As a pivotal global oil crop,soybean production plays a vital role in ensuring food security and promoting sustainable development.The processes of flowering and pod drop are critical determinants of soybean yield,thu...As a pivotal global oil crop,soybean production plays a vital role in ensuring food security and promoting sustainable development.The processes of flowering and pod drop are critical determinants of soybean yield,thus,effective regulation of flowering is essential for achieving both high and stable yields.The differentiation of flower buds marks a crucial stage in the flowering process,governed by a complex interplay of environmental and endogenous pathways,including photoperiodic,vernalization,autonomous,gibberellin,and age pathways.These pathways converge to integrate flowering signals,subsequently activating downstream floral meristem identity genes that orchestrate the formation of floral primordia.Sucrose,the primary sugar transport form in soybeans,serves not only as a fundamental component of carbon metabolism but also as a significant signaling molecule.Through the age pathway,sucrose harmonizes various flowering-related genes,thereby influencing the timing of soybean flowering.Gibberellin,an essential hormone for plant growth and development,modulates flowering through the gibberellin pathway,with DELLA proteins acting as key regulators in the signal transduction cascade.The synergistic interaction between sucrose and gibberellin on gene expression occurs via distinct signaling pathways,collectively orchestrating flower bud differentiation.A thorough exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which sugars and hormones regulate flowering is anticipated to yield valuable insights and guidance for enhancing field crop production.展开更多
Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait with a profound effect on the productivity and adaptabillity of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Strategically advancing flowering time can reduce the risk of yield losses due t...Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait with a profound effect on the productivity and adaptabillity of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Strategically advancing flowering time can reduce the risk of yield losses due to extreme climatic conditions and facilitate the cultivation of subsequent crops on the same land,thereby enhancing overall agricultural efficiency.In this review,we synthesize current information on flowering time regulation in rapeseed through an integrated analysis of its genetic,hormonal,and environmental dimensions,emphasizing their crosstalk and implications for yield.We consolidate multi-omics evidence from population genetics,functional genomics,and systems biology to create a haplotype-based framework that overcomes the trade-off between flowering time and yield,providing support for the precision breeding of early-maturing cultivars.The insights presented here could inform future research on flowering time regulation and guide strategies for increasing rapeseed productivity.展开更多
The Jumonji C domain-containing(JmjC)histone demethylases(JMJs)are involved in various aspects of plant development and responses to environmental changes.AtJMJs have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis for their ...The Jumonji C domain-containing(JmjC)histone demethylases(JMJs)are involved in various aspects of plant development and responses to environmental changes.AtJMJs have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis for their roles in regulating flowering time,while their functions and molecular mechanisms in regulating flowering time in rice remain underexplored.Here,we demonstrate that the JmjC domain-only group member OsJMJ712 regulates heading date in rice.OsJMJ712 exhibits H3K36me3 demethylase activity at Ehd1 and RFT1 and represses the expression of Ehd1,Hd3a,and RFT1.Furthermore,loss of function of OsJMJ712 disrupts the circadian clock,and OsLHY directly binds to the promoter of OsJMJ712 to suppress its expression.These findings uncover that OsJMJ712 integrates histone demethylation and the circadian clock to fine-tune photoperiodic flowering in rice,providing new insights into the epigenetic control of photoperiodic flowering in crops.展开更多
Data serves as the foundation for training and testing machine learning and artificial intelligencemodels.The most fundamental part of data is its attributes or features.The feature set size changes from one dataset t...Data serves as the foundation for training and testing machine learning and artificial intelligencemodels.The most fundamental part of data is its attributes or features.The feature set size changes from one dataset to another.Only the relevant features contributemeaningfully to classificationaccuracy.The presence of irrelevant features reduces the system’s effectiveness.Classification performance often deteriorates on high-dimensional datasets due to the large search space.Thus,one of the significant obstacles affecting the performance of the learning process in the majority of machine learning and data mining techniques is the dimensionality of the datasets.Feature selection(FS)is an effective preprocessing step in classification tasks.The aim of applying FS is to exclude redundant and unrelated features while retaining the most informative ones to optimize classification capability and compress computational complexity.In this paper,a novel hybrid binary metaheuristic algorithm,termed hSC-FPA,is proposed by hybridizing the Flower Pollination Algorithm(FPA)and the Sine Cosine Algorithm(SCA).Hybridization controls the exploration capacity of SCA and the exploitation behavior of FPA to maintain a balanced search process.SCA guides the global search in the early iterations,while FPA’s local pollination refines promising solutions in later stages.A binary conversion mechanism using a threshold function is implemented to handle the discrete nature of the feature selection problem.The functionality of the proposed hSC-FPA is authenticated on fourteen standard datasets from the UCI repository using the K-Nearest Neighbors(K-NN)classifier.Experimental results are benchmarked against the standalone SCA and FPA algorithms.The hSC-FPA consistently achieves higher classification accuracy,selects a more compact feature subset,and demonstrates superior convergence behavior.These findings support the stability and outperformance of the hybrid feature selection method presented.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.Chen(P.notoginseng,San Qi)flowers in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)using network pharmacology,in vivo experiments,a...Objective:To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.Chen(P.notoginseng,San Qi)flowers in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)using network pharmacology,in vivo experiments,and RNA sequencing(RNA-seq).Methods:Network pharmacology analysis was performed to identify and correlate the drug targets of flower buds of P.notoginseng(PNF)with T2DM disease targets and to predict the key targets and pathways involved in the therapeutic effects of PNF in T2DM.In vivo experiments were conducted to assess the effects of PNF on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice with T2DM.RNA-seq was performed,and the results were integrated with network pharmacology data to assess the therapeutic mechanisms of PNF in T2DM.The results from transcriptomics and network pharmacology were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results:A total of 27 intersecting targets were identified by overlapping 35 drug targets with T2DM targets.Further topological analysis using the Centiscape 2.2 tool revealed five core targets,including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3).Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis indicated that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is a key mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of PNF in T2DM.In vivo experiments confirmed that PNF effectively regulates glycolipid metabolism in a mouse model of diabetes.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of RNA-seq data highlighted the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathway as a potential mechanism.PNF high-dose(PNFH)increased the gene expression levels of PIK3R1 and AKT2,decreased the expression of PCK1,JAK2,and STAT3,and showed a trend toward increasing INSR expression without reaching statistical significance.Conclusion:PNF improves glycolipid metabolism disorders in T2DM,potentially by modulating the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.展开更多
Hylocereus polyrhizus,also known as pitaya or dragon fruit,is a climbing cactus grown worldwide because of its excellent performance under drought stress and appealing red-purple fruits.In practice,accelerating flower...Hylocereus polyrhizus,also known as pitaya or dragon fruit,is a climbing cactus grown worldwide because of its excellent performance under drought stress and appealing red-purple fruits.In practice,accelerating flower formation and inducing more flowers usually result in higher yield.However,the genes for this purpose have not been well characterized in pitaya.Previously,FLOWERING BHLHs(FBHs)have been identified as positive regulators of flower formation.In the present work,a total of eight FBHs were identified in pitaya.This is a greater number than in beet and spinach,possibly because of the recent whole-genome duplication that occurred in the pitaya genome.The phylogenetic tree indicated that the FBHs could be divided into three groups.In TYPEⅡ,the genes of Caryophyllales encode atypical FBHs and are generated by dispersed duplication.The K_(a)/K_(s) ratios indicated that HpFBHs are under purifying selection.Promoter and expression analysis of HpFBHs revealed that they are spatiotemporally activated in flower-related tissues and responsive to multiple abiotic stresses.These results indicated that HpFBHs are involved in the flower formation of pitaya.Therefore,typical HpFBH1/3 from TYPEⅡI and an atypical HpFBH8 from TYPEⅡwere selected for functional verification.HpFBH3 was found to heterodimerize with HpFBH1 in the nucleus using subcellular localization,yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation assays.With bioinformatic analysis,all HpFBHs were predicted to transactivate downstream genes via binding to the E-boxes,which were frequently detected in the promoters of HpCOs,HpFTs and HpSOC1s.RNA-Seq datasets showed that these flowering accelerators were expressed in coordination with HpFBH3.Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays further verified that HpFBH3 transactivated HpCO7 by selectively binding to the E-boxes in the promoter.Moreover,ectopic overexpression of HpFBH3 accelerated flower formation in Arabidopsis.In summary,this study systematically characterized the typical HpFBHs,especially HpFBH3,as positive regulators of flower formation,which could be target genes for the genetic improvement of pitaya.展开更多
Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowerin...Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowering in plants.However,there is no compelling experimental evidence for a relationship between NO and DNA demethylation during plant flowering.In this study,an NO donor and a DNA methylation inhibitor were used to investigate the involvement of DNA demethylation in NO-mediated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Micro-Tom)flowering.The results showed that the promoting effect of NO on tomato flowering was dose-dependent,with the greatest positive effect observed at 10μmol L^(-1) of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO).Treatment with 50μmol L^(-1) of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine(5-AzaC)also significantly promoted tomato flowering.Moreover,GSNO and 5-AzaC increased the peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities and cytokinin(CTK)and proline contents,while they reduced the gibberellic acid(GA3)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)contents.Co-treatment with GSNO and 5-AzaC accelerated the positive effects of GSNO and 5-AzaC in promoting tomato flowering.Meanwhile,compared with a GSNO or 5-AzaC treatment alone,co-treatment with GSNO+5-AzaC significantly increased the global DNA demethylation levels in different tissues of tomato.The results also indicate that DNA demethylation may be involved in NO-induced flowering.The expression of flowering genes was significantly altered by the GSNO+5-AzaC treatment.Five of these flowering induction genes,ARGONAUTE 4(AGO4A),SlSP3D/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS(SFT),MutS HOMOLOG 1(MSH1),ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 2(ZFP2),and FLOWERING LOCUS D(FLD),were selected as candidate genes for further study.An McrBC-PCR analysis showed that DNA demethylation of the SFT gene in the apex and the FLD gene in the stem might be involved in NO-induced flowering.Therefore,this study shows that NO might promote tomato flowering by mediating the DNA demethylation of flowering induction genes,and it provides direct evidence for a synergistic effect of NO and DNA demethylation in promoting tomato flowering.展开更多
FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)基因是影响高等植物开花的关键基因,其翻译产生的蛋白产物是一种可长距离转运的成花激素,对开花时间起着重要的作用。目前在烟草种子生产中,均采用杂交育种方式,因此掌握烟草的开花时间尤为重要。为更好地了解FT...FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)基因是影响高等植物开花的关键基因,其翻译产生的蛋白产物是一种可长距离转运的成花激素,对开花时间起着重要的作用。目前在烟草种子生产中,均采用杂交育种方式,因此掌握烟草的开花时间尤为重要。为更好地了解FT开花基因在烟草中的结构、表达及其进化关系,本研究利用8个烟草种的完整基因组序列数据,鉴定并分析了FT基因在8个烟草种中的蛋白结构、保守结构域、进化关系、共线性、基因注释和基因表达。结果显示,在8个烟草基因组中筛选鉴定出106个FT基因,并将这些FT基因分为6个组。在与其他植物FT基因的进化分析中发现野生烟草FT基因在进化过程中与茄科植物较接近。对普通烟草和2个亲本野生烟草的共线性分析,表明了普通烟草BX(Nicotiana tabacum BX)和普通烟草TN90(Nicotiana tabacum TN90)的FT基因进化关系非常接近。在FT基因注释分析中,发现有22个基因是促进烟草花朵发育,有16个基因是参与抑制花发育的生物学途径。所有106个FT基因均参与Ko04712植物昼夜节律代谢途径,并在其中担任开花途径的一部分。FT基因在普通烟草TN90的9个不同生长发育时期的表达模式分析发现,FT基因在根、茎、叶和花中均有表达,单表达量存在明显差异,其中大部分的FT基因是表达于鲜花朵、成熟花朵和衰老花朵3个时期中。这些结果将对以后研究中的基因查询、基因克隆和功能验证等方面发挥重要的作用。展开更多
Nitrogen(N)is a key component in plants and their biological macromolecules,having a profound effect on developmental stages,such as germination,vegetative growth,and flowering.However,the mechanism of nitrogen-regula...Nitrogen(N)is a key component in plants and their biological macromolecules,having a profound effect on developmental stages,such as germination,vegetative growth,and flowering.However,the mechanism of nitrogen-regulated flowering time remains unclear.In this study,CmNLP7 was isolated from the chrysanthemum cultivar‘Jinba'and was characterized.CmNLP7 is a transcription factor localized in the nucleus but has no transcriptional activity.Tissue expression pattern analysis showed that CmNLP7 was mainly transcribed in leaves and roots.Knocking down CmNLP7 through the artificial-miRNA method in chrysanthemum resulted in early flowering under optimal nitrogen(ON)and low nitrogen(LN)conditions;whereas overexpression lines showed delayed flowering under LN conditions.Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that the nitrate transporters NRT2.5,NPF3.1,and NPF4.6;SBP-like genes SPL7 and SPL12,and flowering integration factor FT were significantly up-regulated in the knockdown lines.Based on the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis,the differentially transcribed genes were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways,which indicated their alleged function in nitrogen-regulated flowering and development in chrysanthemum.Furthermore CmPP6 as a homolog of the Arabidopsis phosphatase PP6,was verified as an interacting protein of CmNLP7 by yeast two-hybrid,BiFC,pull-down and Biacore in vitro and in vivo,and the knockdown line of CmPP6(amiR-CmPP6)flowered earlier compared to that of the wild-type chrysanthemum‘Jinba'.Collectively,these results demonstrated that CmPP6 interacts with CmNLP7 to regulate chrysanthemum flowering,and CmNLP7 could regulate flowering time in response to nitrogen,which lays a foundation for the regulation of flowering and molecular breeding of chrysanthemum through changes in nutrient signaling.展开更多
Tibetan turnip and oilseeds are the most important vegetables cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Our field observations identified a dominant early-bolting phenotype at the vegetative growth stage in the Tibetan ...Tibetan turnip and oilseeds are the most important vegetables cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Our field observations identified a dominant early-bolting phenotype at the vegetative growth stage in the Tibetan turnip,which was possibly due to cross-pollination contamination from nearby oilseeds.We performed genetic and molecular experiments to explore the main reason for early bolting.We first analyzed gene expression and genomic sequence variation of turnip and oilseed BraFLC2,a gene that acts as a key repressor of flowering in turnip in a dosage-dependent manner.We found that the differences in flowering time and life habits between turnip and oilseeds were closely correlated with the genetic variations in BraFLC2.We further identified that the early-bolting turnip was the hybrid between turnip and oilseeds by selecting BraFLC2 as a testing gene.Furthermore,using an artificial hybridization experiment,we found that the heterozygote and low levels of BraFLC2 expression promoted early bolting in hybrid plants.These findings indicate that early-bolting in turnip is caused by cross-pollination contamination from oilseeds under human agricultural activities.We propose a strategy of strict seed screening,cultivation isolation and turnip breeding to ensure high quality and yield.展开更多
The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA P...The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE4(RhSPL4)positively regulates flowering time in rose.Transient silencing or overexpression transgenic rose plants of RhSPL4 exhibited delayed or early flowering,respectively.Analysis of transcriptome data from transgenic lines overexpressing RhSPL4 compared to the wild type indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the circadian rhythm pathway.Among the proteins encoded by these genes,RhSPL4 binds to the promoter of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5-LIKE(RhPRR5L),as revealed in yeast one-hybrid,dual-Luciferase/Renilla luciferase reporter,chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Furthermore,RhSPL4 specifically binds to the478 to441 bp region of the RhPRR5L promoter and activates its transcription.The silencing of RhPRR5L delayed flowering time in rose,resembling the phenotype of RhSPL4-silenced plants.Together,these results indicate that the RhSPL4-RhPRR5L module positively regulates flowering time in rose,laying the foundation for the genetic improvement of flowering time in this important horticultural crop.展开更多
The complex of calcineurin B-like protein(CBL)and CBL-interacting protein kinase(CIPK)serves as key components in calcium-sensing,orchestrating various signals crucial for plant growth,development,and responses to bio...The complex of calcineurin B-like protein(CBL)and CBL-interacting protein kinase(CIPK)serves as key components in calcium-sensing,orchestrating various signals crucial for plant growth,development,and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.However,the mechanism underlying the response of this module to cold stress and its role in flower development in wintersweet(Chimonanthus praecox)remains unclear.Through expression pattern analysis,calcium ion(Ca^(2+))concentration assays,correlation analysis,and linear regression analysis,we found that the[Ca^(2+)],along with CpCBL8 and CpCIPK9 expression levels in wintersweet flower buds(FBs),significantly decreased during the initial flowering stage when the chilling requirement reached 570 chill units(CU).Notably,there was a significant positive correlation between[Ca^(2+)]and CpCBL8 expression.Ca^(2+)increased the expression of Cp CBL8 and CpCIPK9 in FBs,causing a significant delay in the flowering of wintersweet.Furthermore,the function of CpCBL8 was studied using heterologous transformation.Overexpression of CpCBL8 significantly delayed flowering time and significantly reduced cold tolerance and altered the expression pattern of endogenous genes related to low-temperature stress and flower development in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.Additionally,transcriptome analysis of chilling-induced dormancy breaking and flower bud enlargement revealed that CpCBL8 and CpCIPK9 were negatively regulated by cold,and the expression pattern of endogenous genes related to flower development and cold stress in wintersweet were similar to that of in A.thaliana.Moreover,protein-protein interaction(PPI)analysis revealed that CpCBL8 and CpCIPK9 interacted in the plasma membrane and nucleus.On the basis of these findings,we speculated that the CpCBL8-CpCIPK9 module plays a crucial role in regulating responses to cold stress and flower development in wintersweet.This study elucidated molecular mechanisms through which the downregulation of the Ca^(2+)-induced CpCBL8-CpCIPK9 module results in dormancy breaking and enhances cold tolerance.This study provides valuable insights for the cultivation of new varieties of wintersweet with increased ornamental value and enhanced cold stress tolerance.展开更多
Objective Stagnant water in flower vases in a cemetery can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes,especially in warm and humid climates.The purpose of this survey is to determine whether the physical characteristics ...Objective Stagnant water in flower vases in a cemetery can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes,especially in warm and humid climates.The purpose of this survey is to determine whether the physical characteristics of the flower vases affect mosquito breeding.Methods The physical characteristics of a total of 527 flower vases and their impact on mosquito breeding were investigated in an old cemetery in Gainesville,Florida,during summers from 2000 to 2003,intermittently.Results The vases were categorized into five types based on their shape and material.Approximately 94.1%(496)of vases were made of stone,3.2%(17)were made of glass,1.9%(10)were made of metal,and 0.8%(4)were made of plastic or other materials.Approximately 44.6%(235/527)of the vases or containers were located in shady areas,most of which were under trees.Approximately 17.3%(91/527)of vases and containers held water,ranging from 100 mL to 1000 mL.About 48.4%(44/91)of the water-holding containers presented mosquito larvae.They were Aedes aegypti(5%),Aedes albopictus(60%),Aedes triseriatus(30%),Culex quinquefasciatus(2%),and Toxorhynchites.rutilus(2%).In addition,the prevention and management of mosquito breeding in cemetery flower vases have been proposed and discussed.Conclusions The physical characteristics of the flower vases impacted the container-inhabiting mosquitoes in the old urban cemetery.展开更多
The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） analysis for flower traits were performed based on three crossing of Coffea canephora in Indonesia. This study successfully identified 19 QTLs related to flowering. These QTLs cons...The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） analysis for flower traits were performed based on three crossing of Coffea canephora in Indonesia. This study successfully identified 19 QTLs related to flowering. These QTLs consisted of 1） three QTLs associated with green candle flowering time located at linkage groups of A and D; 2） one QTL associated to white candle flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 3） two QTLs associated to blossom flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 4） two QTLs associated to number of flowers located at linkage groups of G and H; 5） five QTLs associated to score of flowers quality located at linkage groups of A, C and D; 6） five QTLs associated to number of star flowers located at linkage groups of D, E, F and G. Due to some QTLs are overlapping on the same linkage group, thus, these 19 QTLs for flower traits might be considered as 15 different ones which distributed on 14 regions of the eight linkage groups. Although pleiotropic genes might be the most likely explanation for the collocation of these QTLs, the present data are not sufficient to distinguish between a pleiotropic gene and a cluster of different loci controlling several traits. These results can be a first step for molecular breeding on Robusta coffee mainly in order to improve potential suitable characteristics such as number of flowers and number of normal flowers as well as to reduce adverse characteristics such as number of star flowers.展开更多
Moso bamboo holds significant economic importance in China,serving various purposes,such as food,material,ornamentation,and greenery.Despite its versatility,the occurrence of flowering in Moso bamboo poses a threat to...Moso bamboo holds significant economic importance in China,serving various purposes,such as food,material,ornamentation,and greenery.Despite its versatility,the occurrence of flowering in Moso bamboo poses a threat to bamboo forests,resulting in substantial losses.The underlying cause of bamboo flowering remains elusive.Dynamic fluctuations in DNA methylation govern the transcriptional levels of crucial genes pivotal for plant growth and development.In this study,we conducted comprehensive DNA methylation(by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing)and transcriptome(by RNA-seq)analyses on non-flowering leaves,flowering leaves,and spikelets of Moso bamboo.Our findings revealed a notable reduction in the overall DNA methylation level,particularly CHH methylation,from leaves to spikelets,influencing the expression of differentially regulated genes.Notably,we identified DNA methylation as a regulatory mechanism for numerous flowering-related genes,including SPLs,FT,and SOC1.Specifically,the SPL3f gene,a key regulator of the aging pathway,exhibited hypomethylation and a high expression level in spikelets.Conversely,SOC1c displayed transcriptional silencing attributed to hypermethylation in the CHH context in the leaves of non-flowering plants.DNA methylation may affect the flowering mechanism of Moso bamboo by regulating the expression of key genes.In summary,our results shed light on the dynamic changes in DNA methylation between leaves and spikelets,unraveling an important epigenetic modification mechanism for flowering in Moso bamboo.展开更多
In plants,numerous non-Mendelian inherited dominant effects,including over-,incomplete-,and codominance,are frequently observed,yet they remain insufficiently understood.A novel phenotype has been identified in specif...In plants,numerous non-Mendelian inherited dominant effects,including over-,incomplete-,and codominance,are frequently observed,yet they remain insufficiently understood.A novel phenotype has been identified in specific soybean transformants overexpressing a single 35S::GmFT2a copy:superearly flowering dominance is exclusively observed in hemizygotes,not in homozygotes.Homozygous individual exhibits si RNA-mediated DNA methylation,causing epigenetic transcriptional silencing,whereas no such effect occurs in hemizygotes.Intriguingly,two distinct rounds of DNA methylation establishment occur,each mediated by a different mechanism.The homozygotes that derived from the hemizygous mother plants carrying 35S::GmFT2a locus was associated with the initiation of CHHcontext DNA methylation at 35S promoters mediated by 21 and 22 nucleotide(nt)si RNAs.Subsequently,24 nt si RNAs contribute to additional CHG-and CG-context DNA methylation at 35S promoters during the homozygosity of genes in plants already homozygous in maternal lineage.Reducing DNA methylation levels can be achieved by generating a hemizygous genotype through a crossing experiment with a recessive genotype.This research has unveiled a phenomenon:hemizygote-dependent dominance resulting from transcriptional silencing in homozygote offsprings.It provides new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying dominant effects.展开更多
Appropriate flowering time in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is vital for preventing losses from weather,diseases,and pests.However,the molecular basis of its regulation remains largely unknown.Here,a genome-wide associat...Appropriate flowering time in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is vital for preventing losses from weather,diseases,and pests.However,the molecular basis of its regulation remains largely unknown.Here,a genome-wide association study identifies BnaC09.FUL,a MADS-box transcription factor,as a promising candidate gene regulating flowering time in B.napus.BnaC09.FUL expression increases sharply in B.napus shoot apices near bolting.BnaC09.FUL overexpression results in early flowering,while BnaFUL mutation causes delayed flowering in B.napus.A zinc finger transcription factor,BnaC06.WIP2,is identified as an interaction partner of BnaC09.FUL,and BnaC06.WIP2 overexpression delays flowering in B.napus,with RNA sequencing revealing its influence on the expression of many flowering-associated genes.We further demonstrate that BnaC06.WIP2 directly represses the expression of BnaA05.SOC1,BnaC03.SOC1,BnaC04.SOC1,BnaC06.FT,BnaA06.LFY,BnaC07.FUL,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL and indirectly inhibits the expression of other flowering time-related genes.Genetic and molecular investigations highlight the antagonistic relationship between BnaC09.FUL and BnaC06.WIP2 in regulating the flowering time in B.napus through direct regulation of the expression of BnaC03.SOC1,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL.Overall,our findings provide a mechanism by which the BnaC09.FUL–BnaC06.WIP2 transcriptional regulatory module controls the flowering time in B.napus.展开更多
Photoperiod and temperature are crucial factors that trigger flowering in Brassica juncea(B.juncea).However,the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood.The MADS-box transcription factor AGL18 acts as...Photoperiod and temperature are crucial factors that trigger flowering in Brassica juncea(B.juncea).However,the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood.The MADS-box transcription factor AGL18 acts as a pivotal repressor of floral transition and functions redundantly with AGL15.In this study,we isolated BjuAGL18-1 from B.juncea and identified two unique transcripts,resulting in two distinct proteins:a full-length protein,BjuAGL18-1L,and a truncated protein,BjuAGL18-1S.Further investigation showed that the two isoforms had similar subcellular localizations but different expression patterns in various plant tissues.Notably,BjuAGL18-1L and BjuAGL18-1S were abundantly induced under short-and long-day photoperiods,respectively.BjuAGL18-1L overexpression in B.juncea and Arabidopsis thaliana(A.thaliana)led to late flowering,whereas BjuAGL18-1S overexpression resulted in early flowering.Yeast two-hybrid,bimolecular fluorescent complementation,and luciferase complementation assays showed that BjuAGL18-1L,but not BjuAGL18-1S(which lacked the EAR motif),interacted with the co-repressor BjuAFR2 and the histone deacetylase BjuHDA9 to form a multiprotein complex.Further analysis indicated that BjuAGL18-1L could also form a complex with BjuAGL15 and bind to the BjuFUL promoter,thus inhibiting its expression.However,BjuAGL18-1S interacted with BjuAGL18-1L to form heterodimers,which attenuated their activities,likely by disrupting their binding to target genes,resulting in accelerated flowering progression.These results suggest that BjuAGL18-1 is involved in photoperiod-induced flowering via different regulatory mechanisms in B.juncea.展开更多
基金supported by the earmarked fund for the Program on Industrial Technology System of National Soybean(CARS-04-PS21)。
文摘As a pivotal global oil crop,soybean production plays a vital role in ensuring food security and promoting sustainable development.The processes of flowering and pod drop are critical determinants of soybean yield,thus,effective regulation of flowering is essential for achieving both high and stable yields.The differentiation of flower buds marks a crucial stage in the flowering process,governed by a complex interplay of environmental and endogenous pathways,including photoperiodic,vernalization,autonomous,gibberellin,and age pathways.These pathways converge to integrate flowering signals,subsequently activating downstream floral meristem identity genes that orchestrate the formation of floral primordia.Sucrose,the primary sugar transport form in soybeans,serves not only as a fundamental component of carbon metabolism but also as a significant signaling molecule.Through the age pathway,sucrose harmonizes various flowering-related genes,thereby influencing the timing of soybean flowering.Gibberellin,an essential hormone for plant growth and development,modulates flowering through the gibberellin pathway,with DELLA proteins acting as key regulators in the signal transduction cascade.The synergistic interaction between sucrose and gibberellin on gene expression occurs via distinct signaling pathways,collectively orchestrating flower bud differentiation.A thorough exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which sugars and hormones regulate flowering is anticipated to yield valuable insights and guidance for enhancing field crop production.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272111)+4 种基金Special fund for youth team of the Southwest Universities(SWU-XJPY202306)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(CSTB2024NSCQLZX0012)Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-12)Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(COMAITS202504)Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2022ZD04008).We sincerely appreciate the Plant Editors team for English language editing of the manuscript,which significantly improved its clarity and overall quality.
文摘Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait with a profound effect on the productivity and adaptabillity of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Strategically advancing flowering time can reduce the risk of yield losses due to extreme climatic conditions and facilitate the cultivation of subsequent crops on the same land,thereby enhancing overall agricultural efficiency.In this review,we synthesize current information on flowering time regulation in rapeseed through an integrated analysis of its genetic,hormonal,and environmental dimensions,emphasizing their crosstalk and implications for yield.We consolidate multi-omics evidence from population genetics,functional genomics,and systems biology to create a haplotype-based framework that overcomes the trade-off between flowering time and yield,providing support for the precision breeding of early-maturing cultivars.The insights presented here could inform future research on flowering time regulation and guide strategies for increasing rapeseed productivity.
基金funded by the Zhejiang Zhengjingyuan Pharmacy Chain Co.,Ltd.,China(Grant No.2025-KYY-516030-0001).
文摘The Jumonji C domain-containing(JmjC)histone demethylases(JMJs)are involved in various aspects of plant development and responses to environmental changes.AtJMJs have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis for their roles in regulating flowering time,while their functions and molecular mechanisms in regulating flowering time in rice remain underexplored.Here,we demonstrate that the JmjC domain-only group member OsJMJ712 regulates heading date in rice.OsJMJ712 exhibits H3K36me3 demethylase activity at Ehd1 and RFT1 and represses the expression of Ehd1,Hd3a,and RFT1.Furthermore,loss of function of OsJMJ712 disrupts the circadian clock,and OsLHY directly binds to the promoter of OsJMJ712 to suppress its expression.These findings uncover that OsJMJ712 integrates histone demethylation and the circadian clock to fine-tune photoperiodic flowering in rice,providing new insights into the epigenetic control of photoperiodic flowering in crops.
基金supported by a research grant from Lahore College for Women University(LCWU),Lahore,Pakistan.
文摘Data serves as the foundation for training and testing machine learning and artificial intelligencemodels.The most fundamental part of data is its attributes or features.The feature set size changes from one dataset to another.Only the relevant features contributemeaningfully to classificationaccuracy.The presence of irrelevant features reduces the system’s effectiveness.Classification performance often deteriorates on high-dimensional datasets due to the large search space.Thus,one of the significant obstacles affecting the performance of the learning process in the majority of machine learning and data mining techniques is the dimensionality of the datasets.Feature selection(FS)is an effective preprocessing step in classification tasks.The aim of applying FS is to exclude redundant and unrelated features while retaining the most informative ones to optimize classification capability and compress computational complexity.In this paper,a novel hybrid binary metaheuristic algorithm,termed hSC-FPA,is proposed by hybridizing the Flower Pollination Algorithm(FPA)and the Sine Cosine Algorithm(SCA).Hybridization controls the exploration capacity of SCA and the exploitation behavior of FPA to maintain a balanced search process.SCA guides the global search in the early iterations,while FPA’s local pollination refines promising solutions in later stages.A binary conversion mechanism using a threshold function is implemented to handle the discrete nature of the feature selection problem.The functionality of the proposed hSC-FPA is authenticated on fourteen standard datasets from the UCI repository using the K-Nearest Neighbors(K-NN)classifier.Experimental results are benchmarked against the standalone SCA and FPA algorithms.The hSC-FPA consistently achieves higher classification accuracy,selects a more compact feature subset,and demonstrates superior convergence behavior.These findings support the stability and outperformance of the hybrid feature selection method presented.
基金supported by the Creation and Talent Introduction Base of Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications withTraditional Chinese Medicine(B20055).
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.Chen(P.notoginseng,San Qi)flowers in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)using network pharmacology,in vivo experiments,and RNA sequencing(RNA-seq).Methods:Network pharmacology analysis was performed to identify and correlate the drug targets of flower buds of P.notoginseng(PNF)with T2DM disease targets and to predict the key targets and pathways involved in the therapeutic effects of PNF in T2DM.In vivo experiments were conducted to assess the effects of PNF on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice with T2DM.RNA-seq was performed,and the results were integrated with network pharmacology data to assess the therapeutic mechanisms of PNF in T2DM.The results from transcriptomics and network pharmacology were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results:A total of 27 intersecting targets were identified by overlapping 35 drug targets with T2DM targets.Further topological analysis using the Centiscape 2.2 tool revealed five core targets,including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3).Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis indicated that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is a key mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of PNF in T2DM.In vivo experiments confirmed that PNF effectively regulates glycolipid metabolism in a mouse model of diabetes.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of RNA-seq data highlighted the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathway as a potential mechanism.PNF high-dose(PNFH)increased the gene expression levels of PIK3R1 and AKT2,decreased the expression of PCK1,JAK2,and STAT3,and showed a trend toward increasing INSR expression without reaching statistical significance.Conclusion:PNF improves glycolipid metabolism disorders in T2DM,potentially by modulating the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160681 and 32060663)the National Guidance Foundation for Local Science and Technology Development of China(2023-009)+1 种基金the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science)(ZK[2022]YB132)the Foundation of Postgraduate of Guizhou Province,China(YJSKYJJ[2021]057)。
文摘Hylocereus polyrhizus,also known as pitaya or dragon fruit,is a climbing cactus grown worldwide because of its excellent performance under drought stress and appealing red-purple fruits.In practice,accelerating flower formation and inducing more flowers usually result in higher yield.However,the genes for this purpose have not been well characterized in pitaya.Previously,FLOWERING BHLHs(FBHs)have been identified as positive regulators of flower formation.In the present work,a total of eight FBHs were identified in pitaya.This is a greater number than in beet and spinach,possibly because of the recent whole-genome duplication that occurred in the pitaya genome.The phylogenetic tree indicated that the FBHs could be divided into three groups.In TYPEⅡ,the genes of Caryophyllales encode atypical FBHs and are generated by dispersed duplication.The K_(a)/K_(s) ratios indicated that HpFBHs are under purifying selection.Promoter and expression analysis of HpFBHs revealed that they are spatiotemporally activated in flower-related tissues and responsive to multiple abiotic stresses.These results indicated that HpFBHs are involved in the flower formation of pitaya.Therefore,typical HpFBH1/3 from TYPEⅡI and an atypical HpFBH8 from TYPEⅡwere selected for functional verification.HpFBH3 was found to heterodimerize with HpFBH1 in the nucleus using subcellular localization,yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation assays.With bioinformatic analysis,all HpFBHs were predicted to transactivate downstream genes via binding to the E-boxes,which were frequently detected in the promoters of HpCOs,HpFTs and HpSOC1s.RNA-Seq datasets showed that these flowering accelerators were expressed in coordination with HpFBH3.Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays further verified that HpFBH3 transactivated HpCO7 by selectively binding to the E-boxes in the promoter.Moreover,ectopic overexpression of HpFBH3 accelerated flower formation in Arabidopsis.In summary,this study systematically characterized the typical HpFBHs,especially HpFBH3,as positive regulators of flower formation,which could be target genes for the genetic improvement of pitaya.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360743,32072559,and31860568)the National Key Research and Development Program,China(2018YFD1000800)the Fostering Foundation for the Excellent Ph D Dissertation of Gansu Agricultural University,China(YB2022004)。
文摘Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowering in plants.However,there is no compelling experimental evidence for a relationship between NO and DNA demethylation during plant flowering.In this study,an NO donor and a DNA methylation inhibitor were used to investigate the involvement of DNA demethylation in NO-mediated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Micro-Tom)flowering.The results showed that the promoting effect of NO on tomato flowering was dose-dependent,with the greatest positive effect observed at 10μmol L^(-1) of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO).Treatment with 50μmol L^(-1) of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine(5-AzaC)also significantly promoted tomato flowering.Moreover,GSNO and 5-AzaC increased the peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities and cytokinin(CTK)and proline contents,while they reduced the gibberellic acid(GA3)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)contents.Co-treatment with GSNO and 5-AzaC accelerated the positive effects of GSNO and 5-AzaC in promoting tomato flowering.Meanwhile,compared with a GSNO or 5-AzaC treatment alone,co-treatment with GSNO+5-AzaC significantly increased the global DNA demethylation levels in different tissues of tomato.The results also indicate that DNA demethylation may be involved in NO-induced flowering.The expression of flowering genes was significantly altered by the GSNO+5-AzaC treatment.Five of these flowering induction genes,ARGONAUTE 4(AGO4A),SlSP3D/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS(SFT),MutS HOMOLOG 1(MSH1),ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 2(ZFP2),and FLOWERING LOCUS D(FLD),were selected as candidate genes for further study.An McrBC-PCR analysis showed that DNA demethylation of the SFT gene in the apex and the FLD gene in the stem might be involved in NO-induced flowering.Therefore,this study shows that NO might promote tomato flowering by mediating the DNA demethylation of flowering induction genes,and it provides direct evidence for a synergistic effect of NO and DNA demethylation in promoting tomato flowering.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31930100)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Nitrogen(N)is a key component in plants and their biological macromolecules,having a profound effect on developmental stages,such as germination,vegetative growth,and flowering.However,the mechanism of nitrogen-regulated flowering time remains unclear.In this study,CmNLP7 was isolated from the chrysanthemum cultivar‘Jinba'and was characterized.CmNLP7 is a transcription factor localized in the nucleus but has no transcriptional activity.Tissue expression pattern analysis showed that CmNLP7 was mainly transcribed in leaves and roots.Knocking down CmNLP7 through the artificial-miRNA method in chrysanthemum resulted in early flowering under optimal nitrogen(ON)and low nitrogen(LN)conditions;whereas overexpression lines showed delayed flowering under LN conditions.Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that the nitrate transporters NRT2.5,NPF3.1,and NPF4.6;SBP-like genes SPL7 and SPL12,and flowering integration factor FT were significantly up-regulated in the knockdown lines.Based on the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis,the differentially transcribed genes were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways,which indicated their alleged function in nitrogen-regulated flowering and development in chrysanthemum.Furthermore CmPP6 as a homolog of the Arabidopsis phosphatase PP6,was verified as an interacting protein of CmNLP7 by yeast two-hybrid,BiFC,pull-down and Biacore in vitro and in vivo,and the knockdown line of CmPP6(amiR-CmPP6)flowered earlier compared to that of the wild-type chrysanthemum‘Jinba'.Collectively,these results demonstrated that CmPP6 interacts with CmNLP7 to regulate chrysanthemum flowering,and CmNLP7 could regulate flowering time in response to nitrogen,which lays a foundation for the regulation of flowering and molecular breeding of chrysanthemum through changes in nutrient signaling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32200306,32170385 and 32070362)the Postdoctoral Directional Training Foundation of Yunnan Province,and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(no.2019QZKK0502).
文摘Tibetan turnip and oilseeds are the most important vegetables cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Our field observations identified a dominant early-bolting phenotype at the vegetative growth stage in the Tibetan turnip,which was possibly due to cross-pollination contamination from nearby oilseeds.We performed genetic and molecular experiments to explore the main reason for early bolting.We first analyzed gene expression and genomic sequence variation of turnip and oilseed BraFLC2,a gene that acts as a key repressor of flowering in turnip in a dosage-dependent manner.We found that the differences in flowering time and life habits between turnip and oilseeds were closely correlated with the genetic variations in BraFLC2.We further identified that the early-bolting turnip was the hybrid between turnip and oilseeds by selecting BraFLC2 as a testing gene.Furthermore,using an artificial hybridization experiment,we found that the heterozygote and low levels of BraFLC2 expression promoted early bolting in hybrid plants.These findings indicate that early-bolting in turnip is caused by cross-pollination contamination from oilseeds under human agricultural activities.We propose a strategy of strict seed screening,cultivation isolation and turnip breeding to ensure high quality and yield.
基金supported by Yunnan Province Agricultural Joint Key Project(Grant No.202401BD070001-016)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32202530)+3 种基金Talent Introduction and Training Project of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.2024RCYP-09)Fundamental Research Project(Grant No.202401CF070046)Xingdian Talent support program(XDYC-QNRC-2023-0457)Yunnan Technology Innovation Center of Flower Technique.
文摘The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE4(RhSPL4)positively regulates flowering time in rose.Transient silencing or overexpression transgenic rose plants of RhSPL4 exhibited delayed or early flowering,respectively.Analysis of transcriptome data from transgenic lines overexpressing RhSPL4 compared to the wild type indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the circadian rhythm pathway.Among the proteins encoded by these genes,RhSPL4 binds to the promoter of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5-LIKE(RhPRR5L),as revealed in yeast one-hybrid,dual-Luciferase/Renilla luciferase reporter,chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Furthermore,RhSPL4 specifically binds to the478 to441 bp region of the RhPRR5L promoter and activates its transcription.The silencing of RhPRR5L delayed flowering time in rose,resembling the phenotype of RhSPL4-silenced plants.Together,these results indicate that the RhSPL4-RhPRR5L module positively regulates flowering time in rose,laying the foundation for the genetic improvement of flowering time in this important horticultural crop.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0236)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWU-XDJH202308)Earmarked Funds for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-26)。
文摘The complex of calcineurin B-like protein(CBL)and CBL-interacting protein kinase(CIPK)serves as key components in calcium-sensing,orchestrating various signals crucial for plant growth,development,and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.However,the mechanism underlying the response of this module to cold stress and its role in flower development in wintersweet(Chimonanthus praecox)remains unclear.Through expression pattern analysis,calcium ion(Ca^(2+))concentration assays,correlation analysis,and linear regression analysis,we found that the[Ca^(2+)],along with CpCBL8 and CpCIPK9 expression levels in wintersweet flower buds(FBs),significantly decreased during the initial flowering stage when the chilling requirement reached 570 chill units(CU).Notably,there was a significant positive correlation between[Ca^(2+)]and CpCBL8 expression.Ca^(2+)increased the expression of Cp CBL8 and CpCIPK9 in FBs,causing a significant delay in the flowering of wintersweet.Furthermore,the function of CpCBL8 was studied using heterologous transformation.Overexpression of CpCBL8 significantly delayed flowering time and significantly reduced cold tolerance and altered the expression pattern of endogenous genes related to low-temperature stress and flower development in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.Additionally,transcriptome analysis of chilling-induced dormancy breaking and flower bud enlargement revealed that CpCBL8 and CpCIPK9 were negatively regulated by cold,and the expression pattern of endogenous genes related to flower development and cold stress in wintersweet were similar to that of in A.thaliana.Moreover,protein-protein interaction(PPI)analysis revealed that CpCBL8 and CpCIPK9 interacted in the plasma membrane and nucleus.On the basis of these findings,we speculated that the CpCBL8-CpCIPK9 module plays a crucial role in regulating responses to cold stress and flower development in wintersweet.This study elucidated molecular mechanisms through which the downregulation of the Ca^(2+)-induced CpCBL8-CpCIPK9 module results in dormancy breaking and enhances cold tolerance.This study provides valuable insights for the cultivation of new varieties of wintersweet with increased ornamental value and enhanced cold stress tolerance.
文摘Objective Stagnant water in flower vases in a cemetery can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes,especially in warm and humid climates.The purpose of this survey is to determine whether the physical characteristics of the flower vases affect mosquito breeding.Methods The physical characteristics of a total of 527 flower vases and their impact on mosquito breeding were investigated in an old cemetery in Gainesville,Florida,during summers from 2000 to 2003,intermittently.Results The vases were categorized into five types based on their shape and material.Approximately 94.1%(496)of vases were made of stone,3.2%(17)were made of glass,1.9%(10)were made of metal,and 0.8%(4)were made of plastic or other materials.Approximately 44.6%(235/527)of the vases or containers were located in shady areas,most of which were under trees.Approximately 17.3%(91/527)of vases and containers held water,ranging from 100 mL to 1000 mL.About 48.4%(44/91)of the water-holding containers presented mosquito larvae.They were Aedes aegypti(5%),Aedes albopictus(60%),Aedes triseriatus(30%),Culex quinquefasciatus(2%),and Toxorhynchites.rutilus(2%).In addition,the prevention and management of mosquito breeding in cemetery flower vases have been proposed and discussed.Conclusions The physical characteristics of the flower vases impacted the container-inhabiting mosquitoes in the old urban cemetery.
文摘The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） analysis for flower traits were performed based on three crossing of Coffea canephora in Indonesia. This study successfully identified 19 QTLs related to flowering. These QTLs consisted of 1） three QTLs associated with green candle flowering time located at linkage groups of A and D; 2） one QTL associated to white candle flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 3） two QTLs associated to blossom flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 4） two QTLs associated to number of flowers located at linkage groups of G and H; 5） five QTLs associated to score of flowers quality located at linkage groups of A, C and D; 6） five QTLs associated to number of star flowers located at linkage groups of D, E, F and G. Due to some QTLs are overlapping on the same linkage group, thus, these 19 QTLs for flower traits might be considered as 15 different ones which distributed on 14 regions of the eight linkage groups. Although pleiotropic genes might be the most likely explanation for the collocation of these QTLs, the present data are not sufficient to distinguish between a pleiotropic gene and a cluster of different loci controlling several traits. These results can be a first step for molecular breeding on Robusta coffee mainly in order to improve potential suitable characteristics such as number of flowers and number of normal flowers as well as to reduce adverse characteristics such as number of star flowers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32160142)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2023GXNSFDA026034)+3 种基金the Sugarcane Research Foundation of Guangxi University(Grant No.2022GZA002)the State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources(Grant No.SKLCUSAb202302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31960051)the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20192ACB21005).
文摘Moso bamboo holds significant economic importance in China,serving various purposes,such as food,material,ornamentation,and greenery.Despite its versatility,the occurrence of flowering in Moso bamboo poses a threat to bamboo forests,resulting in substantial losses.The underlying cause of bamboo flowering remains elusive.Dynamic fluctuations in DNA methylation govern the transcriptional levels of crucial genes pivotal for plant growth and development.In this study,we conducted comprehensive DNA methylation(by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing)and transcriptome(by RNA-seq)analyses on non-flowering leaves,flowering leaves,and spikelets of Moso bamboo.Our findings revealed a notable reduction in the overall DNA methylation level,particularly CHH methylation,from leaves to spikelets,influencing the expression of differentially regulated genes.Notably,we identified DNA methylation as a regulatory mechanism for numerous flowering-related genes,including SPLs,FT,and SOC1.Specifically,the SPL3f gene,a key regulator of the aging pathway,exhibited hypomethylation and a high expression level in spikelets.Conversely,SOC1c displayed transcriptional silencing attributed to hypermethylation in the CHH context in the leaves of non-flowering plants.DNA methylation may affect the flowering mechanism of Moso bamboo by regulating the expression of key genes.In summary,our results shed light on the dynamic changes in DNA methylation between leaves and spikelets,unraveling an important epigenetic modification mechanism for flowering in Moso bamboo.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD120300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201869)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-04)。
文摘In plants,numerous non-Mendelian inherited dominant effects,including over-,incomplete-,and codominance,are frequently observed,yet they remain insufficiently understood.A novel phenotype has been identified in specific soybean transformants overexpressing a single 35S::GmFT2a copy:superearly flowering dominance is exclusively observed in hemizygotes,not in homozygotes.Homozygous individual exhibits si RNA-mediated DNA methylation,causing epigenetic transcriptional silencing,whereas no such effect occurs in hemizygotes.Intriguingly,two distinct rounds of DNA methylation establishment occur,each mediated by a different mechanism.The homozygotes that derived from the hemizygous mother plants carrying 35S::GmFT2a locus was associated with the initiation of CHHcontext DNA methylation at 35S promoters mediated by 21 and 22 nucleotide(nt)si RNAs.Subsequently,24 nt si RNAs contribute to additional CHG-and CG-context DNA methylation at 35S promoters during the homozygosity of genes in plants already homozygous in maternal lineage.Reducing DNA methylation levels can be achieved by generating a hemizygous genotype through a crossing experiment with a recessive genotype.This research has unveiled a phenomenon:hemizygote-dependent dominance resulting from transcriptional silencing in homozygote offsprings.It provides new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying dominant effects.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200400)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2024RSCXTD-69)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2021LLRH-07)a grant from the Yang Ling Seed Industry Innovation Center(K3031122024).
文摘Appropriate flowering time in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is vital for preventing losses from weather,diseases,and pests.However,the molecular basis of its regulation remains largely unknown.Here,a genome-wide association study identifies BnaC09.FUL,a MADS-box transcription factor,as a promising candidate gene regulating flowering time in B.napus.BnaC09.FUL expression increases sharply in B.napus shoot apices near bolting.BnaC09.FUL overexpression results in early flowering,while BnaFUL mutation causes delayed flowering in B.napus.A zinc finger transcription factor,BnaC06.WIP2,is identified as an interaction partner of BnaC09.FUL,and BnaC06.WIP2 overexpression delays flowering in B.napus,with RNA sequencing revealing its influence on the expression of many flowering-associated genes.We further demonstrate that BnaC06.WIP2 directly represses the expression of BnaA05.SOC1,BnaC03.SOC1,BnaC04.SOC1,BnaC06.FT,BnaA06.LFY,BnaC07.FUL,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL and indirectly inhibits the expression of other flowering time-related genes.Genetic and molecular investigations highlight the antagonistic relationship between BnaC09.FUL and BnaC06.WIP2 in regulating the flowering time in B.napus through direct regulation of the expression of BnaC03.SOC1,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL.Overall,our findings provide a mechanism by which the BnaC09.FUL–BnaC06.WIP2 transcriptional regulatory module controls the flowering time in B.napus.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172547).
文摘Photoperiod and temperature are crucial factors that trigger flowering in Brassica juncea(B.juncea).However,the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood.The MADS-box transcription factor AGL18 acts as a pivotal repressor of floral transition and functions redundantly with AGL15.In this study,we isolated BjuAGL18-1 from B.juncea and identified two unique transcripts,resulting in two distinct proteins:a full-length protein,BjuAGL18-1L,and a truncated protein,BjuAGL18-1S.Further investigation showed that the two isoforms had similar subcellular localizations but different expression patterns in various plant tissues.Notably,BjuAGL18-1L and BjuAGL18-1S were abundantly induced under short-and long-day photoperiods,respectively.BjuAGL18-1L overexpression in B.juncea and Arabidopsis thaliana(A.thaliana)led to late flowering,whereas BjuAGL18-1S overexpression resulted in early flowering.Yeast two-hybrid,bimolecular fluorescent complementation,and luciferase complementation assays showed that BjuAGL18-1L,but not BjuAGL18-1S(which lacked the EAR motif),interacted with the co-repressor BjuAFR2 and the histone deacetylase BjuHDA9 to form a multiprotein complex.Further analysis indicated that BjuAGL18-1L could also form a complex with BjuAGL15 and bind to the BjuFUL promoter,thus inhibiting its expression.However,BjuAGL18-1S interacted with BjuAGL18-1L to form heterodimers,which attenuated their activities,likely by disrupting their binding to target genes,resulting in accelerated flowering progression.These results suggest that BjuAGL18-1 is involved in photoperiod-induced flowering via different regulatory mechanisms in B.juncea.
