This article focuses on the aggression of lightning overload on the equipment of the electrical network of sites where storm activity is very dense;and the electrocution of people located in the direct environment of ...This article focuses on the aggression of lightning overload on the equipment of the electrical network of sites where storm activity is very dense;and the electrocution of people located in the direct environment of the high-voltage substation during the flow of lightning current to the ground through the ground socket. The modeling of the flow circuit of the shock wave consisting of guard wire, lightning arrester and ground socket couple to the transformer of the high voltage substations, thanks to the approach of a servo block, led to the synthesis of a PID regulator (corrector) whose action is to reject the effects of the overvoltage on the network equipment and to significantly reduce or even cancel the effects of the step or touch voltage due to the distribution of the potential around the ground socket;and thus improve the quality of service of the high-voltage transmission and distribution electricity network, especially in stormy times.展开更多
An upwind finite element(FE)based algorithm to calculate the ion flow field in the vicinity of multi-circuit DC transmission lines is described.The initial value estimation and boundary condition are optimized,so deta...An upwind finite element(FE)based algorithm to calculate the ion flow field in the vicinity of multi-circuit DC transmission lines is described.The initial value estimation and boundary condition are optimized,so details of the transmission lines such as bundle conductors and ground wires can be taken into account in the simulation model.Comparison between measured and computed ground level total electrical field and ion current density shows satisfactory agreement.The ion flow field of a ±500 kV HVDC project with bipolar lines on the same tower is simulated.The total electrical field and ion current density on ground level are compared among different line arrangements.展开更多
The objectives of the work were to study the effect of drip irrigation circuits (DIC) and lateral lines lengths (LLL) on: Flow velocity (FV) and velocity head (VH). Laboratory tests were conducted at Irrigation Device...The objectives of the work were to study the effect of drip irrigation circuits (DIC) and lateral lines lengths (LLL) on: Flow velocity (FV) and velocity head (VH). Laboratory tests were conducted at Irrigation Devices and Equipments Tests Laboratory, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The experimental design of laboratory experiments was split in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Laboratory tests carried out on three irrigation lateral lines 40, 60, 80 m (LLL1, LLL2;LLL3) under the following three drip irrigation circuits (DIC): a) one manifold for lateral lines or closed circuits with one manifold of drip irrigation system (CM1DIS);b) closed circuits with two manifolds for lateral lines (CM2DIS), and c) traditional drip irrigation system (TDIS) as a control. Concerning FV values, DIC and LLL treatments could state in the following ascending orders: TDIS 1DIS 2DIS and LLL1 2 3, respectively. FV varied from 0.593 m·sec–1 to 1.376 m?sec–1. i.e FV –1 and this is necessary to avoid the effect of water hammer in the main and sub-main lines, but in lateral line, it can cause silt and clay precipitation problems. The differences in FV among DIC and LLL were significant at the 1% level. The effect of interaction: DIC X LLL on FV values, were significant at the 1% level. The maximum and minimum values of FV were noticed in these interactions: CM2DIS X LLL3 and TDIS X LLL1, respectively. The following ascending orders TDIS 1DIS 2DIS and LLL1 2 3 expressed their effects on VH respectively. Differences in VH among DIC and/or LLL were significant at the 1% with few exceptions. The effects of interactions: DIC X LLL on VH were significant at the 1% level in some cases. The maximum and minimum values of VH were found in the interactions: CM2DIS X LLL3 and TDIS X LLL1, respectively.展开更多
The preliminary design of an arc chamber in the 550 kV SF6 circuit breaker was proposed in accordance with the technicai requirements and design experience. The structural optimization was carried out according to the...The preliminary design of an arc chamber in the 550 kV SF6 circuit breaker was proposed in accordance with the technicai requirements and design experience. The structural optimization was carried out according to the no-load flow field simulation results and verified by no-load pressure measurement. Based on load simulation results such as temperature field variation at the arc area and the tendency of post arc current under different recovery voltage, the second optimal design was completed and its correctness was certificated by a breaking test. Results demonstrate that the interrupting capacity of an arc chamber can be evaluated by the comparison of the gas medium recovery speed and post arc current growth rate.展开更多
The aim of this research was determine the ma- ximum application uniformity of closed circuit trickle irrigation systems designs. Laboratory tests carried out for Two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for late...The aim of this research was determine the ma- ximum application uniformity of closed circuit trickle irrigation systems designs. Laboratory tests carried out for Two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for lateral lines or Closed circuits with One Manifold of Trikle Irrigation System (COMTIS);b) Closed circuits with Two Manifolds of Trikle Irrigation System (CTMTIS), and c) Traditional Trikle Irrigation System (TTIS) as a control. Three lengths of lateral lines were used, 40, 60, and 80 meters. PE tubes lateral lines: 16 mm diameter;30 cm emitters distance, and GR built-in emitters 4 lph when operating pressure 1 bar. Experiments were conducted at the Agric. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, MALR, Egypt. With COMTIS the emitter flow rate was 4.07, 3.51, and 3.59 lph compared to 4.18, 3.72, and 3.71 lph with CTMTIS and 3.21, 2.6, and 2.16 lph with TTIS (lateral lengths 40, 60, and 80 meters respectively). Uniformity varied widely within individual lateral lengths and between circuit types. Under CTMTIS uniformity values were 97.74, 95.14, and 92.03 %;with COMTIS they were 95.73, 89.45, and 83.25 %;and with TTIS they were 88.27, 84.73, and 80.53 % (for lateral lengths 40, 60, 80 meters respectively). The greatest uniformity was observed under CTMTIS and COMTIS when using the shortest lateral length 40 meters, then lateral length 60 meters, while the lowest value was observed when using lateral length 80 meters this result depends on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the emitter and lateral line. CTMTIS was more uniform than either COMTIS or TTIS. Friction losses were decreased with CTMTIS in the emitter laterals at lengths 40 meters compared to TTIS and COMTIS. Therefore, differences may be related to increased friction losses when using TDIS and COMDIS.展开更多
At the present time, numerical models （such as, numerical simulation based on FEM） adopted broadly in technological design and process control in forging field can not implement the realtime control of material form...At the present time, numerical models （such as, numerical simulation based on FEM） adopted broadly in technological design and process control in forging field can not implement the realtime control of material forming process. It is thus necessary to establish a dynamic model fitting for the real-time control of material deformation processing in order to increase production efficiency, improve forging qualities and increase yields. In this paper, hot deformation behaviors of FGH96 superalloy are characterized by using hot compressive simulation experiments. The artificial neural network （ANN） model of FGH96 superalloy during hot deformation is established by using back propagation （BP） network. Then according to electrical analogy theory, its analog-circuit （AC） model is obtained through mapping the ANN model into analog circuit. Testing results show that the ANN model and the AC model of FGH96 superalloy hot deformation behaviors possess high predictive precisions and can well describe the superalloy＇s dynamic flow behaviors. The ideas proposed in this paper can be applied in the real-time control of material deformation processing.展开更多
In this paper, a 3D model of a flat circuit board with a heat generating electronic chip mounted on it has been studied numerically. The conjugate heat transfer including the conduction in the chip and convection with...In this paper, a 3D model of a flat circuit board with a heat generating electronic chip mounted on it has been studied numerically. The conjugate heat transfer including the conduction in the chip and convection with the surrounding fluid has been investigated numerically. Computational fluid dynamics using the finite volume method has been used for modeling the conjugate heat transfer through the chip and the circuit board. Conjugate heat transfer has broad applications in engineering and industrial applications in design of cooling off electronic components. Effects of various inlet velocities have been studied on the heat transfer variation and temperature of the circuit board. Numerical results show that the temperature of the chip reduces as the velocity of the inlet fluid flow increases.展开更多
直流潮流控制器是解决环网式直流配电网的线路潮流不完全可控的有效技术手段。然而,现有方法未能充分发掘其在故障限流中的潜力。该文建立了三有源桥串并联潮流控制器(triple active bridge power flow controller,TAB-PFC)的故障模量...直流潮流控制器是解决环网式直流配电网的线路潮流不完全可控的有效技术手段。然而,现有方法未能充分发掘其在故障限流中的潜力。该文建立了三有源桥串并联潮流控制器(triple active bridge power flow controller,TAB-PFC)的故障模量分析模型,提出一种基于TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网主动限流策略。首先阐述了TAB-PFC的限流原理,提出基于TAB-PFC的主动限流控制策略。然后对TAB-PFC不同故障阶段进行建模,并计及极间互感构建含TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网故障模量等效模型。在此基础上,分析不同参数对TAB-PFC的限流能力的影响,为其参数选取提供依据。在MATLAB/Simulink搭建了含TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网模型,验证了所提主动限流策略的有效性及故障等效电路模型和参数分析的正确性。展开更多
为了减小旋流器的短路流流量,提高旋流分离性能,研究提出了一种“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器,并通过数值模拟的方法,对不同尺寸“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器的压力场、速度场、湍流强度和分离效率进行了探讨。结果表明:随着“喇叭”长度的增加,静...为了减小旋流器的短路流流量,提高旋流分离性能,研究提出了一种“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器,并通过数值模拟的方法,对不同尺寸“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器的压力场、速度场、湍流强度和分离效率进行了探讨。结果表明:随着“喇叭”长度的增加,静压最大值从150.5 k Pa降低到139.7 k Pa,较低的静压可以减少能量消耗;“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器的轴向速度低于常规旋流器,颗粒在“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器内停留时间更长,分离更彻底;随着“喇叭”长度的增加,分流比和短路流流量都减小,降低了颗粒“错配”的数量;湍流强度随“喇叭”长度的增加而趋于平稳,使流场更加稳定;随着“喇叭”长度的增加,陡度指数先增大后减小,“喇叭”长度为20 mm时陡度指数最大,分离精度最高。展开更多
文摘This article focuses on the aggression of lightning overload on the equipment of the electrical network of sites where storm activity is very dense;and the electrocution of people located in the direct environment of the high-voltage substation during the flow of lightning current to the ground through the ground socket. The modeling of the flow circuit of the shock wave consisting of guard wire, lightning arrester and ground socket couple to the transformer of the high voltage substations, thanks to the approach of a servo block, led to the synthesis of a PID regulator (corrector) whose action is to reject the effects of the overvoltage on the network equipment and to significantly reduce or even cancel the effects of the step or touch voltage due to the distribution of the potential around the ground socket;and thus improve the quality of service of the high-voltage transmission and distribution electricity network, especially in stormy times.
基金Project Supported by China11th Five-year National Key Technologies R&D Program(2006BAA02A20)
文摘An upwind finite element(FE)based algorithm to calculate the ion flow field in the vicinity of multi-circuit DC transmission lines is described.The initial value estimation and boundary condition are optimized,so details of the transmission lines such as bundle conductors and ground wires can be taken into account in the simulation model.Comparison between measured and computed ground level total electrical field and ion current density shows satisfactory agreement.The ion flow field of a ±500 kV HVDC project with bipolar lines on the same tower is simulated.The total electrical field and ion current density on ground level are compared among different line arrangements.
文摘The objectives of the work were to study the effect of drip irrigation circuits (DIC) and lateral lines lengths (LLL) on: Flow velocity (FV) and velocity head (VH). Laboratory tests were conducted at Irrigation Devices and Equipments Tests Laboratory, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The experimental design of laboratory experiments was split in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Laboratory tests carried out on three irrigation lateral lines 40, 60, 80 m (LLL1, LLL2;LLL3) under the following three drip irrigation circuits (DIC): a) one manifold for lateral lines or closed circuits with one manifold of drip irrigation system (CM1DIS);b) closed circuits with two manifolds for lateral lines (CM2DIS), and c) traditional drip irrigation system (TDIS) as a control. Concerning FV values, DIC and LLL treatments could state in the following ascending orders: TDIS 1DIS 2DIS and LLL1 2 3, respectively. FV varied from 0.593 m·sec–1 to 1.376 m?sec–1. i.e FV –1 and this is necessary to avoid the effect of water hammer in the main and sub-main lines, but in lateral line, it can cause silt and clay precipitation problems. The differences in FV among DIC and LLL were significant at the 1% level. The effect of interaction: DIC X LLL on FV values, were significant at the 1% level. The maximum and minimum values of FV were noticed in these interactions: CM2DIS X LLL3 and TDIS X LLL1, respectively. The following ascending orders TDIS 1DIS 2DIS and LLL1 2 3 expressed their effects on VH respectively. Differences in VH among DIC and/or LLL were significant at the 1% with few exceptions. The effects of interactions: DIC X LLL on VH were significant at the 1% level in some cases. The maximum and minimum values of VH were found in the interactions: CM2DIS X LLL3 and TDIS X LLL1, respectively.
文摘The preliminary design of an arc chamber in the 550 kV SF6 circuit breaker was proposed in accordance with the technicai requirements and design experience. The structural optimization was carried out according to the no-load flow field simulation results and verified by no-load pressure measurement. Based on load simulation results such as temperature field variation at the arc area and the tendency of post arc current under different recovery voltage, the second optimal design was completed and its correctness was certificated by a breaking test. Results demonstrate that the interrupting capacity of an arc chamber can be evaluated by the comparison of the gas medium recovery speed and post arc current growth rate.
文摘The aim of this research was determine the ma- ximum application uniformity of closed circuit trickle irrigation systems designs. Laboratory tests carried out for Two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for lateral lines or Closed circuits with One Manifold of Trikle Irrigation System (COMTIS);b) Closed circuits with Two Manifolds of Trikle Irrigation System (CTMTIS), and c) Traditional Trikle Irrigation System (TTIS) as a control. Three lengths of lateral lines were used, 40, 60, and 80 meters. PE tubes lateral lines: 16 mm diameter;30 cm emitters distance, and GR built-in emitters 4 lph when operating pressure 1 bar. Experiments were conducted at the Agric. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, MALR, Egypt. With COMTIS the emitter flow rate was 4.07, 3.51, and 3.59 lph compared to 4.18, 3.72, and 3.71 lph with CTMTIS and 3.21, 2.6, and 2.16 lph with TTIS (lateral lengths 40, 60, and 80 meters respectively). Uniformity varied widely within individual lateral lengths and between circuit types. Under CTMTIS uniformity values were 97.74, 95.14, and 92.03 %;with COMTIS they were 95.73, 89.45, and 83.25 %;and with TTIS they were 88.27, 84.73, and 80.53 % (for lateral lengths 40, 60, 80 meters respectively). The greatest uniformity was observed under CTMTIS and COMTIS when using the shortest lateral length 40 meters, then lateral length 60 meters, while the lowest value was observed when using lateral length 80 meters this result depends on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the emitter and lateral line. CTMTIS was more uniform than either COMTIS or TTIS. Friction losses were decreased with CTMTIS in the emitter laterals at lengths 40 meters compared to TTIS and COMTIS. Therefore, differences may be related to increased friction losses when using TDIS and COMDIS.
文摘At the present time, numerical models （such as, numerical simulation based on FEM） adopted broadly in technological design and process control in forging field can not implement the realtime control of material forming process. It is thus necessary to establish a dynamic model fitting for the real-time control of material deformation processing in order to increase production efficiency, improve forging qualities and increase yields. In this paper, hot deformation behaviors of FGH96 superalloy are characterized by using hot compressive simulation experiments. The artificial neural network （ANN） model of FGH96 superalloy during hot deformation is established by using back propagation （BP） network. Then according to electrical analogy theory, its analog-circuit （AC） model is obtained through mapping the ANN model into analog circuit. Testing results show that the ANN model and the AC model of FGH96 superalloy hot deformation behaviors possess high predictive precisions and can well describe the superalloy＇s dynamic flow behaviors. The ideas proposed in this paper can be applied in the real-time control of material deformation processing.
文摘In this paper, a 3D model of a flat circuit board with a heat generating electronic chip mounted on it has been studied numerically. The conjugate heat transfer including the conduction in the chip and convection with the surrounding fluid has been investigated numerically. Computational fluid dynamics using the finite volume method has been used for modeling the conjugate heat transfer through the chip and the circuit board. Conjugate heat transfer has broad applications in engineering and industrial applications in design of cooling off electronic components. Effects of various inlet velocities have been studied on the heat transfer variation and temperature of the circuit board. Numerical results show that the temperature of the chip reduces as the velocity of the inlet fluid flow increases.
文摘直流潮流控制器是解决环网式直流配电网的线路潮流不完全可控的有效技术手段。然而,现有方法未能充分发掘其在故障限流中的潜力。该文建立了三有源桥串并联潮流控制器(triple active bridge power flow controller,TAB-PFC)的故障模量分析模型,提出一种基于TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网主动限流策略。首先阐述了TAB-PFC的限流原理,提出基于TAB-PFC的主动限流控制策略。然后对TAB-PFC不同故障阶段进行建模,并计及极间互感构建含TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网故障模量等效模型。在此基础上,分析不同参数对TAB-PFC的限流能力的影响,为其参数选取提供依据。在MATLAB/Simulink搭建了含TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网模型,验证了所提主动限流策略的有效性及故障等效电路模型和参数分析的正确性。
文摘为了减小旋流器的短路流流量,提高旋流分离性能,研究提出了一种“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器,并通过数值模拟的方法,对不同尺寸“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器的压力场、速度场、湍流强度和分离效率进行了探讨。结果表明:随着“喇叭”长度的增加,静压最大值从150.5 k Pa降低到139.7 k Pa,较低的静压可以减少能量消耗;“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器的轴向速度低于常规旋流器,颗粒在“喇叭型”溢流管旋流器内停留时间更长,分离更彻底;随着“喇叭”长度的增加,分流比和短路流流量都减小,降低了颗粒“错配”的数量;湍流强度随“喇叭”长度的增加而趋于平稳,使流场更加稳定;随着“喇叭”长度的增加,陡度指数先增大后减小,“喇叭”长度为20 mm时陡度指数最大,分离精度最高。
