider alternative sweetening agents.Here,from the perspective of Unani medicine,we discuss how the saccharide-based sweeteners may be an essential component of these traditional preparations,like electuaries,which may be deprived of their bioactivities without these saccharides.With contemporary researches,it is known that apart from their own therapeutic effects,saccharides also form deep eutectic solvents which help in enhancing the bioactivity of other ingredients present in crude drugs.In addition,they provide energy for fermentation which is essential for biotransformation of compounds.Interestingly,the sugars also increase the shelf-life of these compound drugs and act as natural preservatives.On the basis of this review,we strongly believe that saccharide-based sweeteners are an essential component of traditional medicines and not merely an excipient.
文摘A highly simple, rapid, sensitive and selective method is developed for spectrophotometric determination of gabapentin in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of a yellow Schiff base derived from the condensation of gabapentin drug (1-amino methyl) cyclo hexane acetic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA) exhibiting a maximum absorbance at 445 nm. The composition, molar absorptivity and effect of different excipient have been determined spectrophotometrically. Under optimized experimental conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range 2.57 - 37.25 μg/ml. The method is validated with respect to accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The Sandell sensitivity, correlation coefficient and regression equation are calculated. The equilibrium constant and free energy change using Benesi-Hildebrand plot are also determined. The Schiff base derived from condensation of gabapentin with DHBA is also synthesized and characterized. The condensation reaction mechanism has been proposed.
文摘Objective To evaluate CC2 (N, N’-dichloro-bis [2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl] urea) invarious hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations as a personnel decontaminant for sulphurmustard (SM). Methods Twenty percent of CC2 was prepared as a suspension or ointmentwith various chemical agents and its stability was evaluated by active chlorine assay. Theefficacy was evaluated in mice by recording the mortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM (LD50 =8.1 mg/kg dermally) and decontaminating it after 2 min with 200 mg of the formulation.Studies were also carried out with 10% and 20% CC2 in acacia and hydroxypropyl cellulose,and the suspensions were stored in polyethylene containers. The stability of the suspensionswas evaluated by active chlorine assay. The efficacy was evaluated by recording themortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM in mice and 12 LD50 of SM in rats (LD50 = 2.4 mg/kgdermally), and decontaminating it with the formulations. LD50 by different routes andprimary skin irritation test of CC2 were also carried out. Results CC2 reacted with peanutoil and neem oil, and was unstable in povidone iodine and Fuller’s earth. Good stability wasachieved with petroleum jelly, honey, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, calamine lotion, acacia andhydroxypropyl cellulose. Though CC2 was stable in lipophilic formulations, it did notprotect the animals. The hydrophilic formulations particularly acacia and hydroxypropylcellulose gave very good protection and was stable in the polyethylene containers for aperiod of 1 year. The efficacy of 20% CC2 was better than 10% CC2. The oral and dermalLD50 of CC2 was found to be above 5.0 g/kg. CC2 was also found to be nonirritant.Conclusion Twenty percent of CC2 in hydroxypropyl cellulose is better with respect tostability, efficacy and ease of decontamination. CC2 is also a safe chemical.
基金financially supported by Entogenex Industries Sdn.Bhd.,Malaysia(grant No.NN 001-2008)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and residual effects of trypsin modulating ecstatic factor-Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis(TMOF-Bti) formulations against Aedes aegypti(Ae. aegypti)(L) larvae at UKM Campus Kuala Lumpur.Methods:Twenty first instar Ae.aegypti larvae were added in each bucket containing 4 L of water supplied with crushed dried-leaf powder as their source of food.Combination of TMOF-Bti in rice husk formulation with the following weights viz 10,25,50 and 100 mg,respectively in duplicate was distributed in the buckets;while TMOF-Bti in wettable powder formulation each weighing viz 2,5,10 and 20 mg,respectively in duplicate was also placed in the buckets.The control buckets run in duplicate with 4 L of water and 20 first instar Ae.aegypti larvae.All buckets were covered with mosquito netting.Larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours and weekly for five weeks.A new batch of 20 1^(st) instar larvae Ae.aegypti was introduced into each bucket weekly without additional TMOF-Bti rice husk formulation or wettable powder.The experiment was repeated for four times.Results:The result of the study showed that all formulations were very effective on the first two weeks by giving 100% larval mortality for all concentrations applied.The TMOF(2%) + Bti(2%) had a good residual effect until the end of 3^(rd) week,TMOF(4%) + Bti(4%) until 4^(th) week,wettable powder TMOF(20%) + Bti(20%) until the third week.Condusions:From the results it can be concluded that the TMOF-Bti formulations can be utilized in dengue vector control.
