Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are important to study due to their special characteristics like foam generation,lowering interfacial tension between oleic and aqueous phases,and wettability alteration of reserv...Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are important to study due to their special characteristics like foam generation,lowering interfacial tension between oleic and aqueous phases,and wettability alteration of reservoir rock surfaces.Foam is a good mobility control agent in enhanced oil recovery for improving the mobility ratio.In the present work,the foaming behavior of three nonionic ethoxylated surfactants,namely Tergitol 15-S-7,Tergitol 15-S-9,and Tergitol 15-S-12,was studied experimentally.Among the surfactants,Tergitol 15-S-12 shows the highest foamability.The effect of Na Cl concentration and synthetic seawater on foaming behavior of the surfactants was investigated by the test-tube shaking method.The critical micelle concentrations of aqueous solutions of the different nonionic surfactants were measured at 300 K.It was found that the critical micelle concentrations of all surfactants also increased with increasing ethylene oxide number.Dynamic light scattering experiments were performed to investigate the micelle sizes of the surfactants at their respective critical micelle concentrations.Core flooding experiments were carried out in sand packs using the surfactant solutions.It was found tha t22% additional oil was recovered in the case of all the surfactants over secondary water flooding.Tergitol 15-S-12exhibited the maximum additional oil recovery which is more than 26%after water injection.展开更多
Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleif...Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleifera saponin(COS)was purified using AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin,and its composition and structure were analyzed.The effects of different mole fractions of COS(αCOS)on surface tension(γ),oil-water interfacial tension(IFT),emulsification,and foam properties of COS-SCG binary mixed systems were investigated in mixtures of SCG with purified COS.The stability ofγand foamability under diverse environmental conditions were also discussed.The results indicated that the COS-SCG system exhibited remarkable surface-active synergism.The minimum critical micelle concentration(cmc)of the mixed system was lower than that of SCG,and adding a small mole fraction of COS(1%-2%)induced a synergistic reduction ofγ.Specifically,the cmc andγwere 2.50×10-4 mol/L and 23.1 mN/m forαCOS=1%,respectively.The system exhibited exceptional IFT reduction capacity,achieving a minimum value of 1.42 mN/m atαCOS=10%.The mixed system reached a foaming volume(atαCOS=50%)and foam stability(atαCOS=75%)were 51.0 mL and 97.37%,respectively.Microscopic analysis further confirmed these outstanding foam properties.Moreover,the COS-SCG system displayed reducedγwith enhanced foaming volume under elevated temperatures(35-75℃)and salinity(0-20 g/L).However,acidic conditions and hard water compromised bothγstability and foamability.展开更多
Gluten has poor emulsifying and foaming ability due to its amino acid composition. In this study, Maillard reaction was used to improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of gluten. The processing conditions for t...Gluten has poor emulsifying and foaming ability due to its amino acid composition. In this study, Maillard reaction was used to improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of gluten. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates were optimized by using Box-Behnken model to achieve optimum foaming and emulsifying activity, respectively.The results showed that glycated gluten exhibited enhanced emulsifying activity compared to native control. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates with optimum emulsifying activity were as follows: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 72 h, and maltose/gluten(W/W) ratio was 125%. Under such condition, the average emulsifying activity was 66.54%, being improved by about 2.5 times compared with that of native control. The Foaming properties of gluten also increased significantly by glycation modification. The optimum conditions of response were as below: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 66 h, and maltose/gluten ratio(W/W) was 110%. Under such condition, the average foaming property was 158.57%, and it was three folds higher than that of the control.展开更多
The paper is devoted to mathematical modelling of static and dynamic stability of a simply supported three-layered beam with a metal foam core. Mechanical properties of the core vary along the vertical direction. The ...The paper is devoted to mathematical modelling of static and dynamic stability of a simply supported three-layered beam with a metal foam core. Mechanical properties of the core vary along the vertical direction. The field of displacements is for- mulated using the classical broken line hypothesis and the proposed nonlinear hypothesis that generalizes the classical one. Using both hypotheses, the strains are determined as well as the stresses of each layer. The kinetic energy, the elastic strain energy, and the work of load are also determined. The system of equations of motion is derived using Hamilton＇s principle. Finally, the system of three equations is reduced to one equation of motion, in particular, the Mathieu equation. The Bubnov-Galerkin method is used to solve the system of equations of motion, and the Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the second-order differential equation. Numerical calculations are done for the chosen family of beams. The critical loads, unstable regions, angular frequencies of the beam, and the static and dynamic equilibrium paths are calculated analytically and verified numerically. The results of this study are presented in the forms of figures and tables.展开更多
The effects of sphere size on the microstructural and mechanical properties of ductile iron–steel hollow sphere（DI–SHS） syntactic foams were investigated in this study. The SHSs were manufactured by fluidized-bed ...The effects of sphere size on the microstructural and mechanical properties of ductile iron–steel hollow sphere（DI–SHS） syntactic foams were investigated in this study. The SHSs were manufactured by fluidized-bed coating via the Fe-based commercial powder–binder suspension onto expanded polystyrene spheres（EPSs）. Afterwards, the DI–SHS syntactic foams were produced via a sand-mold casting process. The microstructures of specimens were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDS）. The microscopic evaluations of specimens reveal distinct regions composed of the DI matrix, SHS shells, and compatible interface. As a result, the microstructures and graphite morphologies of the DI matrix depend on sphere size. When the sphere size decreases, the area fractions of cementite and graphite phases are observed to increase and decrease, respectively. Compression tests were subsequently conducted at ambient temperature on the DI–SHS syntactic foams. The results reveal that the compression behavior of the syntactic foams is enhanced with increasing sphere size. Furthermore, the compressed specimens demonstrate that microcracks start and grow from the interface region.展开更多
Microstructural features including pore size distribution, cell walls and phase compositions of magnesium oxychloride cement foams（MOCF） with various MgO powders and water mixture ratios were studied. Their infl uen...Microstructural features including pore size distribution, cell walls and phase compositions of magnesium oxychloride cement foams（MOCF） with various MgO powders and water mixture ratios were studied. Their infl uences on compressive strength, water absorption and resistance of MOCF were also discussed in detail. The experimental results indicated that moderate and slight excess MgO powders（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios from 5.1 to 7） were beneficial to the formation of excellent microstructure of MOCF, but increasing water contents（H2O/MgO mass ratios from 0.9 to 1.29） might result in opposite conclusions. The microstructure of MOCF produced with moderate and slight excess MgO powders could enhance the compressive strength, while serious excess MgO powders addition（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios = 9） would destroy the cell wall structures, and therefore decrease the strength of the system. Although MOCF produced with excess MgO powders could decrease the water absorption, its softening coefficient was lower than that of the material produced with moderate MgO powders. This might be due to the instability of phase 5, the volume expansion and cracking of cell walls as immersed the sample into water.展开更多
As one of the mainstream biodegradable materials,poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) foams offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic foams,effectively reducing environmental pollution.However,th...As one of the mainstream biodegradable materials,poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) foams offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic foams,effectively reducing environmental pollution.However,the high cost and poor mechanical performance of PBAT foams impede their practical application.Herein,the glycidyl methacrylate-grafted biomass lignin(GML) was used to produce a PBAT/GML composite foam with good foaming performance and mechanical properties at high lignin-filling amounts by twin-screw melting free radical polymerization and supercritical CO_(2)foaming process.The compatibility of GML in the PBAT matrix was improved due to the formation of ester bonds in modified lignin,endowing the PBAT/GML(PGML) composite foam with exceptional foaming performance.Additionally,the mechanical properties of PGML composite foam were remarkably enhanced due to the introduction of the abundant aromatic structures of GML and the construction of a stable covalent crosslinking network.The compressive strengths and compression modulus of the PGML foam were improved by 2.53 times and 2.47 times,while its bending strength and bending modulus were improved by 1.27 times and 3.92 times compared to the neat PBAT.This research affords a new strategy for developing low-cost biodegradable biomass PBAT/lignin composite foam materials with good foaming performance and mechanical properties.展开更多
The paper described a newly developed high performance compressed air foam system(CAFS). The effective system generates uniform foam w ith greater momentum by injecting compressed air into flowing foam solution. Foa ...The paper described a newly developed high performance compressed air foam system(CAFS). The effective system generates uniform foam w ith greater momentum by injecting compressed air into flowing foam solution. Foa m generated by this system presented superior viscous and wetting properties to water.A pendulum system was designed to measure yield stress of foam. The results pro ved the existence of yield stress of foam. And the increasing tendency of yield stress with gas fraction and bubble size has also been found out.展开更多
The effects of pH and water hardness on the foaming properties of sodium methyl cocoyl taurate and its performance in combination with zwitterionic surfactants were investigated.The irritation of sodium methyl cocoyl ...The effects of pH and water hardness on the foaming properties of sodium methyl cocoyl taurate and its performance in combination with zwitterionic surfactants were investigated.The irritation of sodium methyl cocoyl taurate and its application in a shampoo formula were also studied.According to the result of experiment,sodium methyl cocoyl taurate had a wide pH stability range and good resistance to hard water,and it showed good synergistic thickening effect with betaine surfactants,especially when mixed with acyl hydroxysulfo betaine;The skin cholesterol dissolution test and red blood cell hemolysis test showed that its irritation was very low.Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate was applied to the transparent shampoo formula,and the sulfate-free transparent shampoo thus prepared had good stability and low eye irritation.It was both mild and non-irritating to skin.展开更多
The flow ability,foam,and detergency performance of SOE-N-60 are introduced,the advantages of its application in the formulation of laundry beads are analyzed.Then,the formulation of laundry beads based on SOE-N-60 wa...The flow ability,foam,and detergency performance of SOE-N-60 are introduced,the advantages of its application in the formulation of laundry beads are analyzed.Then,the formulation of laundry beads based on SOE-N-60 was developed.The results showed that SOE-N-60 has low foaming performance and excellent flow ability at low temperature,and it can maintain good liquidity of the mixed system,the laundry beads formulation has low foaming performance and its detergency meets the industry standards.展开更多
Elucidation of soybean lipophilic protein(SLP)structural characteristics and functional properties would enhance its application.This study aimed to optimize the extraction and investigate the structural properties of...Elucidation of soybean lipophilic protein(SLP)structural characteristics and functional properties would enhance its application.This study aimed to optimize the extraction and investigate the structural properties of SLP extracted from soybean meal with high oil concentration.Additionally,soybean lipophilic protein was compared to extracted SPI,11S and 7S to promote its potential utilization.The results revealed that,under the optimal conditions defined using the response surface methodology,the yield of soybean lipophilic protein was(11.8%).Meanwhile,compared with other soybean proteins,SLP showed the highest phospholipids concentration(12.1%).Moreover,structural analyses showed that SLP had higherα-helix andβ-sheet contents,a more compact tertiary conformation,and better thermal stability than SPI,11S,and 7S.Soybean lipophilic protein also showed a high fat-holding capacity,good foaming,and emulsifying properties but low protein solubility and viscosity.The results suggested that soybean lipophilic protein can be used in various food and nutraceutical formulations.展开更多
Foam is one special colloid dispersion system and has been widely used in foods.This work aims to improve the foam properties of sodium caseinate(Cas)through the electrostatic complexation of Cas and type-A gelatin(GE...Foam is one special colloid dispersion system and has been widely used in foods.This work aims to improve the foam properties of sodium caseinate(Cas)through the electrostatic complexation of Cas and type-A gelatin(GE),in which GE is one cheap and widely sourced basic protein.Turbidity and zeta potential measurements indicate that mass ratio(r=GE/Cas)was critical to the solubility of protein complexes at pH 6.0 and that soluble and insoluble complexes were respectively formed at low mass ratios(r=0.25,0.5 and 1)and high mass ratios(r=2 and 4).All soluble and insoluble complexes exhibited better foaming capacity than that of Cas and GE,while only soluble complexes significantly improved the foam stability of Cas.Particularly,the foam half-time of GE/Cas mixture at r=0.25 was 5525.2±405.7 s and 2.1 times that of Cas.Surface dilatational rheology shows that the adsorption behavior of soluble and insoluble complexes was respectively similar to that of Cas and GE.Soluble complexes formed more viscoelastic interface films than Cas,which could explain the better foam stability of soluble complexes.Transmission electron microscopy shows that electrostatic complexation of GE/Cas destroyed the micelle structure of Cas to varying degree but produced new networks.GE/Cas heteroprotein complexes have the potential to be used as excellent foaming agents in food industry.展开更多
Foaming of polymers with CO2 has attracted increasing attention in polymer processing studies. Some of the fundamental properties of polymer/CO2 systems is discussed in this short review, including solubility and diff...Foaming of polymers with CO2 has attracted increasing attention in polymer processing studies. Some of the fundamental properties of polymer/CO2 systems is discussed in this short review, including solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in the polymer, polymer crystallization, interfacial tension between the polymer and the gas, and rheology of the CO2/polymers melt. These properties understandably affect the foaming process, and the structures of the foam products. Meanwhile, these properties can be changed via manipulation of CO2 in polymer. The proposed idea is to manipulate the foaming process and the foam structure by CO2-induced changes in these properties. Two cases from the authors＇ laboratory are presented for elucidating how to use the changes to manipulate the foaming process.展开更多
基金the financial support provided by Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [22(0649)/13/EMR-II], New Delhi, to the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
文摘Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are important to study due to their special characteristics like foam generation,lowering interfacial tension between oleic and aqueous phases,and wettability alteration of reservoir rock surfaces.Foam is a good mobility control agent in enhanced oil recovery for improving the mobility ratio.In the present work,the foaming behavior of three nonionic ethoxylated surfactants,namely Tergitol 15-S-7,Tergitol 15-S-9,and Tergitol 15-S-12,was studied experimentally.Among the surfactants,Tergitol 15-S-12 shows the highest foamability.The effect of Na Cl concentration and synthetic seawater on foaming behavior of the surfactants was investigated by the test-tube shaking method.The critical micelle concentrations of aqueous solutions of the different nonionic surfactants were measured at 300 K.It was found that the critical micelle concentrations of all surfactants also increased with increasing ethylene oxide number.Dynamic light scattering experiments were performed to investigate the micelle sizes of the surfactants at their respective critical micelle concentrations.Core flooding experiments were carried out in sand packs using the surfactant solutions.It was found tha t22% additional oil was recovered in the case of all the surfactants over secondary water flooding.Tergitol 15-S-12exhibited the maximum additional oil recovery which is more than 26%after water injection.
文摘Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleifera saponin(COS)was purified using AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin,and its composition and structure were analyzed.The effects of different mole fractions of COS(αCOS)on surface tension(γ),oil-water interfacial tension(IFT),emulsification,and foam properties of COS-SCG binary mixed systems were investigated in mixtures of SCG with purified COS.The stability ofγand foamability under diverse environmental conditions were also discussed.The results indicated that the COS-SCG system exhibited remarkable surface-active synergism.The minimum critical micelle concentration(cmc)of the mixed system was lower than that of SCG,and adding a small mole fraction of COS(1%-2%)induced a synergistic reduction ofγ.Specifically,the cmc andγwere 2.50×10-4 mol/L and 23.1 mN/m forαCOS=1%,respectively.The system exhibited exceptional IFT reduction capacity,achieving a minimum value of 1.42 mN/m atαCOS=10%.The mixed system reached a foaming volume(atαCOS=50%)and foam stability(atαCOS=75%)were 51.0 mL and 97.37%,respectively.Microscopic analysis further confirmed these outstanding foam properties.Moreover,the COS-SCG system displayed reducedγwith enhanced foaming volume under elevated temperatures(35-75℃)and salinity(0-20 g/L).However,acidic conditions and hard water compromised bothγstability and foamability.
基金Supported by Natural Science Project of Department of Science&Technology of Henan Province(172102110009,162102210194)The open fund of Provincal Key Laboratory for Transformation and Utilization of Cereal Resource of Henan University of Technology(PL2017010)
文摘Gluten has poor emulsifying and foaming ability due to its amino acid composition. In this study, Maillard reaction was used to improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of gluten. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates were optimized by using Box-Behnken model to achieve optimum foaming and emulsifying activity, respectively.The results showed that glycated gluten exhibited enhanced emulsifying activity compared to native control. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates with optimum emulsifying activity were as follows: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 72 h, and maltose/gluten(W/W) ratio was 125%. Under such condition, the average emulsifying activity was 66.54%, being improved by about 2.5 times compared with that of native control. The Foaming properties of gluten also increased significantly by glycation modification. The optimum conditions of response were as below: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 66 h, and maltose/gluten ratio(W/W) was 110%. Under such condition, the average foaming property was 158.57%, and it was three folds higher than that of the control.
基金Project supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland(Nos.04/43/DSPB/0085and 02/21/DSPB/3464)
文摘The paper is devoted to mathematical modelling of static and dynamic stability of a simply supported three-layered beam with a metal foam core. Mechanical properties of the core vary along the vertical direction. The field of displacements is for- mulated using the classical broken line hypothesis and the proposed nonlinear hypothesis that generalizes the classical one. Using both hypotheses, the strains are determined as well as the stresses of each layer. The kinetic energy, the elastic strain energy, and the work of load are also determined. The system of equations of motion is derived using Hamilton＇s principle. Finally, the system of three equations is reduced to one equation of motion, in particular, the Mathieu equation. The Bubnov-Galerkin method is used to solve the system of equations of motion, and the Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the second-order differential equation. Numerical calculations are done for the chosen family of beams. The critical loads, unstable regions, angular frequencies of the beam, and the static and dynamic equilibrium paths are calculated analytically and verified numerically. The results of this study are presented in the forms of figures and tables.
文摘The effects of sphere size on the microstructural and mechanical properties of ductile iron–steel hollow sphere（DI–SHS） syntactic foams were investigated in this study. The SHSs were manufactured by fluidized-bed coating via the Fe-based commercial powder–binder suspension onto expanded polystyrene spheres（EPSs）. Afterwards, the DI–SHS syntactic foams were produced via a sand-mold casting process. The microstructures of specimens were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDS）. The microscopic evaluations of specimens reveal distinct regions composed of the DI matrix, SHS shells, and compatible interface. As a result, the microstructures and graphite morphologies of the DI matrix depend on sphere size. When the sphere size decreases, the area fractions of cementite and graphite phases are observed to increase and decrease, respectively. Compression tests were subsequently conducted at ambient temperature on the DI–SHS syntactic foams. The results reveal that the compression behavior of the syntactic foams is enhanced with increasing sphere size. Furthermore, the compressed specimens demonstrate that microcracks start and grow from the interface region.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51478370)the EPSRC-NSFC Joint Research Projec(No.51461135005)
文摘Microstructural features including pore size distribution, cell walls and phase compositions of magnesium oxychloride cement foams（MOCF） with various MgO powders and water mixture ratios were studied. Their infl uences on compressive strength, water absorption and resistance of MOCF were also discussed in detail. The experimental results indicated that moderate and slight excess MgO powders（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios from 5.1 to 7） were beneficial to the formation of excellent microstructure of MOCF, but increasing water contents（H2O/MgO mass ratios from 0.9 to 1.29） might result in opposite conclusions. The microstructure of MOCF produced with moderate and slight excess MgO powders could enhance the compressive strength, while serious excess MgO powders addition（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios = 9） would destroy the cell wall structures, and therefore decrease the strength of the system. Although MOCF produced with excess MgO powders could decrease the water absorption, its softening coefficient was lower than that of the material produced with moderate MgO powders. This might be due to the instability of phase 5, the volume expansion and cracking of cell walls as immersed the sample into water.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:22378195,22178170)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos:2021YFC2102805)Jiangsu Youth Science Foundation(BK20210145)
文摘As one of the mainstream biodegradable materials,poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) foams offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic foams,effectively reducing environmental pollution.However,the high cost and poor mechanical performance of PBAT foams impede their practical application.Herein,the glycidyl methacrylate-grafted biomass lignin(GML) was used to produce a PBAT/GML composite foam with good foaming performance and mechanical properties at high lignin-filling amounts by twin-screw melting free radical polymerization and supercritical CO_(2)foaming process.The compatibility of GML in the PBAT matrix was improved due to the formation of ester bonds in modified lignin,endowing the PBAT/GML(PGML) composite foam with exceptional foaming performance.Additionally,the mechanical properties of PGML composite foam were remarkably enhanced due to the introduction of the abundant aromatic structures of GML and the construction of a stable covalent crosslinking network.The compressive strengths and compression modulus of the PGML foam were improved by 2.53 times and 2.47 times,while its bending strength and bending modulus were improved by 1.27 times and 3.92 times compared to the neat PBAT.This research affords a new strategy for developing low-cost biodegradable biomass PBAT/lignin composite foam materials with good foaming performance and mechanical properties.
文摘The paper described a newly developed high performance compressed air foam system(CAFS). The effective system generates uniform foam w ith greater momentum by injecting compressed air into flowing foam solution. Foa m generated by this system presented superior viscous and wetting properties to water.A pendulum system was designed to measure yield stress of foam. The results pro ved the existence of yield stress of foam. And the increasing tendency of yield stress with gas fraction and bubble size has also been found out.
文摘The effects of pH and water hardness on the foaming properties of sodium methyl cocoyl taurate and its performance in combination with zwitterionic surfactants were investigated.The irritation of sodium methyl cocoyl taurate and its application in a shampoo formula were also studied.According to the result of experiment,sodium methyl cocoyl taurate had a wide pH stability range and good resistance to hard water,and it showed good synergistic thickening effect with betaine surfactants,especially when mixed with acyl hydroxysulfo betaine;The skin cholesterol dissolution test and red blood cell hemolysis test showed that its irritation was very low.Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate was applied to the transparent shampoo formula,and the sulfate-free transparent shampoo thus prepared had good stability and low eye irritation.It was both mild and non-irritating to skin.
文摘The flow ability,foam,and detergency performance of SOE-N-60 are introduced,the advantages of its application in the formulation of laundry beads are analyzed.Then,the formulation of laundry beads based on SOE-N-60 was developed.The results showed that SOE-N-60 has low foaming performance and excellent flow ability at low temperature,and it can maintain good liquidity of the mixed system,the laundry beads formulation has low foaming performance and its detergency meets the industry standards.
基金supported by the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.ZD2019C005)the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFD0400402).
文摘Elucidation of soybean lipophilic protein(SLP)structural characteristics and functional properties would enhance its application.This study aimed to optimize the extraction and investigate the structural properties of SLP extracted from soybean meal with high oil concentration.Additionally,soybean lipophilic protein was compared to extracted SPI,11S and 7S to promote its potential utilization.The results revealed that,under the optimal conditions defined using the response surface methodology,the yield of soybean lipophilic protein was(11.8%).Meanwhile,compared with other soybean proteins,SLP showed the highest phospholipids concentration(12.1%).Moreover,structural analyses showed that SLP had higherα-helix andβ-sheet contents,a more compact tertiary conformation,and better thermal stability than SPI,11S,and 7S.Soybean lipophilic protein also showed a high fat-holding capacity,good foaming,and emulsifying properties but low protein solubility and viscosity.The results suggested that soybean lipophilic protein can be used in various food and nutraceutical formulations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(No.31972203,No.31601514)Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(No.2021CXGC010808)Meng Zhao acknowledges Taishan Young Scholar Program of Shandong Province for funding.
文摘Foam is one special colloid dispersion system and has been widely used in foods.This work aims to improve the foam properties of sodium caseinate(Cas)through the electrostatic complexation of Cas and type-A gelatin(GE),in which GE is one cheap and widely sourced basic protein.Turbidity and zeta potential measurements indicate that mass ratio(r=GE/Cas)was critical to the solubility of protein complexes at pH 6.0 and that soluble and insoluble complexes were respectively formed at low mass ratios(r=0.25,0.5 and 1)and high mass ratios(r=2 and 4).All soluble and insoluble complexes exhibited better foaming capacity than that of Cas and GE,while only soluble complexes significantly improved the foam stability of Cas.Particularly,the foam half-time of GE/Cas mixture at r=0.25 was 5525.2±405.7 s and 2.1 times that of Cas.Surface dilatational rheology shows that the adsorption behavior of soluble and insoluble complexes was respectively similar to that of Cas and GE.Soluble complexes formed more viscoelastic interface films than Cas,which could explain the better foam stability of soluble complexes.Transmission electron microscopy shows that electrostatic complexation of GE/Cas destroyed the micelle structure of Cas to varying degree but produced new networks.GE/Cas heteroprotein complexes have the potential to be used as excellent foaming agents in food industry.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50703011,20976045,20976046)Shanghai Shuguang Project(08SG28)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universitythe 111 Project(B08021)
文摘Foaming of polymers with CO2 has attracted increasing attention in polymer processing studies. Some of the fundamental properties of polymer/CO2 systems is discussed in this short review, including solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in the polymer, polymer crystallization, interfacial tension between the polymer and the gas, and rheology of the CO2/polymers melt. These properties understandably affect the foaming process, and the structures of the foam products. Meanwhile, these properties can be changed via manipulation of CO2 in polymer. The proposed idea is to manipulate the foaming process and the foam structure by CO2-induced changes in these properties. Two cases from the authors＇ laboratory are presented for elucidating how to use the changes to manipulate the foaming process.
