The relationship between the binary basicity （CaO/SiO2）,TiO2,Na2O,Li2O,MgO,MnO,B2O3 and viscosity for fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes were systematically researched. The rotating cylinder method was e...The relationship between the binary basicity （CaO/SiO2）,TiO2,Na2O,Li2O,MgO,MnO,B2O3 and viscosity for fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes were systematically researched. The rotating cylinder method was employed in the experiment to measure the viscosity of the slag. The results indicate that Li2O, B2O3 and Na2O play major roles in decreasing viscosity, especially Li2O, which is the most effective flux, while MgO and MnO exert little influence on viscosity. Meanwhile, it can be concluded that with increasing TiO2 content, the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes increases at first but then falls when the amount of TiO2 is greater than 6.0%. Based on large amounts of experimental statistics of the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes, an available model in literature for predicting the mold-slag viscosity was modified. This modified model can be used to predict the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes. In fact, the predicted values approximate the observed values with a ±10.6% average deviation. Compared with the classical models,the average deviation is higher and it was found that the modified model can be used to estimate the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes.展开更多
The flux agents in common mould fluxes were fluoride and sodium oxide, which would do great harm to environments. B2O3 was selected as flux. The physical properties of B2O3-containing mould fluxes were studied. The co...The flux agents in common mould fluxes were fluoride and sodium oxide, which would do great harm to environments. B2O3 was selected as flux. The physical properties of B2O3-containing mould fluxes were studied. The corresponding physical properties of 37. 91% CAO-43.09% SiO2-5% Al2O3-5% MgO-2% Li20-7% B2O3 mould fluxes were as follows： the melting point was 909℃, the flowing temperature was 1 160℃, the viscosity and surface tension at 1300 ℃ were 0. 4 Pa · s and 0.32 N/m respectively, which could meet the demands for certain kinds of steels for mould fluxes in continuous casting.展开更多
The time-temperature-transformation （TTT） diagrams of fluoride-free mold fluxes containing TiO2/ZrO2 were constructed through the confocal scanning laser microscope （CSLM） technique. It was found that the crystall...The time-temperature-transformation （TTT） diagrams of fluoride-free mold fluxes containing TiO2/ZrO2 were constructed through the confocal scanning laser microscope （CSLM） technique. It was found that the crystallization temperature of F-free mold fluxes containing TiO2 or ZrO2 increases,while incubation time decreases with increasing basicity. The crystallization tendency increases with the zirconia addition in slag melt,as it may be thought that the addition solubility is limited in molten slag and the solid particles act as heterogeneous nucleation sites. Three types of crystal morphologies were observed,corresponding to different crystallization mechanisms. CaSiO3 and Ca3Si2O7 precipitate in the slag with low basicity,and Ca2SiO4 was formed with increasing basicity. The addition of TiO2 promotes the precipitation of CaTiO3. The logarithm of crystal growth rate increased with increasing isothermal temperature,suggesting that the crystal/melt interface reaction is the controlling step in the present experiment.展开更多
Highly transparent,durable,and flexible liquid-repellent coatings are urgently needed in the realm of transparent materials,such as car windows,optical lenses,solar panels,and flexible screen materials.However,it has ...Highly transparent,durable,and flexible liquid-repellent coatings are urgently needed in the realm of transparent materials,such as car windows,optical lenses,solar panels,and flexible screen materials.However,it has been difficult to strike a balance between the robustness and flexibility of coatings constructed by a single cross-linked network design.To overcome the conundrum,this innovative approach effectively combines two distinct cross-linked networks with unique functions,thus overcoming the challenge.Through a tightly interwoven structure comprised of added crosslinking sites,the coating achieves improved liquid repellency(WCA>100°,OSA<10°),increased durability(withstands 2,000 cycles of cotton wear),enhanced flexibility(endures 5,000 cycles of bending with a bending radius of 1 mm),and maintains high transparency(over 98%in the range of 410 nm to 760 nm).Additionally,the coating with remarkable adhesion can be applied to multiple substrates,enabling large-scale preparation and easy cycling coating,thus expanding its potential applications.The architecture of this fluoride-free dual cross-linked network not only advances liquid-repellent surfaces but also provides valuable insights for the development of eco-friendly materials in the future.展开更多
With the global ban on plastics intensifying, the substitution of plastic with paper has garnered increasing attention. However, the inadequate water and oil repellency of pulp molding hinders its practical applicatio...With the global ban on plastics intensifying, the substitution of plastic with paper has garnered increasing attention. However, the inadequate water and oil repellency of pulp molding hinders its practical applications. Currently, the common method to enhance the oil and water repellency of pulp molding is by adding fluorinated water and oil repellents. Nevertheless, fluorinated compounds are environmentally and physiologically harmful. Therefore, the development of fluorine-free, water and oil repellent alternatives is crucial. In this study, chitosan and stearic acid were utilized as the first and second layers of the oil and water repellent coatings, respectively. The coated samples exhibited favorable water repellency, with a water contact angle of 116.4°, and excellent oil repellency, achieving a 12/12 rating on the kit scale. Importantly, the samples did not exhibit any leakage after being soaked in hot water and hot oil at 95±5℃ for 30 min, demonstrating remarkable performance as a barrier against hot water and oil. Moreover, the coated samples displayed outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability, biodegradability, and recyclability. The approach presented in this study is simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and represents a promising technique for producing fluoride-free, oil-and water-resistant pulp molding products.展开更多
B2O3 is selected as fluxing agent of CaO-based ladle refining slag to decrease the melting temperature as well as to improve the speed of slag forming and the refining efficiency. The effects of B2O3 on the melting te...B2O3 is selected as fluxing agent of CaO-based ladle refining slag to decrease the melting temperature as well as to improve the speed of slag forming and the refining efficiency. The effects of B2O3 on the melting temperature of two series of refining slags including the low basicity slags （the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 is 3--4） and the high basicity slags （the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 is 5--8.75） were investigated. The slag melting temperature was meas- ured using the hemisphere method. The results indicate that the fluxing action of B2O3 is better than that of CaF2 and A1203. For the CaO-based refining slag with low basicity, the melting temperature is decreased effectively when B2O3 is used to substitute for equal mass of CaF2, Al2O3 and SiO2, respectively. For the CaO-based refining slag with high basicity, when CaF2 is substituted by B2 03, the melting temperature can be decreased remarkably. Espe- cially, when the mass ratios of CaO/Al2O3 and CaO/SiO2 are in the range of 1.1--4.0 and 5.25--8. 0, respectively, the slag melting temperature is lower than 1 300 ℃. Therefore, the 132 03-containing refining slags with high ratios of CaO/Al2O3 and CaO/SiO2 have ultra low melting temperature.展开更多
The present paper reports a new fluoride-free and energy-saving lead electrolytic refining process in order to solve the serious problems of the existing Betts lead electrorefining process, such as low production effi...The present paper reports a new fluoride-free and energy-saving lead electrolytic refining process in order to solve the serious problems of the existing Betts lead electrorefining process, such as low production efficiency,high energy consumption and fluorine pollution. In the process, a mixed solution of perchloric acid and lead perchlorate(HClO4-Pb(ClO4)2) with the additives of gelatin and sodium lignin sulfonate is employed as the new electrolyte. The cathodic polarization curves show that HClO4 is very stable, and there is no any reduction reaction of HClO4 during the electrolytic process. The redox reactions of lead ions in HClO4 solution are very reversible with an ultrahigh capacity efficiency, so the HClO4 acts as a stable support electrolyte with higher ionic conductivity than the traditional H2SiF6 electrolyte. The results of the scale-up experiments show that under the optimal conditions of 2.8 mol·L-1 HClO4, 0.4 mol·L-1 Pb(ClO4)2 and electrolysis temperature of 45 ℃, the energy consumption is as low as 24.5 kW·h·(t Pb)-1 , only about 20% of that by Betts method at the same current density of 20 mA·cm-2, and the purity of the refined lead is up to 99.9992%, much higher than that specified by Chinese national standard(99.994%, GB/T 469-2013) and European standard(99.99%, EN 12659–1999).展开更多
The development of kids toothpaste in Chinese market has been introduced, and the common characterisUcs of kids toothpaste in the production and sales have been analyzed. Through the analysis of the characteristics of...The development of kids toothpaste in Chinese market has been introduced, and the common characterisUcs of kids toothpaste in the production and sales have been analyzed. Through the analysis of the characteristics of kids oral care, the special technical requirements of kids toothpaste are elucidated. Finally, suggestions for the future development of kids toothpaste are put forward.展开更多
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shanghai Baosteel Group (50374086)
文摘The relationship between the binary basicity （CaO/SiO2）,TiO2,Na2O,Li2O,MgO,MnO,B2O3 and viscosity for fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes were systematically researched. The rotating cylinder method was employed in the experiment to measure the viscosity of the slag. The results indicate that Li2O, B2O3 and Na2O play major roles in decreasing viscosity, especially Li2O, which is the most effective flux, while MgO and MnO exert little influence on viscosity. Meanwhile, it can be concluded that with increasing TiO2 content, the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes increases at first but then falls when the amount of TiO2 is greater than 6.0%. Based on large amounts of experimental statistics of the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes, an available model in literature for predicting the mold-slag viscosity was modified. This modified model can be used to predict the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes. In fact, the predicted values approximate the observed values with a ±10.6% average deviation. Compared with the classical models,the average deviation is higher and it was found that the modified model can be used to estimate the viscosity of fluoride-free and titanium-bearing mold fluxes.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50474037) Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation forUniversity of China (04BJK430022)
文摘The flux agents in common mould fluxes were fluoride and sodium oxide, which would do great harm to environments. B2O3 was selected as flux. The physical properties of B2O3-containing mould fluxes were studied. The corresponding physical properties of 37. 91% CAO-43.09% SiO2-5% Al2O3-5% MgO-2% Li20-7% B2O3 mould fluxes were as follows： the melting point was 909℃, the flowing temperature was 1 160℃, the viscosity and surface tension at 1300 ℃ were 0. 4 Pa · s and 0.32 N/m respectively, which could meet the demands for certain kinds of steels for mould fluxes in continuous casting.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50902003)National Key Technology Research and Development Programin 11th Five-Year Plan of China (2009BAC64B05)
文摘The time-temperature-transformation （TTT） diagrams of fluoride-free mold fluxes containing TiO2/ZrO2 were constructed through the confocal scanning laser microscope （CSLM） technique. It was found that the crystallization temperature of F-free mold fluxes containing TiO2 or ZrO2 increases,while incubation time decreases with increasing basicity. The crystallization tendency increases with the zirconia addition in slag melt,as it may be thought that the addition solubility is limited in molten slag and the solid particles act as heterogeneous nucleation sites. Three types of crystal morphologies were observed,corresponding to different crystallization mechanisms. CaSiO3 and Ca3Si2O7 precipitate in the slag with low basicity,and Ca2SiO4 was formed with increasing basicity. The addition of TiO2 promotes the precipitation of CaTiO3. The logarithm of crystal growth rate increased with increasing isothermal temperature,suggesting that the crystal/melt interface reaction is the controlling step in the present experiment.
基金financially supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.22375047,22378068,and 22075046)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2022J01568)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFB3804905 and 2022YFB3804900)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M743437)start-up funding from Wenzhou Institute,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.WIUCASQD2019002).
文摘Highly transparent,durable,and flexible liquid-repellent coatings are urgently needed in the realm of transparent materials,such as car windows,optical lenses,solar panels,and flexible screen materials.However,it has been difficult to strike a balance between the robustness and flexibility of coatings constructed by a single cross-linked network design.To overcome the conundrum,this innovative approach effectively combines two distinct cross-linked networks with unique functions,thus overcoming the challenge.Through a tightly interwoven structure comprised of added crosslinking sites,the coating achieves improved liquid repellency(WCA>100°,OSA<10°),increased durability(withstands 2,000 cycles of cotton wear),enhanced flexibility(endures 5,000 cycles of bending with a bending radius of 1 mm),and maintains high transparency(over 98%in the range of 410 nm to 760 nm).Additionally,the coating with remarkable adhesion can be applied to multiple substrates,enabling large-scale preparation and easy cycling coating,thus expanding its potential applications.The architecture of this fluoride-free dual cross-linked network not only advances liquid-repellent surfaces but also provides valuable insights for the development of eco-friendly materials in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22108031)Shanghai Sailing Program(No.21YF1400800).
文摘With the global ban on plastics intensifying, the substitution of plastic with paper has garnered increasing attention. However, the inadequate water and oil repellency of pulp molding hinders its practical applications. Currently, the common method to enhance the oil and water repellency of pulp molding is by adding fluorinated water and oil repellents. Nevertheless, fluorinated compounds are environmentally and physiologically harmful. Therefore, the development of fluorine-free, water and oil repellent alternatives is crucial. In this study, chitosan and stearic acid were utilized as the first and second layers of the oil and water repellent coatings, respectively. The coated samples exhibited favorable water repellency, with a water contact angle of 116.4°, and excellent oil repellency, achieving a 12/12 rating on the kit scale. Importantly, the samples did not exhibit any leakage after being soaked in hot water and hot oil at 95±5℃ for 30 min, demonstrating remarkable performance as a barrier against hot water and oil. Moreover, the coated samples displayed outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability, biodegradability, and recyclability. The approach presented in this study is simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and represents a promising technique for producing fluoride-free, oil-and water-resistant pulp molding products.
基金Item Sponsored by National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China(2007AA03Z548)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK2010355)
文摘B2O3 is selected as fluxing agent of CaO-based ladle refining slag to decrease the melting temperature as well as to improve the speed of slag forming and the refining efficiency. The effects of B2O3 on the melting temperature of two series of refining slags including the low basicity slags （the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 is 3--4） and the high basicity slags （the mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 is 5--8.75） were investigated. The slag melting temperature was meas- ured using the hemisphere method. The results indicate that the fluxing action of B2O3 is better than that of CaF2 and A1203. For the CaO-based refining slag with low basicity, the melting temperature is decreased effectively when B2O3 is used to substitute for equal mass of CaF2, Al2O3 and SiO2, respectively. For the CaO-based refining slag with high basicity, when CaF2 is substituted by B2 03, the melting temperature can be decreased remarkably. Espe- cially, when the mass ratios of CaO/Al2O3 and CaO/SiO2 are in the range of 1.1--4.0 and 5.25--8. 0, respectively, the slag melting temperature is lower than 1 300 ℃. Therefore, the 132 03-containing refining slags with high ratios of CaO/Al2O3 and CaO/SiO2 have ultra low melting temperature.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676022)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(BHYC170A&JD701)
文摘The present paper reports a new fluoride-free and energy-saving lead electrolytic refining process in order to solve the serious problems of the existing Betts lead electrorefining process, such as low production efficiency,high energy consumption and fluorine pollution. In the process, a mixed solution of perchloric acid and lead perchlorate(HClO4-Pb(ClO4)2) with the additives of gelatin and sodium lignin sulfonate is employed as the new electrolyte. The cathodic polarization curves show that HClO4 is very stable, and there is no any reduction reaction of HClO4 during the electrolytic process. The redox reactions of lead ions in HClO4 solution are very reversible with an ultrahigh capacity efficiency, so the HClO4 acts as a stable support electrolyte with higher ionic conductivity than the traditional H2SiF6 electrolyte. The results of the scale-up experiments show that under the optimal conditions of 2.8 mol·L-1 HClO4, 0.4 mol·L-1 Pb(ClO4)2 and electrolysis temperature of 45 ℃, the energy consumption is as low as 24.5 kW·h·(t Pb)-1 , only about 20% of that by Betts method at the same current density of 20 mA·cm-2, and the purity of the refined lead is up to 99.9992%, much higher than that specified by Chinese national standard(99.994%, GB/T 469-2013) and European standard(99.99%, EN 12659–1999).
文摘The development of kids toothpaste in Chinese market has been introduced, and the common characterisUcs of kids toothpaste in the production and sales have been analyzed. Through the analysis of the characteristics of kids oral care, the special technical requirements of kids toothpaste are elucidated. Finally, suggestions for the future development of kids toothpaste are put forward.
