Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsF...Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsFTL3),play central roles in transmitting flowering signals through rice's photoperiod regulatory network.While Hd3a and RFT1have been extensively studied,the functions and interactions of other FT-like proteins remain unclear,limiting advancements in breeding strategies for early-maturing rice varieties.Here,we demonstrate that the florigen-like protein OsFTL1 forms a florigen activation complex(FAC)and promotes flowering under both short-day and long-day conditions.OsFTL1 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm,with predominant expression in the shoot base,facilitating its mobilization to the shoot apical meristem(SAM)to initiate flowering.Overexpression of OsFTL1(OsFTL1-OE)in leaves or shoot bases significantly accelerates flowering and alters plant architecture.In the nucleus,OsFTL1interacts with GF14c and OsFD1 to form an FAC,activating OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 expression to drive flowering.Markedly,OsFTL1-OE plants deficient in Hd3a and RFT1 exhibited earlier flowering compared with wild-type plants,indicating that OsFTL1 can independently promote flowering.Furthermore,haplotype analysis identified OsFTL1-Hap3,a beneficial variant associated with early flowering and comparable grain yields.These findings revealed that OsFTL1 can substitute for Hd3a and RFT1 in FAC formation,promoting flowering across photoperiods,and highlighting its potential application in breeding early-maturing,high-yield rice varieties suitable for diverse environments.展开更多
Although the molecular basis of flowering time control is well dissected in the long day （LD） plant Arabidopsis, it is still largely unknown in the short day （SD） plant rice. Rice flowering time （heading date） i...Although the molecular basis of flowering time control is well dissected in the long day （LD） plant Arabidopsis, it is still largely unknown in the short day （SD） plant rice. Rice flowering time （heading date） is an important agronomic trait for season adaption and grain yield, which is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. During the last decade, as the nature of florigen was identified, notable progress has been made on exploration how florigen gene ,expression is genetically controlled. In Arabidopsis expression of certain key flowering integrators such as FLOWERING LOCUS C （FLC） and FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） are also epige- netically regulated by various chromatin modifications, however, very little is known in rice on this aspect until very recently. This review summarized the advances of both genetic networks and chromatin modifications in rice flowering time control, attempting to give a complete view of the genetic and epigenetic architecture in complex network of rice flowering pathways.展开更多
FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） encodes a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein （PEBP） family that functions as the mobile floral signal, playing an important role in regulating the floral transition in an...FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） encodes a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein （PEBP） family that functions as the mobile floral signal, playing an important role in regulating the floral transition in angiosperms. We isolated an FT-homolog （GhFT1） from Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivar, Xinluzao 33 GhFT1 was predominantly expressed in stamens and sepals, and had a relatively higher expression level during the initiation stage of fiber development. GhFT1 mRNA displayed diurnal oscillations in both long-day and short-day condition, suggesting that the expression of this gene may be under the control of the circadian clock. Subcel ular analysis revealed that GhFT1 protein located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Ectopic expression of GhFT1 in transgenic arabidopsis plants resulted in early flowering compared with wild-type plants. In addition, ectopic expression of GhFT1 in arabidopsis ft-10 mutants partial y rescued the extremely late flowering phenotype. Finally, several＆amp;nbsp;flowering related genes functioning downstream of AtFT were highly upregulated in the 35S：：GhFT1 transgenic arabidopsis plants. In summary, GhFT1 is an FT-homologous gene in cotton that regulates flower transition similar to its orthologs in other plant species and thus it may be a candidate target for promoting early maturation in cotton breeding.展开更多
Flowering at the most appropriate times of the year requires careful monitoring of environmental conditions and correct integration of such information with an endogenous molecular network. Rice （Oryza sativa） is a ...Flowering at the most appropriate times of the year requires careful monitoring of environmental conditions and correct integration of such information with an endogenous molecular network. Rice （Oryza sativa） is a facultative short day plant, and flowers quickly under short day lengths, as opposed to Arabidopsis thaliana whose flowering is accelerated by longer days. Despite these physiological differences, several genes controlling flowering in response to day length （or photoperiod） are conserved between rice and Arabidopsis, and the molecular mechanisms involved are similar. Inductive day lengths trigger expression of florigenic proteins in leaves that can move to the shoot apical meristem to induce reproductivedevelopment. As compared to Arabidopsis, rice also possesses unique factors that regulate expression of florigenic genes. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in day length perception, production of florigenic signals, and molecular responses of the shoot apical meristem to florigenic proteins.展开更多
Heading date is a critical trait that determines the regional adaptability and grain productivity of many crops.Although rice is a facultative short-day plant,its domestication led to the Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 pathway f...Heading date is a critical trait that determines the regional adaptability and grain productivity of many crops.Although rice is a facultative short-day plant,its domestication led to the Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 pathway for adaptation to long-day conditions(LDs).The formation of the"florigen activation complex"(FAC)containing florigen Hd3a has been characterized.However,the molecular composition of the FAC that contains RFT1 for long-day flowering is unclear.We show here that RFT1 forms a ternary FAC with 14-3-3 proteins and OsFD1 to promote flowering under LDs.We identified a calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase,OsCIPK3,which directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsFD1,thereby facilitating the localization of the FAC to the nucleus.Mutation in OsCIPK3 results in a late heading date under LDs but a normal heading date under short-day conditions.Collectively,our results suggest that OsCIPK3 phosphorylates OsFD1 to promote RFT1-containing FAC formation and consequently induce flowering in rice under LDs.展开更多
Correct measurement of environmental parameters is fundamental for plant fitness and survival,as well as for timing developmental transitions,including the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth.Important param...Correct measurement of environmental parameters is fundamental for plant fitness and survival,as well as for timing developmental transitions,including the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth.Important parameters that affect flowering time include day length(photoperiod)and temperature.Their response pathways have been best described in Arabidopsis,which currently offers a detailed conceptual framework and serves as a comparison for other species.Rice,the focus of this review,also possesses a photoperiodic flowering pathway,but 150 million years of divergent evolution in very different environments have diversified its molecular architecture.The ambient temperature perception pathway is strongly intertwined with the photoperiod pathway and essentially converges on the same genes to modify flowering time.When observing network topologies,it is evident that the rice flowering network is centered on EARLY HEADING DATE 1,a rice-specific transcriptional regulator.Here,we summarize the most important features of the rice photoperiodic flowering network,with an emphasis on its uniqueness,and discuss its connections with hormonal,temperature perception,and stress pathways.展开更多
The photoperiodic control of flowering time is essential for the adaptation of plants to variable environments and for successful reproduction. The identification of genes encoding florigens, which had been elusive bu...The photoperiodic control of flowering time is essential for the adaptation of plants to variable environments and for successful reproduction. The identification of genes encoding florigens, which had been elusive but were supposedly synthesized in leaves and then transmitted to shoot apices to induce floral transitions, has greatly advanced our understanding of the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. Studies on the photoperiodism of Arabidopsis, a model long-day plant, revealed the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene FT, which is gradually induced in response to increase in day length. By contrast, in rice, a model short-day plant, the expression of the florigen gene Hd3a （an FTortholog in rice） is regulated in an on/off fashion, with strong induction under short-day conditions and repression under long-day conditions. This critical day length dependence of Hd3a expression enables rice to recognize a slight change in the photoperiod as a trigger to initiate floral induction. Rice possesses a second florigen gene, RFT1, which can be expressed to induce floral transition under non-inductive long-day conditions. The complex transcriptional regulation of florigen genes and the resulting precise control over flowering time provides rice with the adaptability required for a crop species of increasing global importance.展开更多
Florlgen（s） are molecules that are synthesized In response to appropriate photoperlods and transmitted from leaves to shoot apices to promote floral Initiation. It has been recently discovered In Arabldopsls that mR...Florlgen（s） are molecules that are synthesized In response to appropriate photoperlods and transmitted from leaves to shoot apices to promote floral Initiation. It has been recently discovered In Arabldopsls that mRNA of the FT gene acts as a florlgen. In Arabldopsls, cryptochromes and phytochromes mediate long- day promotion of CO protein expression, which activates FT mRNA expression In leaves. FT mRNA Is transmitted to the shoot apex, where it acts together with FD to activate transcription of floral meristem Identlty genes, resulting In floral initiation. The discovery of the molecular nature of a florlgen was a major scientific breakthrough In 2005.展开更多
The true identity of florigen - the molecule（s） that migrates from leaves to apical meristem to initiate flowering - was notoriously elusive, having made it almost the ＂Bigfoot＂ of plant biology. There was never a...The true identity of florigen - the molecule（s） that migrates from leaves to apical meristem to initiate flowering - was notoriously elusive, having made it almost the ＂Bigfoot＂ of plant biology. There was never a lack of drama in the field of florigen study, and florigen researchers have once again experienced such a swing in the last two years. We wrote a minireview last year in this journal （Yu et al. 2006） to excitedly salute, among other discoveries, the notion that the flowering locus T （FT） mRNA might be the molecular form of a florigen. However, this hypothesis was challenged in a little less than two years after its initial proposition, and the original paper proposed that the FT mRNA hypothesis was retracted （Huang et al. 2005; Bohlenius et al. 2007）. Interestingly enough, the FT gene previously proposed to encode a florigen was never challenged. Rather, the FT protein, instead of the FT mRNA, is now believed to migrate from leaves to the apical meristem to promote floral initiation. In this update, we will share with our readers some entertaining stories concerning the recent studies of florigen in five different plant species. In addition to the published reports referenced inthis update, readers may also refer to our previous minireview and references therein for additional background information （Yu et al. 2006）.展开更多
The reproductive success offlowering plants relies greatly on precise timing of thefloral transition,which isnely modulated by a complex network offloral regulators.As a mainfloral integrator,FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)is a...The reproductive success offlowering plants relies greatly on precise timing of thefloral transition,which isnely modulated by a complex network offloral regulators.As a mainfloral integrator,FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)is also an essential constituent of theflorigen that is transported from leaves to shoot apices to induceflowering.FT is specically transcribed in leaf vascular tissues,where its production is suppressed by manyflowering repressors,including the MYB transcription factor EARLY FLOWERING MYB PROTEIN(EFM).Here,we show that a plant CTD phosphatase,C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 2(CPL2),suppresses FT expression in leaf vascular tissues by modulating the binding activity of EFM.CPL2 interacts with and dephosphorylates EFM to facilitate the binding of dephosphorylated EFM to FT chromatin,thereby inhibitingflowering.Our results suggest that CPL2-mediated dephosphorylation of thefloral repressor EFM serves as a molecular switch,adding another layer of regulation tone-tune FT transcription and ensure thatflowering occurs at an appropriate time.展开更多
Gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have been used to improve many agricultural traits,from disease resistance to grain quality.Now,emerging research has used CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing technologies ...Gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have been used to improve many agricultural traits,from disease resistance to grain quality.Now,emerging research has used CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing technologies to target plant reproduction,including major areas such as flowering time and seed dormancy.Traits related to these areas have important implications for agriculture,as manipulation of flowering time has multiple applications,including tailoring crops for regional adaptation and improving yield.Moreover,understanding seed dormancy will enable approaches to improve germination upon planting and prevent pre-harvest sprouting.Here,we summarize trends and recent advances in using gene editing to gain a better understanding of plant reproduction and apply the resulting information for crop improvement.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330079)the STI 2030-Major Projects(2023ZD0407203)+2 种基金the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the Nanfan Special Project of CAAS(YBXM02)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M743846)the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401746)。
文摘Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsFTL3),play central roles in transmitting flowering signals through rice's photoperiod regulatory network.While Hd3a and RFT1have been extensively studied,the functions and interactions of other FT-like proteins remain unclear,limiting advancements in breeding strategies for early-maturing rice varieties.Here,we demonstrate that the florigen-like protein OsFTL1 forms a florigen activation complex(FAC)and promotes flowering under both short-day and long-day conditions.OsFTL1 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm,with predominant expression in the shoot base,facilitating its mobilization to the shoot apical meristem(SAM)to initiate flowering.Overexpression of OsFTL1(OsFTL1-OE)in leaves or shoot bases significantly accelerates flowering and alters plant architecture.In the nucleus,OsFTL1interacts with GF14c and OsFD1 to form an FAC,activating OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 expression to drive flowering.Markedly,OsFTL1-OE plants deficient in Hd3a and RFT1 exhibited earlier flowering compared with wild-type plants,indicating that OsFTL1 can independently promote flowering.Furthermore,haplotype analysis identified OsFTL1-Hap3,a beneficial variant associated with early flowering and comparable grain yields.These findings revealed that OsFTL1 can substitute for Hd3a and RFT1 in FAC formation,promoting flowering across photoperiods,and highlighting its potential application in breeding early-maturing,high-yield rice varieties suitable for diverse environments.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 31371602 and 91335107） and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education （20125103120008）.
文摘Although the molecular basis of flowering time control is well dissected in the long day （LD） plant Arabidopsis, it is still largely unknown in the short day （SD） plant rice. Rice flowering time （heading date） is an important agronomic trait for season adaption and grain yield, which is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. During the last decade, as the nature of florigen was identified, notable progress has been made on exploration how florigen gene ,expression is genetically controlled. In Arabidopsis expression of certain key flowering integrators such as FLOWERING LOCUS C （FLC） and FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） are also epige- netically regulated by various chromatin modifications, however, very little is known in rice on this aspect until very recently. This review summarized the advances of both genetic networks and chromatin modifications in rice flowering time control, attempting to give a complete view of the genetic and epigenetic architecture in complex network of rice flowering pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360366)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-1072)the Doctor Science Foundation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2012BB007)
文摘FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） encodes a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein （PEBP） family that functions as the mobile floral signal, playing an important role in regulating the floral transition in angiosperms. We isolated an FT-homolog （GhFT1） from Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivar, Xinluzao 33 GhFT1 was predominantly expressed in stamens and sepals, and had a relatively higher expression level during the initiation stage of fiber development. GhFT1 mRNA displayed diurnal oscillations in both long-day and short-day condition, suggesting that the expression of this gene may be under the control of the circadian clock. Subcel ular analysis revealed that GhFT1 protein located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Ectopic expression of GhFT1 in transgenic arabidopsis plants resulted in early flowering compared with wild-type plants. In addition, ectopic expression of GhFT1 in arabidopsis ft-10 mutants partial y rescued the extremely late flowering phenotype. Finally, several＆amp;nbsp;flowering related genes functioning downstream of AtFT were highly upregulated in the 35S：：GhFT1 transgenic arabidopsis plants. In summary, GhFT1 is an FT-homologous gene in cotton that regulates flower transition similar to its orthologs in other plant species and thus it may be a candidate target for promoting early maturation in cotton breeding.
基金supported by an ERC Starting Grant(No.260963) to F.F
文摘Flowering at the most appropriate times of the year requires careful monitoring of environmental conditions and correct integration of such information with an endogenous molecular network. Rice （Oryza sativa） is a facultative short day plant, and flowers quickly under short day lengths, as opposed to Arabidopsis thaliana whose flowering is accelerated by longer days. Despite these physiological differences, several genes controlling flowering in response to day length （or photoperiod） are conserved between rice and Arabidopsis, and the molecular mechanisms involved are similar. Inductive day lengths trigger expression of florigenic proteins in leaves that can move to the shoot apical meristem to induce reproductivedevelopment. As compared to Arabidopsis, rice also possesses unique factors that regulate expression of florigenic genes. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in day length perception, production of florigenic signals, and molecular responses of the shoot apical meristem to florigenic proteins.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31630054,32070855,31821005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100903)the Ministry of Agriculture Innovation Team Plan.
文摘Heading date is a critical trait that determines the regional adaptability and grain productivity of many crops.Although rice is a facultative short-day plant,its domestication led to the Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 pathway for adaptation to long-day conditions(LDs).The formation of the"florigen activation complex"(FAC)containing florigen Hd3a has been characterized.However,the molecular composition of the FAC that contains RFT1 for long-day flowering is unclear.We show here that RFT1 forms a ternary FAC with 14-3-3 proteins and OsFD1 to promote flowering under LDs.We identified a calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase,OsCIPK3,which directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsFD1,thereby facilitating the localization of the FAC to the nucleus.Mutation in OsCIPK3 results in a late heading date under LDs but a normal heading date under short-day conditions.Collectively,our results suggest that OsCIPK3 phosphorylates OsFD1 to promote RFT1-containing FAC formation and consequently induce flowering in rice under LDs.
基金supported by funding from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation,Italy-Japan bilateral collaboration on Agrifood#PGR10097.
文摘Correct measurement of environmental parameters is fundamental for plant fitness and survival,as well as for timing developmental transitions,including the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth.Important parameters that affect flowering time include day length(photoperiod)and temperature.Their response pathways have been best described in Arabidopsis,which currently offers a detailed conceptual framework and serves as a comparison for other species.Rice,the focus of this review,also possesses a photoperiodic flowering pathway,but 150 million years of divergent evolution in very different environments have diversified its molecular architecture.The ambient temperature perception pathway is strongly intertwined with the photoperiod pathway and essentially converges on the same genes to modify flowering time.When observing network topologies,it is evident that the rice flowering network is centered on EARLY HEADING DATE 1,a rice-specific transcriptional regulator.Here,we summarize the most important features of the rice photoperiodic flowering network,with an emphasis on its uniqueness,and discuss its connections with hormonal,temperature perception,and stress pathways.
文摘The photoperiodic control of flowering time is essential for the adaptation of plants to variable environments and for successful reproduction. The identification of genes encoding florigens, which had been elusive but were supposedly synthesized in leaves and then transmitted to shoot apices to induce floral transitions, has greatly advanced our understanding of the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. Studies on the photoperiodism of Arabidopsis, a model long-day plant, revealed the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene FT, which is gradually induced in response to increase in day length. By contrast, in rice, a model short-day plant, the expression of the florigen gene Hd3a （an FTortholog in rice） is regulated in an on/off fashion, with strong induction under short-day conditions and repression under long-day conditions. This critical day length dependence of Hd3a expression enables rice to recognize a slight change in the photoperiod as a trigger to initiate floral induction. Rice possesses a second florigen gene, RFT1, which can be expressed to induce floral transition under non-inductive long-day conditions. The complex transcriptional regulation of florigen genes and the resulting precise control over flowering time provides rice with the adaptability required for a crop species of increasing global importance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30424813)Science Publication Foundation ot the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Florlgen（s） are molecules that are synthesized In response to appropriate photoperlods and transmitted from leaves to shoot apices to promote floral Initiation. It has been recently discovered In Arabldopsls that mRNA of the FT gene acts as a florlgen. In Arabldopsls, cryptochromes and phytochromes mediate long- day promotion of CO protein expression, which activates FT mRNA expression In leaves. FT mRNA Is transmitted to the shoot apex, where it acts together with FD to activate transcription of floral meristem Identlty genes, resulting In floral initiation. The discovery of the molecular nature of a florlgen was a major scientific breakthrough In 2005.
文摘The true identity of florigen - the molecule（s） that migrates from leaves to apical meristem to initiate flowering - was notoriously elusive, having made it almost the ＂Bigfoot＂ of plant biology. There was never a lack of drama in the field of florigen study, and florigen researchers have once again experienced such a swing in the last two years. We wrote a minireview last year in this journal （Yu et al. 2006） to excitedly salute, among other discoveries, the notion that the flowering locus T （FT） mRNA might be the molecular form of a florigen. However, this hypothesis was challenged in a little less than two years after its initial proposition, and the original paper proposed that the FT mRNA hypothesis was retracted （Huang et al. 2005; Bohlenius et al. 2007）. Interestingly enough, the FT gene previously proposed to encode a florigen was never challenged. Rather, the FT protein, instead of the FT mRNA, is now believed to migrate from leaves to the apical meristem to promote floral initiation. In this update, we will share with our readers some entertaining stories concerning the recent studies of florigen in five different plant species. In addition to the published reports referenced inthis update, readers may also refer to our previous minireview and references therein for additional background information （Yu et al. 2006）.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation Competitive Research Programme (NRF-CRP22-2019-0001)the Singapore Food Story R&D Programme (SFS_RND_SUFP_001_04)intramural research support from Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory.
文摘The reproductive success offlowering plants relies greatly on precise timing of thefloral transition,which isnely modulated by a complex network offloral regulators.As a mainfloral integrator,FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)is also an essential constituent of theflorigen that is transported from leaves to shoot apices to induceflowering.FT is specically transcribed in leaf vascular tissues,where its production is suppressed by manyflowering repressors,including the MYB transcription factor EARLY FLOWERING MYB PROTEIN(EFM).Here,we show that a plant CTD phosphatase,C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 2(CPL2),suppresses FT expression in leaf vascular tissues by modulating the binding activity of EFM.CPL2 interacts with and dephosphorylates EFM to facilitate the binding of dephosphorylated EFM to FT chromatin,thereby inhibitingflowering.Our results suggest that CPL2-mediated dephosphorylation of thefloral repressor EFM serves as a molecular switch,adding another layer of regulation tone-tune FT transcription and ensure thatflowering occurs at an appropriate time.
基金supported by a personal grant to NB from Huaiyin Normal University,Huai’an(China)The Ministry of Education and Science(Kazakhstan)also provided financial support for this research through Research Program BR05236500(SJ).
文摘Gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have been used to improve many agricultural traits,from disease resistance to grain quality.Now,emerging research has used CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing technologies to target plant reproduction,including major areas such as flowering time and seed dormancy.Traits related to these areas have important implications for agriculture,as manipulation of flowering time has multiple applications,including tailoring crops for regional adaptation and improving yield.Moreover,understanding seed dormancy will enable approaches to improve germination upon planting and prevent pre-harvest sprouting.Here,we summarize trends and recent advances in using gene editing to gain a better understanding of plant reproduction and apply the resulting information for crop improvement.
