Ozone（O3） concentration and flux（Fo） were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O3-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O3expo...Ozone（O3） concentration and flux（Fo） were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O3-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O3exposure-response models. The results showed that：（1） During the growing season（7 March to 7 June, 2012）, the minimum（16.1 ppb V） and maximum（53.3 ppb V）mean O3 concentrations occurred at approximately 6：30 and 16：00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O3 concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppb V, respectively. The variation of O3 concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature.（2） The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity（V d） can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon（12：00）. Averaged V d during daytime（6：00–18：00） and nighttime（18：00–6：00） were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V d was about1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity.（3） The maximum mean F o appeared at 14：00, and the maximum measured F o was-33.5 nmol/（m^2·sec）. Averaged F o during daytime and nighttime were-6.9 and-1.5 nmol/（m^2·sec）, respectively.（4） Using O3 exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O3-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average（5.5%–23.3%）. Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions.展开更多
通过高温高压高湿(HAST)加速老化试验,研究了烧结NdFeB磁体在该腐蚀环境中的加速腐蚀行为。研究表明,高矫顽力烧结NdFeB磁体在HAST环境中具有更低的质量损失和磁通损失,比低矫顽力磁体的质量损失减少了74%,磁通损失率降低了80%。这是由...通过高温高压高湿(HAST)加速老化试验,研究了烧结NdFeB磁体在该腐蚀环境中的加速腐蚀行为。研究表明,高矫顽力烧结NdFeB磁体在HAST环境中具有更低的质量损失和磁通损失,比低矫顽力磁体的质量损失减少了74%,磁通损失率降低了80%。这是由于Dy和Co的联合添加,使其在晶界处形成了富含Dy,Co的富稀土相或Nd-Co相,降低了富Nd相的比例,提高了富稀土相的腐蚀电位,从而有效抑制了磁体在高温高压高湿腐蚀环境中的腐蚀速率。由于烧结Nd Fe B磁体独特的微观组织结构,使其腐蚀行为具有典型的局域选择性晶间腐蚀的特征。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31070400)the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2010CB833501-01)+1 种基金the Innovation Project of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS (Grant No.201003001)the Max Planck Society (Germany)
文摘Ozone（O3） concentration and flux（Fo） were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O3-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O3exposure-response models. The results showed that：（1） During the growing season（7 March to 7 June, 2012）, the minimum（16.1 ppb V） and maximum（53.3 ppb V）mean O3 concentrations occurred at approximately 6：30 and 16：00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O3 concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppb V, respectively. The variation of O3 concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature.（2） The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity（V d） can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon（12：00）. Averaged V d during daytime（6：00–18：00） and nighttime（18：00–6：00） were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V d was about1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity.（3） The maximum mean F o appeared at 14：00, and the maximum measured F o was-33.5 nmol/（m^2·sec）. Averaged F o during daytime and nighttime were-6.9 and-1.5 nmol/（m^2·sec）, respectively.（4） Using O3 exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O3-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average（5.5%–23.3%）. Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions.
文摘通过高温高压高湿(HAST)加速老化试验,研究了烧结NdFeB磁体在该腐蚀环境中的加速腐蚀行为。研究表明,高矫顽力烧结NdFeB磁体在HAST环境中具有更低的质量损失和磁通损失,比低矫顽力磁体的质量损失减少了74%,磁通损失率降低了80%。这是由于Dy和Co的联合添加,使其在晶界处形成了富含Dy,Co的富稀土相或Nd-Co相,降低了富Nd相的比例,提高了富稀土相的腐蚀电位,从而有效抑制了磁体在高温高压高湿腐蚀环境中的腐蚀速率。由于烧结Nd Fe B磁体独特的微观组织结构,使其腐蚀行为具有典型的局域选择性晶间腐蚀的特征。
