A new model was developed to predict forestland demand of China during the years of 2010-2050 in terms of the concept of forest ecosystem services. On the basis of the relationship between forest ecosystem services an...A new model was developed to predict forestland demand of China during the years of 2010-2050 in terms of the concept of forest ecosystem services. On the basis of the relationship between forest ecosystem services and classified forest management, we hypothesized that the ecological-forest provides ecological services, whereas commercial-forest supplies wood and timber production, and the influences of the growth of population, social-economic development target, forest management methods and the technology changes on forest resources were also taken into account. The prediction reveals that the demand of total forestland of China will be 244.8, 261.2 and 362.2 million ha by the year 2010, 2020 and 2050, respectively. The results demonstrated that China will be confronted with a shortage of forest resources, especially with lack of ecological-oriented forests, in the future. It is suggested that sustainable management of forest resources must be reinforced and more attention should be drown no enhancing the service function of forest ecosystem.展开更多
The trade-offs and synergies of forest ecosystem service are important research topics for several disciplines.The multi-scale analysis of service trade-offs and synergies assists in the implementation of more effecti...The trade-offs and synergies of forest ecosystem service are important research topics for several disciplines.The multi-scale analysis of service trade-offs and synergies assists in the implementation of more effective forest resource management.Based on multi-source data including forest distribution,topography,NDVI,meteorology and soil conditions,key forest ecosystem services,including total forest volume,carbon storage,water yield,soil retention and habitat quality were mapped and evaluated for the Funiu Mountain Region through integrated deployment of the CASA model,the InVEST3.2 model and the ArcGIS10.2 software.The characteristics of trade-offs and synergies among different ecosystem services were then mapped and considered across multiple spatial scales(i.e.,by region,north and south slopes,vertical belt)using the spatial overlay analysis method.The main results are as follows:(1)Mean forest volume is 49.26 m^(3)/ha,carbon density is 156.94 t/ha,water yield depth is 494.46 mm,the unit amount of soil retention is 955.4 t/ha,and the habitat quality index is 0.79.(2)The area of forests with good synergy is 28.79%,and the area of forests with poor synergy is 10.15%,while about 61.06%of forests show severe trade-offs and weak trade-offs.The overall benefits of forest ecosystem services in the study area are still low.In the future,bad synergy and severe trade-off areas should be the focus of forest resource management and efficiency regulation.(3)Synergy between ecosystem services is better for forest on south slope than that on north slope.Deciduous broad-leaved forest belt at moderate elevations on south slope in the mountains(SIII)has the highest synergies,while that at low elevations on north slope(NI)exhibits the lowest synergy levels.展开更多
Management of forest lands considering multi-functional approaches is the basis to sustain or enhance the provi-sion of specific benefits,while minimizing negative impacts to the environment.Defining a desired managem...Management of forest lands considering multi-functional approaches is the basis to sustain or enhance the provi-sion of specific benefits,while minimizing negative impacts to the environment.Defining a desired management itinerary to a forest depends on a variety of factors,including the forest type,its ecological characteristics,and the social and economic needs of local communities.A strategic assessment of the forest use suitability(FUS)(namely productive,protective,conservation-oriented,social and multi-functional)at regional level,based on the provision of forest ecosystem services and trade-offs between FUS alternatives,can be used to develop management strategies that are tailored to the specific needs and conditions of the forest.The present study assesses the provision of multiple forest ecosystem services and employs a decision model to identify the FUS that sup-ports the most present and productive ecosystem services in each stand in Catalonia.For this purpose,we apply the latest version of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support(EMDS)system,a spatially oriented decision support system that provides accurate results for multi-criteria management.We evaluate 32 metrics and 12 as-sociated ecosystem services indicators to represent the spatial reality of the region.According to the results,the dominant primary use suitability is social,followed by protective and productive.Nevertheless,final assignment of uses is not straightforward and requires an exhaustive analysis of trade-offs between all alternative options,in many cases identifying flexible outcomes,and increasing the representativeness of multi-functional use.The assignment of forest use suitability aims to significantly improve the definition of the most adequate management strategy to be applied.展开更多
The stakeholders'perceptions of forest ecosystem services(FESs)vary among different stakeholder groups.This study,using China's Shennongjia National Park Pilot(SNP)and Canada's Banff National Park(BNP)as c...The stakeholders'perceptions of forest ecosystem services(FESs)vary among different stakeholder groups.This study,using China's Shennongjia National Park Pilot(SNP)and Canada's Banff National Park(BNP)as case studies,identifies and evaluates the preference characteristics of key stakeholders(including farmers,individual operators,government officials,and tourists)toward various FESs.We utilized Q-methodology and semistructured interviews to conduct a sorting of 23 Q-statements regarding FESs,across 7 categories(ranging from−3 to+3),with 24 Q-participants.Stakeholders'preferences toward FESs were categorized into 3 common perspectives:tourism and culture,production and livelihood,and ecological conservation.Different types of stakeholders hold both consensus and divergence regarding their views on FESs.For instance,there was strong consensus on services related to“natural ecotourism and biodiversity conservation”,while stakeholders expressed strong opposition regarding services related to“forest protection”.Furthermore,stakeholders elucidated the reasons behind their preferences for different types of FESs.Overall,our study indicates that besides considering the services provided by forests themselves,policymakers also need to pay attention to the preferences and divergences in needs among stakeholders of national parks.This ensures a more comprehensive fulfillment of diverse societal needs and facilitates the formulation of more effective policies to promote the sustainable management and conservation of national parks.展开更多
The forest ecosystem goods and services and the natural capital stocks that produce them make great contribution to national economy and human welfare both directly and indirectly.This paper evaluates the economic val...The forest ecosystem goods and services and the natural capital stocks that produce them make great contribution to national economy and human welfare both directly and indirectly.This paper evaluates the economic value of natural capital stock and the annual output flow of forest ecosystem goods and services taking Qingdao City and its eight districts as case study.The results of the valuation study showed,that the stock value of forest natural capital of Qingdao was RMB 13.46 billion at the end of 2007.The flow value of annual output of forest ecosystem goods and services of Qingdao was RMB 26.76 billion which amounted to 7.07%of its GDP of 2007.However,the share of forest goods and services actually included in its GDP of 2007,in accordance with the current national accounting system,was only 0.71%.Among the annual flows the value of intangible forest ecosystem services alone accounted for 70.90%of total flows which was 2.44 times the value of forest material goods.These non-market forest benefits mainly contributed to the non-forestry sectors of the economy and to the social groups who did not own and manage the forests.Extensive policy implications were analyzed as per the results of the forest valuation study.展开更多
Evaluating forest ecosystem services(FES)is crucial for comprehensively recognizing forest value and for formulating targeted forest management plans.However,hurdles persist in traditional FES evaluations that are bas...Evaluating forest ecosystem services(FES)is crucial for comprehensively recognizing forest value and for formulating targeted forest management plans.However,hurdles persist in traditional FES evaluations that are based on conventional data(e.g.,statistical yearbooks and survey data),such as a coarse evaluation scale and difficulty in formulating refined and spatially continuous evaluation results.Forest canopy cover,canopy height,and forest aboveground biomass(AGB)are the core fundamental inputs of a robust FES evaluation.Their accuracy and degree of refinement will influence the final evaluation results obtained.To overcome the above issues,this study first explored accurate estimation methods for all 3 parameters above and then evaluated FES multidimensionally,by using these results combined with other remote sensing products and applying various principles and algorithms.Our results show that a high estimation accuracy(>80%)of the 3 key parameters is achievable for coniferous to broad-leaved forest stands and that FES evaluation results are obtainable with a high resolution and spatial continuity.The service functions,such as nutrient retention,carbon sequestration and oxygen release,and product supply are stronger while others relatively are weaker.It is worth noting that carbon storage by the AGB carbon pool surpasses that of other carbon pools.Finally,the potential of FES varies according to forest type.Compared with broad-leaved forest,coniferous forest has a greater capacity for product supply,windbreak,and sand fixation services.This study offers a methodological reference for the formulation of policies related to the paid use of FES.展开更多
This study explores the motivations,perceived benefits,and challenges associated with the adoption of clearcutfree forestry by early adopters among non-industrial private forest(NIPF)owners in southern-central Sweden....This study explores the motivations,perceived benefits,and challenges associated with the adoption of clearcutfree forestry by early adopters among non-industrial private forest(NIPF)owners in southern-central Sweden.Clearcut-free forestry,characterized by continuous tree cover and an emphasis on biodiversity,structural diversity,and ecosystem services(ES),is increasingly seen as a sustainable alternative to conventional intensive management based on short rotations and clear-cutting practices.Based on qualitative interviews with 22 NIPF owners who have adopted this approach,the study provides insights into how these early adopters perceive the value of clearcut-free forestry.Reported motivations include environmental concerns,such as biodiversity conservation and climate resilience,as well as strong socio-cultural values linked to family traditions,aesthetic preferences,and community wellbeing.In this study,we use the multi-level perspective(MLP)framework to conceptualize NIPF owners who have adopted clearcut-free forestry as niche actors and analyze their potential contribution to the emergence of an alternative forest management regime.The findings highlight that early adopters associate multiple benefits with clearcut-free forestry,encompassing enhanced ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration,water regulation,habitat preservation,and socio-cultural enrichment through recreation and relational values.However,the interviewees identify several interrelated challenges,including knowledge gaps,lack of clear definitions and standardized practices,limited advisory services,underdeveloped value chains for high-quality timber,and market barriers,which hinder more widespread adoption.Within the multi-level perspective,owner perceptions linking clearcut-free management with improved forest multifunctionality serve as a key driver of niche-level experimentation.This suggests an alignment between these owners and evolving societal demands for more inclusive,sustainable,and diversified forest use.Policy recommendations include targeted investments in knowledge co-production,infrastructure,market incentives,and certification schemes to support the economic viability and broader adoption of clearcut-free forestry.展开更多
Climate change is impacting forests in Central Europe,causing increased mortality and degradation of forest ecosystem services(FES).As global warming intensifies,these effects are likely to worsen,particularly through...Climate change is impacting forests in Central Europe,causing increased mortality and degradation of forest ecosystem services(FES).As global warming intensifies,these effects are likely to worsen,particularly through more severe droughts and increased biotic disturbances.Understanding how forests respond to different levels of warming is essential for adaptation planning.Therefore,this study analyzed changes in forest structure and FES,including timber production,climate change mitigation,recreation,and structural diversity,under three global warming scenarios.Using the LandClim model,we compared warming levels of 1.5,2,and 3℃above preindustrial temperatures,based on 30-year periods from RCP data,to historical climate.Our research focused on Freiburg's forests in southwestern Germany,characterized by diverse tree species and an elevation range of 200–1,250 m a.s.l.A warming of 1.5℃could temporarily increase productivity,but at 2℃,biomass losses of up to 10%would occur below elevations of 450 m due to drought mortality.Under 3℃,losses would intensify below 650 m up to 40%,with even drought-resistant species like pedunculate oak experiencing mortality.At higher elevations,bark beetle outbreaks caused mortality of Norway spruce,while European beech capitalized on the changing ecological conditions.Higher warming levels significantly deteriorated FES,particularly timber production,climate change mitigation,and structural diversity,while recreation was less affected.These findings emphasize the urgency of meeting Paris Agreement targets,as limiting warming below 2℃can reduce severe impacts.If warming exceeds this critical threshold,even species presently considered drought-resistant,such as native sessile and pedunculate oaks and non-native red oak,could face serious threats at lower elevations.This would undermine the effectiveness of current management strategies,as these tree species are key to providing multiple FES.展开更多
Background：Forests contribute to human wellbeing through the provision of important ecosystem services.Methods：In this study,we investigated how the perceived importance of ecosystem services may impact the overall ...Background：Forests contribute to human wellbeing through the provision of important ecosystem services.Methods：In this study,we investigated how the perceived importance of ecosystem services may impact the overall benefit provided by managed watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest over a 45-year period,using standardized measures of service capacity weighted by service importance weights derived from a survey of beneficiaries.Results：The capacity of watersheds to regulate water flow and quality was high in all watersheds throughout the study period,whereas cultural services such as scenic beauty declined after harvest.Impacts on greenhouse gas regulation depended on the efficiency with which harvested biomass was used.Surveys revealed that stakeholders placed high value on all ecosystem services,with regulating and cultural services seen as more important than provisioning services.When service metrics were weighted by survey responses and aggregated into a single measure,total service provision followed the same overall trend as greenhouse gas regulation.Where biomass use was less efficient in terms of greenhouse gas emissions,harvesting resulted in an overall ＂ecosystem service debt＂;where use was more efficient,this ＂ecosystem service debt＂ was reduced.Beneficiaries＇ educational backgrounds significantly affected overall assessment of service provision.Beneficiaries with college or university degrees incurred smaller ＂ecosystem service debts＂ and were less negatively affected by harvesting overall.Conclusions：This study highlights the importance of including empirical measures of beneficiary preference when attempting to quantify overall provision of ecosystem services to human beneficiaries over time.展开更多
The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ec...The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ecosystem market such as better understanding of concept,public participation, sound trading rules and measurement standards are analyzed,and its implication for China is also summarized.Finally,the prospects of forest ecosystem service market in China are discussed.The purpose of this paper i...展开更多
With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development,the study of ecosystem service consumption(ESC)has become a hot topic in ecological research.Based on FAOSTAT data,in this study the patterns...With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development,the study of ecosystem service consumption(ESC)has become a hot topic in ecological research.Based on FAOSTAT data,in this study the patterns,composition and evolution of ESC and ecosystem service consumption patterns(ESCP)in the“Belt and Road"were revealed on the total and regional scales,taking consumed-biomass as a main indicator.Three main conclusions were reached.1)The total ESC was mainly contributed from farmland ecosystems along the"Belt and Road",followed by grassland ecosystems.The ESC indicators on the whole system scale fluctuated,but increased from year 2000 to year 2016.The total ESC increased from 12911.89 Tg yr_1 to 16810.00 Tg yr^1,and the annual per capita consumption of ecosystem services increased from 3.3228 million g p_1 yr'1 to 3.6392 million g p_1 yr'1.2)The ESC,composition and evolution varied significantly among countries,zones and ecosystems.The annual per capita ESC was highest in Mongolia on the national scale,and highest in Central and Eastern Europe and lowest in Southeast Asia on zone scale,which represented the results from the joint effects of regional resource endowments,consumption habits,levels of productive forces,and other factors.3)Higher farmland ESC was the dominant ESCP,which accounted for about 76.7%of the total area along the"Belt and Road",followed by higher farmland+higher grassland ESC,which accounted for about 19.0%of the total area.The other consumption patterns(i.e.,those of higher grassland ESC,higher forestland ESC or higher farmland+higher forest+higher grassland ESC)were found in only a few countries.The ESCP may be related to higher regional population density or the higher proportions of developing countries.Therefore,to realize sustainable social,economic and ecological development,and to improve people's well-being,countries along the,lBelt and Road"should take advantage of their own resources in developing industries,actively expand trade,achieve mutual benefits and win-win situations,and adjust and optimize consumption patterns of ecosystem services.This study can provide data support for further research on the mechanism of ESCP formation this area.展开更多
基金the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2006BAD03A09)the National Science Fund of China (40841001)
文摘A new model was developed to predict forestland demand of China during the years of 2010-2050 in terms of the concept of forest ecosystem services. On the basis of the relationship between forest ecosystem services and classified forest management, we hypothesized that the ecological-forest provides ecological services, whereas commercial-forest supplies wood and timber production, and the influences of the growth of population, social-economic development target, forest management methods and the technology changes on forest resources were also taken into account. The prediction reveals that the demand of total forestland of China will be 244.8, 261.2 and 362.2 million ha by the year 2010, 2020 and 2050, respectively. The results demonstrated that China will be confronted with a shortage of forest resources, especially with lack of ecological-oriented forests, in the future. It is suggested that sustainable management of forest resources must be reinforced and more attention should be drown no enhancing the service function of forest ecosystem.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41671090National Basic Research Program(973 Program),No.2015CB452702。
文摘The trade-offs and synergies of forest ecosystem service are important research topics for several disciplines.The multi-scale analysis of service trade-offs and synergies assists in the implementation of more effective forest resource management.Based on multi-source data including forest distribution,topography,NDVI,meteorology and soil conditions,key forest ecosystem services,including total forest volume,carbon storage,water yield,soil retention and habitat quality were mapped and evaluated for the Funiu Mountain Region through integrated deployment of the CASA model,the InVEST3.2 model and the ArcGIS10.2 software.The characteristics of trade-offs and synergies among different ecosystem services were then mapped and considered across multiple spatial scales(i.e.,by region,north and south slopes,vertical belt)using the spatial overlay analysis method.The main results are as follows:(1)Mean forest volume is 49.26 m^(3)/ha,carbon density is 156.94 t/ha,water yield depth is 494.46 mm,the unit amount of soil retention is 955.4 t/ha,and the habitat quality index is 0.79.(2)The area of forests with good synergy is 28.79%,and the area of forests with poor synergy is 10.15%,while about 61.06%of forests show severe trade-offs and weak trade-offs.The overall benefits of forest ecosystem services in the study area are still low.In the future,bad synergy and severe trade-off areas should be the focus of forest resource management and efficiency regulation.(3)Synergy between ecosystem services is better for forest on south slope than that on north slope.Deciduous broad-leaved forest belt at moderate elevations on south slope in the mountains(SIII)has the highest synergies,while that at low elevations on north slope(NI)exhibits the lowest synergy levels.
基金the Catalan Government Predoctoral Schol-arship(AGAUR-FSE 2020 FI_B200147)SuFoRun Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange(RISE)Program(Grant No.691149)the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(PID2020-120355RB-IOO).
文摘Management of forest lands considering multi-functional approaches is the basis to sustain or enhance the provi-sion of specific benefits,while minimizing negative impacts to the environment.Defining a desired management itinerary to a forest depends on a variety of factors,including the forest type,its ecological characteristics,and the social and economic needs of local communities.A strategic assessment of the forest use suitability(FUS)(namely productive,protective,conservation-oriented,social and multi-functional)at regional level,based on the provision of forest ecosystem services and trade-offs between FUS alternatives,can be used to develop management strategies that are tailored to the specific needs and conditions of the forest.The present study assesses the provision of multiple forest ecosystem services and employs a decision model to identify the FUS that sup-ports the most present and productive ecosystem services in each stand in Catalonia.For this purpose,we apply the latest version of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support(EMDS)system,a spatially oriented decision support system that provides accurate results for multi-criteria management.We evaluate 32 metrics and 12 as-sociated ecosystem services indicators to represent the spatial reality of the region.According to the results,the dominant primary use suitability is social,followed by protective and productive.Nevertheless,final assignment of uses is not straightforward and requires an exhaustive analysis of trade-offs between all alternative options,in many cases identifying flexible outcomes,and increasing the representativeness of multi-functional use.The assignment of forest use suitability aims to significantly improve the definition of the most adequate management strategy to be applied.
基金supported by the China Scholarship Council(grant no.202206760062)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32471863)+2 种基金the Project of Background Resources Survey in Shennongjia National Park(SNJNP2023013)the Open Project Fund of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Shennongjia Snubnosed Monkeys(SNJGKL2023013)UBC-APFNet National Park Research(grant no.GR025939)
文摘The stakeholders'perceptions of forest ecosystem services(FESs)vary among different stakeholder groups.This study,using China's Shennongjia National Park Pilot(SNP)and Canada's Banff National Park(BNP)as case studies,identifies and evaluates the preference characteristics of key stakeholders(including farmers,individual operators,government officials,and tourists)toward various FESs.We utilized Q-methodology and semistructured interviews to conduct a sorting of 23 Q-statements regarding FESs,across 7 categories(ranging from−3 to+3),with 24 Q-participants.Stakeholders'preferences toward FESs were categorized into 3 common perspectives:tourism and culture,production and livelihood,and ecological conservation.Different types of stakeholders hold both consensus and divergence regarding their views on FESs.For instance,there was strong consensus on services related to“natural ecotourism and biodiversity conservation”,while stakeholders expressed strong opposition regarding services related to“forest protection”.Furthermore,stakeholders elucidated the reasons behind their preferences for different types of FESs.Overall,our study indicates that besides considering the services provided by forests themselves,policymakers also need to pay attention to the preferences and divergences in needs among stakeholders of national parks.This ensures a more comprehensive fulfillment of diverse societal needs and facilitates the formulation of more effective policies to promote the sustainable management and conservation of national parks.
基金funded by the International Tropical Timber Organization(PD 39/98 and PD 295/04)
文摘The forest ecosystem goods and services and the natural capital stocks that produce them make great contribution to national economy and human welfare both directly and indirectly.This paper evaluates the economic value of natural capital stock and the annual output flow of forest ecosystem goods and services taking Qingdao City and its eight districts as case study.The results of the valuation study showed,that the stock value of forest natural capital of Qingdao was RMB 13.46 billion at the end of 2007.The flow value of annual output of forest ecosystem goods and services of Qingdao was RMB 26.76 billion which amounted to 7.07%of its GDP of 2007.However,the share of forest goods and services actually included in its GDP of 2007,in accordance with the current national accounting system,was only 0.71%.Among the annual flows the value of intangible forest ecosystem services alone accounted for 70.90%of total flows which was 2.44 times the value of forest material goods.These non-market forest benefits mainly contributed to the non-forestry sectors of the economy and to the social groups who did not own and manage the forests.Extensive policy implications were analyzed as per the results of the forest valuation study.
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research Institution of CAF,grant number"CAFYBB2019ZB004"the National Science and Technology Major Project of China’s High Resolution Earth Observation System,grant number"21-Y30B02-9001-19/22-3"+1 种基金the ESA-MOST China Dragon 5 Cooperation,grant number"59313"the special fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province,grant number"202204051001010"
文摘Evaluating forest ecosystem services(FES)is crucial for comprehensively recognizing forest value and for formulating targeted forest management plans.However,hurdles persist in traditional FES evaluations that are based on conventional data(e.g.,statistical yearbooks and survey data),such as a coarse evaluation scale and difficulty in formulating refined and spatially continuous evaluation results.Forest canopy cover,canopy height,and forest aboveground biomass(AGB)are the core fundamental inputs of a robust FES evaluation.Their accuracy and degree of refinement will influence the final evaluation results obtained.To overcome the above issues,this study first explored accurate estimation methods for all 3 parameters above and then evaluated FES multidimensionally,by using these results combined with other remote sensing products and applying various principles and algorithms.Our results show that a high estimation accuracy(>80%)of the 3 key parameters is achievable for coniferous to broad-leaved forest stands and that FES evaluation results are obtainable with a high resolution and spatial continuity.The service functions,such as nutrient retention,carbon sequestration and oxygen release,and product supply are stronger while others relatively are weaker.It is worth noting that carbon storage by the AGB carbon pool surpasses that of other carbon pools.Finally,the potential of FES varies according to forest type.Compared with broad-leaved forest,coniferous forest has a greater capacity for product supply,windbreak,and sand fixation services.This study offers a methodological reference for the formulation of policies related to the paid use of FES.
基金financed by a grant from Mistra[DIA 2019/28]and from Formas via the National Research Programme on Climate(2021–00416)FORMAS,Grant Nos.2022-02146 and 2021–01067Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Research Grant No.2021–00040。
文摘This study explores the motivations,perceived benefits,and challenges associated with the adoption of clearcutfree forestry by early adopters among non-industrial private forest(NIPF)owners in southern-central Sweden.Clearcut-free forestry,characterized by continuous tree cover and an emphasis on biodiversity,structural diversity,and ecosystem services(ES),is increasingly seen as a sustainable alternative to conventional intensive management based on short rotations and clear-cutting practices.Based on qualitative interviews with 22 NIPF owners who have adopted this approach,the study provides insights into how these early adopters perceive the value of clearcut-free forestry.Reported motivations include environmental concerns,such as biodiversity conservation and climate resilience,as well as strong socio-cultural values linked to family traditions,aesthetic preferences,and community wellbeing.In this study,we use the multi-level perspective(MLP)framework to conceptualize NIPF owners who have adopted clearcut-free forestry as niche actors and analyze their potential contribution to the emergence of an alternative forest management regime.The findings highlight that early adopters associate multiple benefits with clearcut-free forestry,encompassing enhanced ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration,water regulation,habitat preservation,and socio-cultural enrichment through recreation and relational values.However,the interviewees identify several interrelated challenges,including knowledge gaps,lack of clear definitions and standardized practices,limited advisory services,underdeveloped value chains for high-quality timber,and market barriers,which hinder more widespread adoption.Within the multi-level perspective,owner perceptions linking clearcut-free management with improved forest multifunctionality serve as a key driver of niche-level experimentation.This suggests an alignment between these owners and evolving societal demands for more inclusive,sustainable,and diversified forest use.Policy recommendations include targeted investments in knowledge co-production,infrastructure,market incentives,and certification schemes to support the economic viability and broader adoption of clearcut-free forestry.
基金funded by the HORIZON EUROPE's project"eco2adapt"(Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Changemaking to Shape,Project,and Sustain the Resilience of Tomorrow's Forests,Grant no:101059498)。
文摘Climate change is impacting forests in Central Europe,causing increased mortality and degradation of forest ecosystem services(FES).As global warming intensifies,these effects are likely to worsen,particularly through more severe droughts and increased biotic disturbances.Understanding how forests respond to different levels of warming is essential for adaptation planning.Therefore,this study analyzed changes in forest structure and FES,including timber production,climate change mitigation,recreation,and structural diversity,under three global warming scenarios.Using the LandClim model,we compared warming levels of 1.5,2,and 3℃above preindustrial temperatures,based on 30-year periods from RCP data,to historical climate.Our research focused on Freiburg's forests in southwestern Germany,characterized by diverse tree species and an elevation range of 200–1,250 m a.s.l.A warming of 1.5℃could temporarily increase productivity,but at 2℃,biomass losses of up to 10%would occur below elevations of 450 m due to drought mortality.Under 3℃,losses would intensify below 650 m up to 40%,with even drought-resistant species like pedunculate oak experiencing mortality.At higher elevations,bark beetle outbreaks caused mortality of Norway spruce,while European beech capitalized on the changing ecological conditions.Higher warming levels significantly deteriorated FES,particularly timber production,climate change mitigation,and structural diversity,while recreation was less affected.These findings emphasize the urgency of meeting Paris Agreement targets,as limiting warming below 2℃can reduce severe impacts.If warming exceeds this critical threshold,even species presently considered drought-resistant,such as native sessile and pedunculate oaks and non-native red oak,could face serious threats at lower elevations.This would undermine the effectiveness of current management strategies,as these tree species are key to providing multiple FES.
基金support from the USDA Forest Service's Northeastern States Research Cooperative(NSRC)in collaboration with the Hubbard Brook Research Foundationthe Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
文摘Background：Forests contribute to human wellbeing through the provision of important ecosystem services.Methods：In this study,we investigated how the perceived importance of ecosystem services may impact the overall benefit provided by managed watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest over a 45-year period,using standardized measures of service capacity weighted by service importance weights derived from a survey of beneficiaries.Results：The capacity of watersheds to regulate water flow and quality was high in all watersheds throughout the study period,whereas cultural services such as scenic beauty declined after harvest.Impacts on greenhouse gas regulation depended on the efficiency with which harvested biomass was used.Surveys revealed that stakeholders placed high value on all ecosystem services,with regulating and cultural services seen as more important than provisioning services.When service metrics were weighted by survey responses and aggregated into a single measure,total service provision followed the same overall trend as greenhouse gas regulation.Where biomass use was less efficient in terms of greenhouse gas emissions,harvesting resulted in an overall ＂ecosystem service debt＂;where use was more efficient,this ＂ecosystem service debt＂ was reduced.Beneficiaries＇ educational backgrounds significantly affected overall assessment of service provision.Beneficiaries with college or university degrees incurred smaller ＂ecosystem service debts＂ and were less negatively affected by harvesting overall.Conclusions：This study highlights the importance of including empirical measures of beneficiary preference when attempting to quantify overall provision of ecosystem services to human beneficiaries over time.
文摘The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ecosystem market such as better understanding of concept,public participation, sound trading rules and measurement standards are analyzed,and its implication for China is also summarized.Finally,the prospects of forest ecosystem service market in China are discussed.The purpose of this paper i...
基金The Strategic Leading Science and Technology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Category A)(XDA20010202)The National Key Research&Development Program of China(2016YFC0503403)
文摘With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development,the study of ecosystem service consumption(ESC)has become a hot topic in ecological research.Based on FAOSTAT data,in this study the patterns,composition and evolution of ESC and ecosystem service consumption patterns(ESCP)in the“Belt and Road"were revealed on the total and regional scales,taking consumed-biomass as a main indicator.Three main conclusions were reached.1)The total ESC was mainly contributed from farmland ecosystems along the"Belt and Road",followed by grassland ecosystems.The ESC indicators on the whole system scale fluctuated,but increased from year 2000 to year 2016.The total ESC increased from 12911.89 Tg yr_1 to 16810.00 Tg yr^1,and the annual per capita consumption of ecosystem services increased from 3.3228 million g p_1 yr'1 to 3.6392 million g p_1 yr'1.2)The ESC,composition and evolution varied significantly among countries,zones and ecosystems.The annual per capita ESC was highest in Mongolia on the national scale,and highest in Central and Eastern Europe and lowest in Southeast Asia on zone scale,which represented the results from the joint effects of regional resource endowments,consumption habits,levels of productive forces,and other factors.3)Higher farmland ESC was the dominant ESCP,which accounted for about 76.7%of the total area along the"Belt and Road",followed by higher farmland+higher grassland ESC,which accounted for about 19.0%of the total area.The other consumption patterns(i.e.,those of higher grassland ESC,higher forestland ESC or higher farmland+higher forest+higher grassland ESC)were found in only a few countries.The ESCP may be related to higher regional population density or the higher proportions of developing countries.Therefore,to realize sustainable social,economic and ecological development,and to improve people's well-being,countries along the,lBelt and Road"should take advantage of their own resources in developing industries,actively expand trade,achieve mutual benefits and win-win situations,and adjust and optimize consumption patterns of ecosystem services.This study can provide data support for further research on the mechanism of ESCP formation this area.
