In organisms with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, morphological variation is strongly influenced by environmental factors （e.g. temperature） and maternal effects （e.g. diet）. Although temperature and food...In organisms with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, morphological variation is strongly influenced by environmental factors （e.g. temperature） and maternal effects （e.g. diet）. Although temperature and food level exert a strong influence on larval growth, little is known about the interacting effects of these factors on age and size at metamorphosis. In this study, plasticity in growth rates, survival, larval period, and size at metamorphosis were examined in Rice field Frog （Rana limnocharis） under different combinations of rearing temperature and food level. Rearing temperature did not affect age at metamorphosis, but a significant interaction between temperature and food level revealed that of tadpoles feeding at a high food level, those reared at 32℃ had a shorter length of larval period than those reared at 29℃ or 26℃. Similarly, our results also showed high food level produced a larger growth rate and mass at metamorphosis at 32℃, but not at 29 and 26℃. Therefore, our results revealed that the effects of food level on larval growth and metamorphosis were highly dependent on developmental temperature.展开更多
The food sources of aquacultured Apostichopus japonicus and the trophic levels of organisms in a sea cucumber（A. japonicus） and prawn（Penaeus japonica） polyculture system in a saltwater pond in Zhuanghe, Liaoning ...The food sources of aquacultured Apostichopus japonicus and the trophic levels of organisms in a sea cucumber（A. japonicus） and prawn（Penaeus japonica） polyculture system in a saltwater pond in Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province were examined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Across organisms, δ13C ranged from（–25.47±0.20）‰ to（–16.48±0.17）‰（mean±SD）, and δ15N ranged from（4.23±0.49）‰ to（12.44±0.09）‰. The δ13C and δ15N contents of A. japonicus, P. japonica and Fenneropenaeus chinensis were comparatively higher than those of other organisms. Values of δ13C and δ15N revealed that P. japonica, Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Neomysis japonica comprised the largest component of the diet of A. japonicus. The mean trophic level of the organisms in this saltwater pond polyculture system was（2.75±0.08）. P. japonica, A. japonicus, F. chinensis,Synechogobius hasta and Neomysis japonica were in the 3rd trophic level（2–3）; jellyfish, H. sanguineus and zooplankton were in the 2nd trophic level（1–2）; and Enteromorpha prolifera, benthic microalgae, periphyton and suspended matter primarily consisting of phytoplankton, bacteria and humus were in the primary trophic level（0–1）.展开更多
Seventy-two type II diabetic subjects were given Konjac food for 65 days. The data analyzed by multiple F test indicate that the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the 2-h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) on the 30th and...Seventy-two type II diabetic subjects were given Konjac food for 65 days. The data analyzed by multiple F test indicate that the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the 2-h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) on the 30th and the 65th days after the food was ingested were significantly reduced (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively), as was the glycosylated hemoglobin level at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). The final FBG and PBG of the subjects with initial FBG-O >200 mg% decreased on the average by 51.8 and 84.6 mg%. respectively; those with FBG-0 150-200 mg% decreased by 24.1 and 68.7 mg%; and those with FBG-O < 150 mg% decreased by 4.8 and 21.4 mg%. No significant changes in blood lipid indexes were observed, except that the triglycer-ide values of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg%) significantly decreased by 118.7 mg%. It was concluded that Konjac food is very useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia. (C)1990 Academic Press. Inc.展开更多
By constructing influence model for communication effect of food safety risk in social media environment,the influences of different response manners taken by relevant enterprises on consumers' cognition and purch...By constructing influence model for communication effect of food safety risk in social media environment,the influences of different response manners taken by relevant enterprises on consumers' cognition and purchasing intention are analyzed,and influence mechanisms of response effort level,interaction and content reliability on consumers' attitudes are revealed. Based on quasi-experimental study with three kinds of response effort levels,it is found that content reliability,interaction and effort degree of enterprise response under negative information of food safety event have significant impacts on communication effect and consumers' purchasing intention.展开更多
In this paper, we deal with a purchase problem for food retailing, and formulate a two-level linear programming problem with a food retailer and a distributer. The food retailer deals with vegetables and fruits which ...In this paper, we deal with a purchase problem for food retailing, and formulate a two-level linear programming problem with a food retailer and a distributer. The food retailer deals with vegetables and fruits which are purchased from the distributer;the distributer buys vegetables and fruits ordered from the food retailer at the central wholesale markets in several cities, and transports them by truck from each of the central wholesaler markets to the food retailer’s storehouse. We solve the two-level linear programming problem in which the profits of the food retailer and the distributer are maximized.展开更多
Our laboratory study concerns the competitive interaction between two marine rotifer species Bra- chionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis at five algal （ Nannochloropsis salina） concentrations （0.4＊106 to ...Our laboratory study concerns the competitive interaction between two marine rotifer species Bra- chionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis at five algal （ Nannochloropsis salina） concentrations （0.4＊106 to 32.4x106 cells/ml） and at four initial inoculation densities （numerically, 100% B. pli- catilis; 75% B. plicatilis and 25% B. rotundiforrnis, 50% each of the two species; 25% B. plicatilis and 75% B. rotundiformis and 100% B. rotundiforrnis. The initial biomass varied as 0.33 and 0.22 #g/ml for B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis respectively. Experiments were performed at （25±1）C. Population densities were enumerated and the medium was changed daily up to 8 d in the ex- periment. At the lowest food level tested, B. rotundiformis formed superior competitor than B. plicatilis, regardless of starting inoculation density. Generally when the food concentrations in- creased, B. plicatilis showed a greater increase in biomass than B. rotundiforrnis. B. rotundiformis formed the largest in population growth, regardless of increasing food concentrations. When grown alone, B. plicatilis reached peak abundances of （1.311 5±0.028） and （137.5±0.014） μg/ml at low and high food densities respectively. The corresponding values of B. rotundiformis were 0.724 5±0.016 and 18.15±0.021. The adverse effects of B. rotundiforrnis on the peak abundances of B. plicatilis were observed at the lowest food level and higher initial density. The rate of population growth in controls varied from （0.792±0.162） to （1.482±0.132） ttm/d for B. plicatilis and （0.445~0.041） to （0.856±0.012） μm/d for B. rotundiformis, depending on food level. When both species were intro- duced together, low food levels favoured higher abundance of B. rotundiforrnis than B. plicatilis, suggesting that increased population density of the smaller B. rotundiforrnis was more successfull than larger B. plicatilis in brackish waters. Our work reveals that available food （type and quan- tity） along with starting inoculation density had significant effect on the interspecific competition between marine sibling rotifer species in zooplankton community structure.展开更多
To investigate the food web structure of Liusha Bay,the δ13C and δ15N values of various organisms collected in Liusha Bay were measured via stable isotope technique.Based on the calculated δ15N value,the correlatio...To investigate the food web structure of Liusha Bay,the δ13C and δ15N values of various organisms collected in Liusha Bay were measured via stable isotope technique.Based on the calculated δ15N value,the correlation between stable isotope ratio and trophic level were established to predict the trophic levels of shrimps,crabs,cephalopods and fishes.By comparing the analysis results of stomach contents of 24 organisms,two methods gave a similar consistence in approximately 71% of organisms within a 0.5 trophic level.It is concluded that stable isotope technique could be an effective method for studying ocean food web trophic level.展开更多
Background: The WHO considers food poisoning the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the responsible for high levels of loss of productivity in developed countries. Objective: The study ...Background: The WHO considers food poisoning the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the responsible for high levels of loss of productivity in developed countries. Objective: The study aims to assess the mothers’ knowledge about preventive measures of food poisoning in Sharaab, Taiz, Yemen. Method: This is a descriptive study. It was conducted in Sharaab, Yemen during period extended from April to November 2014. It involved 180 mothers selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by using designed structured and pre-tested questionnaire and then were analyzed by (SPSS) Version 20. Result: The findings showed that 60% of mothers have heard about food poisoning. The mothers’ knowledge about transmission of diseases by food was acceptable;68.9% knew. When they were asked to detail the diseases, cholera was the most reported by about 84.4%, diarrhea 50%, and food poisoning 22.2% only. Regarding the mothers’ knowledge about causes of food poisoning, about 65.5% of them mentioned contaminated food, and 49.4% mentioned contaminated hands while 37.2% of them mentioned contaminated utensils. The total knowledge was calculated;it was about 40.72%. Conclusion: It was found that, mothers’ knowledge about preventive measures of food poisoning is not satisfactory concerning most items including: food related diseases, causes of food poisoning and preventive measures for food poisoning such as hand washing, washing vegetables and cooking appropriately. The mothers in Yemen, Taiz, Sharaab have low level of knowledge about food poisoning prevention. There is a need for strengthening the situation through educational sessions.展开更多
Mean trophic level of fishery landings（MTL） is one of the most widely used biodiversity indicators to assess the impacts of fishing. Based on the landing data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization combined w...Mean trophic level of fishery landings（MTL） is one of the most widely used biodiversity indicators to assess the impacts of fishing. Based on the landing data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization combined with trophic information of relevant species in Fish Base, we evaluated the status of marine fisheries from 1950 to 2010 for different coastal states in Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. We found that the phenomenon of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ occurred in 43 states. Specifically, 27 states belonged to ＂fishing-through＂ pattern, and 16 states resulted from ＂fishing-down＂ scenario. The sign of recovery in MTL was common in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans（occurred in 20 states）, but was generally accompanied by significantly decreased catches of traditional low trophic level species. In particular, 11 states showed significant declining catches of lower trophic levels. The MTL-based assessment of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ needs to be interpreted cautiously.展开更多
Introduction: Studies indicate that 17.9% - 60% of adults in Germany and Europe regularly use food supplements. Some reports suggest that their use might be responsible for excessive nutrient intake. The purpose of th...Introduction: Studies indicate that 17.9% - 60% of adults in Germany and Europe regularly use food supplements. Some reports suggest that their use might be responsible for excessive nutrient intake. The purpose of this survey was to examine the quantitative mineral intakes from food supplements: whether the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) with supplements alone, or in combination with food was exceeded was checked. Methods: The survey was carried out by the Association for Consumer Research, Nürnberg, Germany. Anonymous data of 1070 supplement users (40.8% men, 59.2% women) aged 18 - 93 years were available. Three groups were examined based on dietary and supplemental mineral intakes: average, middle-high and high intake. Results: The mean number of supplements reported was 1.6 ± 1.1 products in men and 1.5 ± 0.9 products in women. The minerals most frequently consumed were magnesium, followed by calcium, zinc and selenium. The percentage of the supplement users with total intakes greater than the UL was minimal for all minerals. Supplement use in 143 cases increased the likelihood of intakes above the UL only for magnesium. Subjects particularly in the high intake group—as a worst case scenario—had intakes above the UL in the case of calcium (n = 23) and zinc (n = 34). The percentage of subjects taking several products was greater in subjects exceeding the UL than in those below (P < 0.001). Multiple use was seen significantly more often in men than in women (P < 0.01). Conclusions: In this survey, supplement use was generally not associated with excessive intake. Supplement use resulted in intakes above the UL in only a few cases relating to magnesium, calcium and zinc. This applies more often to elderly subjects and particularly to those who already have a high mineral intake from food in the model calculation.展开更多
基金funded by Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in universities of Henan Province (Grant No.17IRTSTHN019)Henan Scientific and Technological Project (Grant No.162102310124)
文摘In organisms with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, morphological variation is strongly influenced by environmental factors （e.g. temperature） and maternal effects （e.g. diet）. Although temperature and food level exert a strong influence on larval growth, little is known about the interacting effects of these factors on age and size at metamorphosis. In this study, plasticity in growth rates, survival, larval period, and size at metamorphosis were examined in Rice field Frog （Rana limnocharis） under different combinations of rearing temperature and food level. Rearing temperature did not affect age at metamorphosis, but a significant interaction between temperature and food level revealed that of tadpoles feeding at a high food level, those reared at 32℃ had a shorter length of larval period than those reared at 29℃ or 26℃. Similarly, our results also showed high food level produced a larger growth rate and mass at metamorphosis at 32℃, but not at 29 and 26℃. Therefore, our results revealed that the effects of food level on larval growth and metamorphosis were highly dependent on developmental temperature.
基金The National Marine Public Welfare Project of China under contract No.201305005
文摘The food sources of aquacultured Apostichopus japonicus and the trophic levels of organisms in a sea cucumber（A. japonicus） and prawn（Penaeus japonica） polyculture system in a saltwater pond in Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province were examined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Across organisms, δ13C ranged from（–25.47±0.20）‰ to（–16.48±0.17）‰（mean±SD）, and δ15N ranged from（4.23±0.49）‰ to（12.44±0.09）‰. The δ13C and δ15N contents of A. japonicus, P. japonica and Fenneropenaeus chinensis were comparatively higher than those of other organisms. Values of δ13C and δ15N revealed that P. japonica, Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Neomysis japonica comprised the largest component of the diet of A. japonicus. The mean trophic level of the organisms in this saltwater pond polyculture system was（2.75±0.08）. P. japonica, A. japonicus, F. chinensis,Synechogobius hasta and Neomysis japonica were in the 3rd trophic level（2–3）; jellyfish, H. sanguineus and zooplankton were in the 2nd trophic level（1–2）; and Enteromorpha prolifera, benthic microalgae, periphyton and suspended matter primarily consisting of phytoplankton, bacteria and humus were in the primary trophic level（0–1）.
文摘Seventy-two type II diabetic subjects were given Konjac food for 65 days. The data analyzed by multiple F test indicate that the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the 2-h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) on the 30th and the 65th days after the food was ingested were significantly reduced (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively), as was the glycosylated hemoglobin level at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). The final FBG and PBG of the subjects with initial FBG-O >200 mg% decreased on the average by 51.8 and 84.6 mg%. respectively; those with FBG-0 150-200 mg% decreased by 24.1 and 68.7 mg%; and those with FBG-O < 150 mg% decreased by 4.8 and 21.4 mg%. No significant changes in blood lipid indexes were observed, except that the triglycer-ide values of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg%) significantly decreased by 118.7 mg%. It was concluded that Konjac food is very useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia. (C)1990 Academic Press. Inc.
文摘By constructing influence model for communication effect of food safety risk in social media environment,the influences of different response manners taken by relevant enterprises on consumers' cognition and purchasing intention are analyzed,and influence mechanisms of response effort level,interaction and content reliability on consumers' attitudes are revealed. Based on quasi-experimental study with three kinds of response effort levels,it is found that content reliability,interaction and effort degree of enterprise response under negative information of food safety event have significant impacts on communication effect and consumers' purchasing intention.
文摘In this paper, we deal with a purchase problem for food retailing, and formulate a two-level linear programming problem with a food retailer and a distributer. The food retailer deals with vegetables and fruits which are purchased from the distributer;the distributer buys vegetables and fruits ordered from the food retailer at the central wholesale markets in several cities, and transports them by truck from each of the central wholesaler markets to the food retailer’s storehouse. We solve the two-level linear programming problem in which the profits of the food retailer and the distributer are maximized.
文摘Our laboratory study concerns the competitive interaction between two marine rotifer species Bra- chionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis at five algal （ Nannochloropsis salina） concentrations （0.4＊106 to 32.4x106 cells/ml） and at four initial inoculation densities （numerically, 100% B. pli- catilis; 75% B. plicatilis and 25% B. rotundiforrnis, 50% each of the two species; 25% B. plicatilis and 75% B. rotundiformis and 100% B. rotundiforrnis. The initial biomass varied as 0.33 and 0.22 #g/ml for B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis respectively. Experiments were performed at （25±1）C. Population densities were enumerated and the medium was changed daily up to 8 d in the ex- periment. At the lowest food level tested, B. rotundiformis formed superior competitor than B. plicatilis, regardless of starting inoculation density. Generally when the food concentrations in- creased, B. plicatilis showed a greater increase in biomass than B. rotundiforrnis. B. rotundiformis formed the largest in population growth, regardless of increasing food concentrations. When grown alone, B. plicatilis reached peak abundances of （1.311 5±0.028） and （137.5±0.014） μg/ml at low and high food densities respectively. The corresponding values of B. rotundiformis were 0.724 5±0.016 and 18.15±0.021. The adverse effects of B. rotundiforrnis on the peak abundances of B. plicatilis were observed at the lowest food level and higher initial density. The rate of population growth in controls varied from （0.792±0.162） to （1.482±0.132） ttm/d for B. plicatilis and （0.445~0.041） to （0.856±0.012） μm/d for B. rotundiformis, depending on food level. When both species were intro- duced together, low food levels favoured higher abundance of B. rotundiforrnis than B. plicatilis, suggesting that increased population density of the smaller B. rotundiforrnis was more successfull than larger B. plicatilis in brackish waters. Our work reveals that available food （type and quan- tity） along with starting inoculation density had significant effect on the interspecific competition between marine sibling rotifer species in zooplankton community structure.
基金Supported by Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean(200905005-05)Special S&T Program for Key Independent Innovation in Guangdong Province(2007A032600004)
文摘To investigate the food web structure of Liusha Bay,the δ13C and δ15N values of various organisms collected in Liusha Bay were measured via stable isotope technique.Based on the calculated δ15N value,the correlation between stable isotope ratio and trophic level were established to predict the trophic levels of shrimps,crabs,cephalopods and fishes.By comparing the analysis results of stomach contents of 24 organisms,two methods gave a similar consistence in approximately 71% of organisms within a 0.5 trophic level.It is concluded that stable isotope technique could be an effective method for studying ocean food web trophic level.
文摘Background: The WHO considers food poisoning the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the responsible for high levels of loss of productivity in developed countries. Objective: The study aims to assess the mothers’ knowledge about preventive measures of food poisoning in Sharaab, Taiz, Yemen. Method: This is a descriptive study. It was conducted in Sharaab, Yemen during period extended from April to November 2014. It involved 180 mothers selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by using designed structured and pre-tested questionnaire and then were analyzed by (SPSS) Version 20. Result: The findings showed that 60% of mothers have heard about food poisoning. The mothers’ knowledge about transmission of diseases by food was acceptable;68.9% knew. When they were asked to detail the diseases, cholera was the most reported by about 84.4%, diarrhea 50%, and food poisoning 22.2% only. Regarding the mothers’ knowledge about causes of food poisoning, about 65.5% of them mentioned contaminated food, and 49.4% mentioned contaminated hands while 37.2% of them mentioned contaminated utensils. The total knowledge was calculated;it was about 40.72%. Conclusion: It was found that, mothers’ knowledge about preventive measures of food poisoning is not satisfactory concerning most items including: food related diseases, causes of food poisoning and preventive measures for food poisoning such as hand washing, washing vegetables and cooking appropriately. The mothers in Yemen, Taiz, Sharaab have low level of knowledge about food poisoning prevention. There is a need for strengthening the situation through educational sessions.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos NSFC41306127 and NSFC41276156the Funding Program for Outstanding Dissertations in Shanghai Ocean University+1 种基金Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(Fisheries Discipline)the involvement of Y.Chen was supported by SHOU International Center for Marine Studies and Shanghai 1000Talent Program
文摘Mean trophic level of fishery landings（MTL） is one of the most widely used biodiversity indicators to assess the impacts of fishing. Based on the landing data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization combined with trophic information of relevant species in Fish Base, we evaluated the status of marine fisheries from 1950 to 2010 for different coastal states in Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. We found that the phenomenon of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ occurred in 43 states. Specifically, 27 states belonged to ＂fishing-through＂ pattern, and 16 states resulted from ＂fishing-down＂ scenario. The sign of recovery in MTL was common in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans（occurred in 20 states）, but was generally accompanied by significantly decreased catches of traditional low trophic level species. In particular, 11 states showed significant declining catches of lower trophic levels. The MTL-based assessment of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ needs to be interpreted cautiously.
文摘Introduction: Studies indicate that 17.9% - 60% of adults in Germany and Europe regularly use food supplements. Some reports suggest that their use might be responsible for excessive nutrient intake. The purpose of this survey was to examine the quantitative mineral intakes from food supplements: whether the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) with supplements alone, or in combination with food was exceeded was checked. Methods: The survey was carried out by the Association for Consumer Research, Nürnberg, Germany. Anonymous data of 1070 supplement users (40.8% men, 59.2% women) aged 18 - 93 years were available. Three groups were examined based on dietary and supplemental mineral intakes: average, middle-high and high intake. Results: The mean number of supplements reported was 1.6 ± 1.1 products in men and 1.5 ± 0.9 products in women. The minerals most frequently consumed were magnesium, followed by calcium, zinc and selenium. The percentage of the supplement users with total intakes greater than the UL was minimal for all minerals. Supplement use in 143 cases increased the likelihood of intakes above the UL only for magnesium. Subjects particularly in the high intake group—as a worst case scenario—had intakes above the UL in the case of calcium (n = 23) and zinc (n = 34). The percentage of subjects taking several products was greater in subjects exceeding the UL than in those below (P < 0.001). Multiple use was seen significantly more often in men than in women (P < 0.01). Conclusions: In this survey, supplement use was generally not associated with excessive intake. Supplement use resulted in intakes above the UL in only a few cases relating to magnesium, calcium and zinc. This applies more often to elderly subjects and particularly to those who already have a high mineral intake from food in the model calculation.
