Objective:Ureteral stents are customarily inserted to facilitate urinary drainage,but they come with their own glitches of being forgotten and/or encrusted leading to serious consequences.The present study aimed to re...Objective:Ureteral stents are customarily inserted to facilitate urinary drainage,but they come with their own glitches of being forgotten and/or encrusted leading to serious consequences.The present study aimed to report the complications in patients with forgotten and encrusted stents according to the Clavien-Dindo system specific to urological procedures and identify the factors leading to high-grade(Clavien-Dindo Grade 4A or above)complications.Methods:The hospital records of patients with forgotten encrusted double-J stents over a period of 8 years were reviewed.The parameters recorded included patient demographics,indwelling time,need for percutaneous nephrostomy,hemodialysis,urine culture,blood culture,total blood counts,serum creatinine,radiologic findings,management techniques,number of surgical interventions,modified Clavien-Dindo complications,follow-up,and mortality,if any.Results:Forty patients were included in the study.The median age was 52(range 6-85)years.Of the total,25(62.5%)patients had a“significant”stent load;31(77.5%)had renal failure or acute kidney injury on presentation;19(47.5%)patients had sepsis at presentation.Among the patients presented with sepsis,11(57.9%)patients demonstrated a positive urine culture;and 7/11(63.6%)patients exhibited pan-resistant organisms.Twelve out of 40(30.0%)patients in our series developed high-grade Clavien-Dindo complications.On univariate analysis,sepsis at presentation(p=0.007),stent load(p=0.031),diabetes(p=0.023),positive urine culture(p=0.007),and stent indwelling time of more than 1 year(p=0.031)were found to be significant.On multivariate logistic regression analysis,sepsis at presentation(p=0.017)and positive urine culture(p=0.016)were significant predictors for high-grade complications.Conclusion:It is prudent to identify specific risk factors,namely sepsis at presentation and positive urine culture to triage and optimize these patients before surgical management.展开更多
AIMTo evaluate complications and management outcomes of retained long-term plastic biliary stents.METHODSEndoscopic plastic biliary stent placement was performed in 802 patients at Yeungnam University Hospital between...AIMTo evaluate complications and management outcomes of retained long-term plastic biliary stents.METHODSEndoscopic plastic biliary stent placement was performed in 802 patients at Yeungnam University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2014. Follow-up loss with a subsequently forgotten stent for more than 12 mo occurred in 38 patients. We retrospectively examined the cause of biliary stent insertion, status of stents, complications associated with biliary stents and management outcomes of long-term plastic biliary stents. Continuous variables were analyzed using the t test. Observed frequencies in subsets of the study population were compared using Fisher’s exact test and χ<sup>2</sup> tests. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05 (two-tailed).RESULTSMean age of patients was 73.7 ± 12 years and male-to-female ratio was 2.2:1. Indications of plastic biliary stent insertion were bile duct stones (63.2%, 24/38) and benign bile duct stricture (52.6%, 20/38). Mean duration of retained plastic stent was 22.6 ± 12.2 mo, and in 10 cases (26.3%), stents were retained for more than 24 mo. Common bile duct (CBD) stones or sludge were found in most cases (92.1%, 35/38). The most common complication was acute cholangitis (94.7%, 36/38). Stent removal by endoscopic approach was successfully performed in 92.1% (35/38) of the cases. In 3 cases, an additional plastic stent was inserted alongside the previous stent due to failure of the stent removal. Endoscopic removal of bile duct stones was successful in 73.7% (28/38) of the cases. When patients were divided into two groups by duration of stent placement (12 to 24 mo vs over 24 mo), there were no differences in the development of cholangitis, presence of biliary stones, and success rate of endoscopic removal of stones and biliary stents.CONCLUSIONThe most common complication of retained long-term plastic biliary stents was acute cholangitis associated with CBD stones. Endoscopic management was successfully performed in most cases.展开更多
Oral diseases related to dental biofilms continue to afflict the majority of the world＇s population. Among them, dental caries continues to be the single most prevalent and costly oral infectious disease （Marsh, 200...Oral diseases related to dental biofilms continue to afflict the majority of the world＇s population. Among them, dental caries continues to be the single most prevalent and costly oral infectious disease （Marsh, 2003; Dye et al., 2007）. Dental caries results from the interaction of specific bacteria with constituents of the diet within a dental biofilm known as plaque （Bowen, 2002）. Sucrose is considered to be the ＂arch criminal＂ from the dietary aspect because it serves as a substrate for synthesis of extracellular （EPS） and intracellular （IPS） polysaccharides in dental biofilm and is also fermentable （Bowen, 2002）.展开更多
With the development of the internet, the right to be forgotten recognized by the EU has gradually entered the research field of Chinese academia. Since then, Chinese scholars have analyzed the necessity and feasibili...With the development of the internet, the right to be forgotten recognized by the EU has gradually entered the research field of Chinese academia. Since then, Chinese scholars have analyzed the necessity and feasibility and also the possible ways in which the right to be forgotten might be safeguarded. However, the argument of the right to be forgotten and its path deserve to be further discussed. The right to be forgotten is not a solution to the violation of personal information in China because our domestic systems and practices have allowed individuals to delete online information and the construction of the forgotten right with the right of personal information as the core may hinder the development of the Internet. This article suggests that the introduction of the right to be forgotten should follow China’s national conditions and should be constructed with privacy as the core in the system design, and the content should further clarify personal data. The subjects of data should be differentiated in specific implementation and the scope of application should encompass the criminal field.展开更多
The emergence of the right to be forgotten not only triggered a heated debate between the European Union (EU)and the United States (US), but also caused quite a stir in China’s judicial and legal theory circles. Whil...The emergence of the right to be forgotten not only triggered a heated debate between the European Union (EU)and the United States (US), but also caused quite a stir in China’s judicial and legal theory circles. While academicsfrom the UK and the US are wary of the right to be forgotten, their Chinese counterparts are fairly optimistic thatthis right can be transplanted to China. It is found that remarks such as “introducing the right to be forgotten”,“establishing personal information rights”, and “laying down a law on personal information rights” can befrequently observed in relevant studies published in recent years. As an immature new right that has been writteninto laws of some countries, whether the right to be forgotten is in line with China’s practicalities should becogitated on before it is enshrined in law. Having analyzed what influences the right to be forgotten will exert onChina’s rule of law and economic development if it is included in China’s legal system, a conclusion has beenreached. First, the right to be forgotten is detrimental to Chins’ s advancement of rule of law because it contradictsrights such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech and right to know. Second, it will also inhibit thedevelopment of China’s burgeoning digital economy. Therefore, the right to be forgotten should not be introducedto or even established in Chinese law at this stage.展开更多
BACKGROUND A fracture of the acetabulum is an uncommon,but serious injury.Established outcome tools do not reflect the patient’s perspective after fracture of the hip joint.Originally designed for post-arthroplasty p...BACKGROUND A fracture of the acetabulum is an uncommon,but serious injury.Established outcome tools do not reflect the patient’s perspective after fracture of the hip joint.Originally designed for post-arthroplasty patients,the Forgotten Joint Score(FJS)is a patient-reported outcome measurement(PROM)tool evaluating the diseasespecific health-related quality of life(HR-QoL).AIM To validate the FJS in patients after acetabular fracture.METHODS In a prospective mono-centric cohort study,we evaluated 100 patients at mean 5.2±3.6 years after a fracture of the acetabulum.The validation study followed the complete COSMIN checklist protocol.For calculation of convergent validity,we used the Tegner-Activity Scale,the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index,the EuroQol-5D,and a subjective rating of change as an anchor variable.RESULTS We confirmed good internal consistency with a Cronbach‘s alpha of 0.95.With an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99(95%CI:0.97,0.99),test-retest reliability of the FJS was excellent.Correlation coefficients between the questionnaires were moderate to high ranging from|0.56|to|0.83|(absolute value).No relevant floor or ceiling effects occurred.Standard error of measurement was 3.2 and smallest detectable change(SDC)was 8.8.Thus,changes greater than 8.8 points between two assessments denote a real change in FJS.CONCLUSION The FJS is a valid and reliable tool for evaluation of patient-reported outcome in posttraumatic condition after acetabular fracture.The SDC indicating a real clinical improvement was 8.8 points in the FJS.We could confirm responsiveness of the FJS and found no relevant floor-or ceiling effects.展开更多
In the big data era,the pursuit of the right to be forgotten arises from the data subject’s desire to request the removal of his/her personal data.Although the right to be forgotten is hotly debated at the global lev...In the big data era,the pursuit of the right to be forgotten arises from the data subject’s desire to request the removal of his/her personal data.Although the right to be forgotten is hotly debated at the global level,there is a paucity of research into the legislative process of this right.This study aims to scrutinize how legislation on the right to be forgotten evolves in different countries.First,the origin and development of the right to be forgotten are expounded by analyzing the legislation on and the major legislative interpretation of the right.Second,the elements of this right are determined and examined by dissecting the right.Last but not least,the nature of this right is probed into and illustrated.It is found that the soundness of a legal framework for data protection varies from country to country,which indicates that the institutional basis for the right to be forgotten differs markedly.Thereby,countries shall decide whether to legislate to protect the right to be forgotten based on their practicalities.Moreover,according to Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR),the right to be forgotten is composed of the subject of right(data subject),the subject of obligation(data controller),the object of right(personal data),and the content of right(all links to the personal data,etc.,must be deleted by the subject of obligation at the request of the subject of right).Furthermore,there are three typical views about the nature of this right based on scholars’divergent opinions on the relationship among the right to be forgotten,personality rights,rights in personal information,and the right to privacy.It is concluded that countries that do not enjoy mature legislative conditions should not grant the right to be forgotten legal status,although it has been enshrined in law by partial countries with sound legal systems.In addition,the defects in the right’s four elements remain to be remedied before it could be legally acknowledged.Finally,the right to be forgotten,in terms of its nature,should be classified as rights in personal information,which are part of personality rights.展开更多
When talking about Napoleon,people always focus on his military talent,his empire,his famous code or even his final defeat—Battle of Waterloo.Few people will remember his quest for Egypt and his mysterious‘troop’.T...When talking about Napoleon,people always focus on his military talent,his empire,his famous code or even his final defeat—Battle of Waterloo.Few people will remember his quest for Egypt and his mysterious‘troop’.This thesis will discuss the forgotten troop of Napoleon and its influence on the development of Egypt and the world.展开更多
In his book Forgotten Ally:China's World WarⅡ,1937-1945,Rana Mitter,British historian and a professor of U.S-Asia relations at the Kennedy School of Government,Harvard University,offers a deeply researched accoun...In his book Forgotten Ally:China's World WarⅡ,1937-1945,Rana Mitter,British historian and a professor of U.S-Asia relations at the Kennedy School of Government,Harvard University,offers a deeply researched account of China's war against Japanese aggression in the 1930s and 40s,as well as the country's long-overlooked role in the global fight against fascism.展开更多
全球数字化进程的加速伴随着数据主体信息失控现象日益显著。国内外数据安全相关法律相继出台,其中遗忘权(the Right to Be Forgotten)强调了数据主体拥有从数据使用方撤回其数据的权利。模型遗忘(Machine Unlearning)是机器学习领域践...全球数字化进程的加速伴随着数据主体信息失控现象日益显著。国内外数据安全相关法律相继出台,其中遗忘权(the Right to Be Forgotten)强调了数据主体拥有从数据使用方撤回其数据的权利。模型遗忘(Machine Unlearning)是机器学习领域践行遗忘权的技术,允许模型拥有方(即数据使用方)从已训练的模型中遗忘原本训练数据的指定数据,以满足数据拥有方撤回其数据的需求。现有针对模型遗忘效果的验证方法通常假设存在一个从未使用过被遗忘数据的基准模型,并通过测量遗忘后模型和基准模型的参数分布或输出分布是否足够相似来完成验证。然而,在恶意攻击场景下,模型拥有方容易伪造遗忘后模型的参数和输出分布,且模型参数通常难以归因于特定的训练数据,导致验证方难以有效验证目标模型是否遗忘其数据。本文提出了一种新的公开可验证模型遗忘方案,该方案在数据拥有方和模型拥有方之间执行,并在模型拥有方出现恶意行为时,数据拥有方能够生成任意第三方可验证的不可否认凭证。具体地,数据拥有方先利用动态通用累加器来认证被授权使用的数据或删除不被授权使用的数据;随后,模型拥有方在公开可验证隐蔽模型下证明模型训练使用了被累加数据或没有使用不被累加数据;最后,数据拥有方验证证明的有效性,若发现模型拥有方使用了未授权数据,则其生成公开可验证的凭证来追责模型拥有方的不合法行为。实验评估了不同数据量下证明和验证的计算开销,同时评估了不同数据点删除对模型预测结果的影响。展开更多
文摘Objective:Ureteral stents are customarily inserted to facilitate urinary drainage,but they come with their own glitches of being forgotten and/or encrusted leading to serious consequences.The present study aimed to report the complications in patients with forgotten and encrusted stents according to the Clavien-Dindo system specific to urological procedures and identify the factors leading to high-grade(Clavien-Dindo Grade 4A or above)complications.Methods:The hospital records of patients with forgotten encrusted double-J stents over a period of 8 years were reviewed.The parameters recorded included patient demographics,indwelling time,need for percutaneous nephrostomy,hemodialysis,urine culture,blood culture,total blood counts,serum creatinine,radiologic findings,management techniques,number of surgical interventions,modified Clavien-Dindo complications,follow-up,and mortality,if any.Results:Forty patients were included in the study.The median age was 52(range 6-85)years.Of the total,25(62.5%)patients had a“significant”stent load;31(77.5%)had renal failure or acute kidney injury on presentation;19(47.5%)patients had sepsis at presentation.Among the patients presented with sepsis,11(57.9%)patients demonstrated a positive urine culture;and 7/11(63.6%)patients exhibited pan-resistant organisms.Twelve out of 40(30.0%)patients in our series developed high-grade Clavien-Dindo complications.On univariate analysis,sepsis at presentation(p=0.007),stent load(p=0.031),diabetes(p=0.023),positive urine culture(p=0.007),and stent indwelling time of more than 1 year(p=0.031)were found to be significant.On multivariate logistic regression analysis,sepsis at presentation(p=0.017)and positive urine culture(p=0.016)were significant predictors for high-grade complications.Conclusion:It is prudent to identify specific risk factors,namely sepsis at presentation and positive urine culture to triage and optimize these patients before surgical management.
基金Supported by 2015 Yeungnam University Research Grant,No.215A380205
文摘AIMTo evaluate complications and management outcomes of retained long-term plastic biliary stents.METHODSEndoscopic plastic biliary stent placement was performed in 802 patients at Yeungnam University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2014. Follow-up loss with a subsequently forgotten stent for more than 12 mo occurred in 38 patients. We retrospectively examined the cause of biliary stent insertion, status of stents, complications associated with biliary stents and management outcomes of long-term plastic biliary stents. Continuous variables were analyzed using the t test. Observed frequencies in subsets of the study population were compared using Fisher’s exact test and χ<sup>2</sup> tests. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05 (two-tailed).RESULTSMean age of patients was 73.7 ± 12 years and male-to-female ratio was 2.2:1. Indications of plastic biliary stent insertion were bile duct stones (63.2%, 24/38) and benign bile duct stricture (52.6%, 20/38). Mean duration of retained plastic stent was 22.6 ± 12.2 mo, and in 10 cases (26.3%), stents were retained for more than 24 mo. Common bile duct (CBD) stones or sludge were found in most cases (92.1%, 35/38). The most common complication was acute cholangitis (94.7%, 36/38). Stent removal by endoscopic approach was successfully performed in 92.1% (35/38) of the cases. In 3 cases, an additional plastic stent was inserted alongside the previous stent due to failure of the stent removal. Endoscopic removal of bile duct stones was successful in 73.7% (28/38) of the cases. When patients were divided into two groups by duration of stent placement (12 to 24 mo vs over 24 mo), there were no differences in the development of cholangitis, presence of biliary stones, and success rate of endoscopic removal of stones and biliary stents.CONCLUSIONThe most common complication of retained long-term plastic biliary stents was acute cholangitis associated with CBD stones. Endoscopic management was successfully performed in most cases.
文摘Oral diseases related to dental biofilms continue to afflict the majority of the world＇s population. Among them, dental caries continues to be the single most prevalent and costly oral infectious disease （Marsh, 2003; Dye et al., 2007）. Dental caries results from the interaction of specific bacteria with constituents of the diet within a dental biofilm known as plaque （Bowen, 2002）. Sucrose is considered to be the ＂arch criminal＂ from the dietary aspect because it serves as a substrate for synthesis of extracellular （EPS） and intracellular （IPS） polysaccharides in dental biofilm and is also fermentable （Bowen, 2002）.
文摘With the development of the internet, the right to be forgotten recognized by the EU has gradually entered the research field of Chinese academia. Since then, Chinese scholars have analyzed the necessity and feasibility and also the possible ways in which the right to be forgotten might be safeguarded. However, the argument of the right to be forgotten and its path deserve to be further discussed. The right to be forgotten is not a solution to the violation of personal information in China because our domestic systems and practices have allowed individuals to delete online information and the construction of the forgotten right with the right of personal information as the core may hinder the development of the Internet. This article suggests that the introduction of the right to be forgotten should follow China’s national conditions and should be constructed with privacy as the core in the system design, and the content should further clarify personal data. The subjects of data should be differentiated in specific implementation and the scope of application should encompass the criminal field.
文摘The emergence of the right to be forgotten not only triggered a heated debate between the European Union (EU)and the United States (US), but also caused quite a stir in China’s judicial and legal theory circles. While academicsfrom the UK and the US are wary of the right to be forgotten, their Chinese counterparts are fairly optimistic thatthis right can be transplanted to China. It is found that remarks such as “introducing the right to be forgotten”,“establishing personal information rights”, and “laying down a law on personal information rights” can befrequently observed in relevant studies published in recent years. As an immature new right that has been writteninto laws of some countries, whether the right to be forgotten is in line with China’s practicalities should becogitated on before it is enshrined in law. Having analyzed what influences the right to be forgotten will exert onChina’s rule of law and economic development if it is included in China’s legal system, a conclusion has beenreached. First, the right to be forgotten is detrimental to Chins’ s advancement of rule of law because it contradictsrights such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech and right to know. Second, it will also inhibit thedevelopment of China’s burgeoning digital economy. Therefore, the right to be forgotten should not be introducedto or even established in Chinese law at this stage.
文摘BACKGROUND A fracture of the acetabulum is an uncommon,but serious injury.Established outcome tools do not reflect the patient’s perspective after fracture of the hip joint.Originally designed for post-arthroplasty patients,the Forgotten Joint Score(FJS)is a patient-reported outcome measurement(PROM)tool evaluating the diseasespecific health-related quality of life(HR-QoL).AIM To validate the FJS in patients after acetabular fracture.METHODS In a prospective mono-centric cohort study,we evaluated 100 patients at mean 5.2±3.6 years after a fracture of the acetabulum.The validation study followed the complete COSMIN checklist protocol.For calculation of convergent validity,we used the Tegner-Activity Scale,the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index,the EuroQol-5D,and a subjective rating of change as an anchor variable.RESULTS We confirmed good internal consistency with a Cronbach‘s alpha of 0.95.With an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99(95%CI:0.97,0.99),test-retest reliability of the FJS was excellent.Correlation coefficients between the questionnaires were moderate to high ranging from|0.56|to|0.83|(absolute value).No relevant floor or ceiling effects occurred.Standard error of measurement was 3.2 and smallest detectable change(SDC)was 8.8.Thus,changes greater than 8.8 points between two assessments denote a real change in FJS.CONCLUSION The FJS is a valid and reliable tool for evaluation of patient-reported outcome in posttraumatic condition after acetabular fracture.The SDC indicating a real clinical improvement was 8.8 points in the FJS.We could confirm responsiveness of the FJS and found no relevant floor-or ceiling effects.
文摘In the big data era,the pursuit of the right to be forgotten arises from the data subject’s desire to request the removal of his/her personal data.Although the right to be forgotten is hotly debated at the global level,there is a paucity of research into the legislative process of this right.This study aims to scrutinize how legislation on the right to be forgotten evolves in different countries.First,the origin and development of the right to be forgotten are expounded by analyzing the legislation on and the major legislative interpretation of the right.Second,the elements of this right are determined and examined by dissecting the right.Last but not least,the nature of this right is probed into and illustrated.It is found that the soundness of a legal framework for data protection varies from country to country,which indicates that the institutional basis for the right to be forgotten differs markedly.Thereby,countries shall decide whether to legislate to protect the right to be forgotten based on their practicalities.Moreover,according to Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR),the right to be forgotten is composed of the subject of right(data subject),the subject of obligation(data controller),the object of right(personal data),and the content of right(all links to the personal data,etc.,must be deleted by the subject of obligation at the request of the subject of right).Furthermore,there are three typical views about the nature of this right based on scholars’divergent opinions on the relationship among the right to be forgotten,personality rights,rights in personal information,and the right to privacy.It is concluded that countries that do not enjoy mature legislative conditions should not grant the right to be forgotten legal status,although it has been enshrined in law by partial countries with sound legal systems.In addition,the defects in the right’s four elements remain to be remedied before it could be legally acknowledged.Finally,the right to be forgotten,in terms of its nature,should be classified as rights in personal information,which are part of personality rights.
文摘When talking about Napoleon,people always focus on his military talent,his empire,his famous code or even his final defeat—Battle of Waterloo.Few people will remember his quest for Egypt and his mysterious‘troop’.This thesis will discuss the forgotten troop of Napoleon and its influence on the development of Egypt and the world.
文摘In his book Forgotten Ally:China's World WarⅡ,1937-1945,Rana Mitter,British historian and a professor of U.S-Asia relations at the Kennedy School of Government,Harvard University,offers a deeply researched account of China's war against Japanese aggression in the 1930s and 40s,as well as the country's long-overlooked role in the global fight against fascism.
文摘全球数字化进程的加速伴随着数据主体信息失控现象日益显著。国内外数据安全相关法律相继出台,其中遗忘权(the Right to Be Forgotten)强调了数据主体拥有从数据使用方撤回其数据的权利。模型遗忘(Machine Unlearning)是机器学习领域践行遗忘权的技术,允许模型拥有方(即数据使用方)从已训练的模型中遗忘原本训练数据的指定数据,以满足数据拥有方撤回其数据的需求。现有针对模型遗忘效果的验证方法通常假设存在一个从未使用过被遗忘数据的基准模型,并通过测量遗忘后模型和基准模型的参数分布或输出分布是否足够相似来完成验证。然而,在恶意攻击场景下,模型拥有方容易伪造遗忘后模型的参数和输出分布,且模型参数通常难以归因于特定的训练数据,导致验证方难以有效验证目标模型是否遗忘其数据。本文提出了一种新的公开可验证模型遗忘方案,该方案在数据拥有方和模型拥有方之间执行,并在模型拥有方出现恶意行为时,数据拥有方能够生成任意第三方可验证的不可否认凭证。具体地,数据拥有方先利用动态通用累加器来认证被授权使用的数据或删除不被授权使用的数据;随后,模型拥有方在公开可验证隐蔽模型下证明模型训练使用了被累加数据或没有使用不被累加数据;最后,数据拥有方验证证明的有效性,若发现模型拥有方使用了未授权数据,则其生成公开可验证的凭证来追责模型拥有方的不合法行为。实验评估了不同数据量下证明和验证的计算开销,同时评估了不同数据点删除对模型预测结果的影响。
