The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry（Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng） from a warm winter climate（Shanghai） and cold winter climate（Tai＇an, Shandong Province, China） was conducted...The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry（Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng） from a warm winter climate（Shanghai） and cold winter climate（Tai＇an, Shandong Province, China） was conducted to explore the reason of low fruit set. The effect of hydrogen cyanamide（HCN） on floral development under warm winter conditions was also investigated. Trees grown in Shanghai with insufficient chilling accumulation exhibited little difference in the progression of microspore development compared to trees in Tai＇an that accumulated adequate chilling, but showed substantial delays in ovule and embryo sac development. The growth of nucelli did not proceed beyond the macrospore mother cell and macrospore stages with abortion rates of 13, 15 and 45% by 6, 3 and 0 d before full bloom, respectively. These abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac in the Shanghai-grown trees were eliminated by HCN application. These results suggest that chilling regulates the development of female floral organs in winter dormancy; therefore, insufficient chilling accumulation, causing abnormality of the female floral organs, restricts the cultivation of sweet cherry in warm winter regions. Interestingly, HCN application, which decreased the chilling requirements for Hongdeng, may be a potential strategy for sweet cherry cultivation in warm winter regions.展开更多
N^(6)-Methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most common modification in the transcriptome of biological RNA and plays roles that include maintaining the stability and transportation of mRNA,mRNA precursor shearing,polyadenyla...N^(6)-Methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most common modification in the transcriptome of biological RNA and plays roles that include maintaining the stability and transportation of mRNA,mRNA precursor shearing,polyadenylation,and the initiation of translation.With the improving understanding of RNA methylation,m^(6)A modification is known to play vital roles in plant development and growth.The multi-petalization of flowering plants has high ornamental and research value in horticultural landscapes.However,the mechanism of RNA methylation in flower formation in Magnolia wufengensis,a classical multi-petalizational plant,remains unclear.This study compared and analyzed RNA m^(6)A methylation and the transcriptome in floral buds of two varieties with large differences in tepal number at the early stage of development.It was found that the degree of RNA m^(6)A methylation and relative expression levels of MawuAGL6-2,MawuPI-4,and MawuAGL9 in‘Jiaodan’with 36 tepals were significantly higher than those in‘Jiaohong’with 9 tepals during the development of floral organ primordia.Combined with quantitative real-time PCR,the expression levels of MawuAGL6-2,MawuPI-4,and MawuAGL9were positively correlated with the number of tepals.Transgenic experiments showed that MawuAGL6-1/2,and MawuPI-4 can increase the number of petals in Arabidopsis.Moreover,MawuAGL6-2 and MawuPI-4 can restore the missing petal phenotype of mutant Arabidopsis.Yeast two hybrid and yeast three hybrid indicated that MawuAGL6-2,MawuAP3-1/2,and MawuPI-4 could interact with each other under the mediation of the class E protein MawuAGL9.Based on these results,it is hypothesized that m^(6)A methylation influences the multi-petalization of Magnolia wufengensis by affecting the expression levels of MawuAGL6-2,MawuAP3-1/2,MawuPI-4,and MawuAGL9.These findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in flower developmental diversity.展开更多
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is a vital step for the reproductive success of plants.In Arabidopsis thaliana,LEAFY(LFY)plays crucial roles in inflorescence primordium and floral organ developme...The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is a vital step for the reproductive success of plants.In Arabidopsis thaliana,LEAFY(LFY)plays crucial roles in inflorescence primordium and floral organ development,but little is known about the roles of its homologs in crop plants such as soybean(Glycine max).Here,we investigated the expression patterns and functions of the two LFY genes(LFY1 and LFY2)in soybean.Both genes were predominantly expressed in unopened flowers and the shoot apical meristem,with LFY2 having the higher transcript abundance.In an in situ hybridization assay,LFY genes produced strong signals in the floral meristem.We next generated lfy1 and lfy2 knockout lines.The lfy2 mutants showed obvious changes in floral organ morphology,but the lfy1 mutants showed no obvious changes in floral organ morphology or pod development.The lfy1 lfy2 double mutants displayed more serious defects in floral organ development than lfy2,resulting in complete sterility.Gene expression analysis revealed differences in expression of the A-class APETALA(AP)genes AP1a and AP1b in the double mutant lines.These results suggest that LFY2 plays an important role in floral organ formation in soybean by regulating the expression of homeotic genes.Our findings increase the understanding of floral development,which could be useful for flower designs during hybrid soybean breeding.展开更多
MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of newly identified, small, non-coding RNAs that play vital roles in regulation. Based on miRNAs unique features of expression pattern, evolutionary conservation, secondary structure a...MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of newly identified, small, non-coding RNAs that play vital roles in regulation. Based on miRNAs unique features of expression pattern, evolutionary conservation, secondary structure and genetic requirements for biogenesis, computational predication strategy is adopted to predicate the novel miRNAs. In this research, potential miRNAs and their targets in grapevine （Vitis vinifera） were predicted. We used previously known plant miRNAs against grapevine genome sequence databases to search for potential miRNAs. A total of 81 potential miRNAs were detected following a range of strict filtering criteria. Using these potential miRNA sequences, we could further blast the mRNA database to find the potential targets in this species. Comparative analysis of miRNAs in grapevine and other species reveals that miRNAs exhibit an evolutional conservation, the number and function of miRNAs must have significantly expanded during the evolution of land plants. Furthermore divergence made versatile functions of miRNAs feasible. Cluster of miRNAs likely represents an ancient expression mechanism. Predicted target genes include not only transcription factors but also genes implicated in floral development, signal transduction, diseases and stress response. Till now, little is known about experimental or computational identification of miRNA in grapevine species. Increased knowledge of the biological mechanisms of the grapevine will allow targeted approaches to increase the quality of fruit and reduce the impact of parasites together with stress, which could enable a sustainable, environmentally-sound, farming policv.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the 948 Project of the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2013-Z23)the Shanghai Municipal Science Commission of China(10391900100)
文摘The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry（Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng） from a warm winter climate（Shanghai） and cold winter climate（Tai＇an, Shandong Province, China） was conducted to explore the reason of low fruit set. The effect of hydrogen cyanamide（HCN） on floral development under warm winter conditions was also investigated. Trees grown in Shanghai with insufficient chilling accumulation exhibited little difference in the progression of microspore development compared to trees in Tai＇an that accumulated adequate chilling, but showed substantial delays in ovule and embryo sac development. The growth of nucelli did not proceed beyond the macrospore mother cell and macrospore stages with abortion rates of 13, 15 and 45% by 6, 3 and 0 d before full bloom, respectively. These abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac in the Shanghai-grown trees were eliminated by HCN application. These results suggest that chilling regulates the development of female floral organs in winter dormancy; therefore, insufficient chilling accumulation, causing abnormality of the female floral organs, restricts the cultivation of sweet cherry in warm winter regions. Interestingly, HCN application, which decreased the chilling requirements for Hongdeng, may be a potential strategy for sweet cherry cultivation in warm winter regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31570651)。
文摘N^(6)-Methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most common modification in the transcriptome of biological RNA and plays roles that include maintaining the stability and transportation of mRNA,mRNA precursor shearing,polyadenylation,and the initiation of translation.With the improving understanding of RNA methylation,m^(6)A modification is known to play vital roles in plant development and growth.The multi-petalization of flowering plants has high ornamental and research value in horticultural landscapes.However,the mechanism of RNA methylation in flower formation in Magnolia wufengensis,a classical multi-petalizational plant,remains unclear.This study compared and analyzed RNA m^(6)A methylation and the transcriptome in floral buds of two varieties with large differences in tepal number at the early stage of development.It was found that the degree of RNA m^(6)A methylation and relative expression levels of MawuAGL6-2,MawuPI-4,and MawuAGL9 in‘Jiaodan’with 36 tepals were significantly higher than those in‘Jiaohong’with 9 tepals during the development of floral organ primordia.Combined with quantitative real-time PCR,the expression levels of MawuAGL6-2,MawuPI-4,and MawuAGL9were positively correlated with the number of tepals.Transgenic experiments showed that MawuAGL6-1/2,and MawuPI-4 can increase the number of petals in Arabidopsis.Moreover,MawuAGL6-2 and MawuPI-4 can restore the missing petal phenotype of mutant Arabidopsis.Yeast two hybrid and yeast three hybrid indicated that MawuAGL6-2,MawuAP3-1/2,and MawuPI-4 could interact with each other under the mediation of the class E protein MawuAGL9.Based on these results,it is hypothesized that m^(6)A methylation influences the multi-petalization of Magnolia wufengensis by affecting the expression levels of MawuAGL6-2,MawuAP3-1/2,MawuPI-4,and MawuAGL9.These findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in flower developmental diversity.
基金supported by the Open Competition Program of Top Ten Critical Priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province(2022SDZG05 to F.Kong,and B.Liu)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32090064 to F.Kong,32330074 to B.Liu,and 32301874 to L.Wang)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515011314 to L.Wang)the Science and Technology Innovation Special Project of Modern Seed Industry(22326316D to F.Kong).
文摘The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is a vital step for the reproductive success of plants.In Arabidopsis thaliana,LEAFY(LFY)plays crucial roles in inflorescence primordium and floral organ development,but little is known about the roles of its homologs in crop plants such as soybean(Glycine max).Here,we investigated the expression patterns and functions of the two LFY genes(LFY1 and LFY2)in soybean.Both genes were predominantly expressed in unopened flowers and the shoot apical meristem,with LFY2 having the higher transcript abundance.In an in situ hybridization assay,LFY genes produced strong signals in the floral meristem.We next generated lfy1 and lfy2 knockout lines.The lfy2 mutants showed obvious changes in floral organ morphology,but the lfy1 mutants showed no obvious changes in floral organ morphology or pod development.The lfy1 lfy2 double mutants displayed more serious defects in floral organ development than lfy2,resulting in complete sterility.Gene expression analysis revealed differences in expression of the A-class APETALA(AP)genes AP1a and AP1b in the double mutant lines.These results suggest that LFY2 plays an important role in floral organ formation in soybean by regulating the expression of homeotic genes.Our findings increase the understanding of floral development,which could be useful for flower designs during hybrid soybean breeding.
文摘MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of newly identified, small, non-coding RNAs that play vital roles in regulation. Based on miRNAs unique features of expression pattern, evolutionary conservation, secondary structure and genetic requirements for biogenesis, computational predication strategy is adopted to predicate the novel miRNAs. In this research, potential miRNAs and their targets in grapevine （Vitis vinifera） were predicted. We used previously known plant miRNAs against grapevine genome sequence databases to search for potential miRNAs. A total of 81 potential miRNAs were detected following a range of strict filtering criteria. Using these potential miRNA sequences, we could further blast the mRNA database to find the potential targets in this species. Comparative analysis of miRNAs in grapevine and other species reveals that miRNAs exhibit an evolutional conservation, the number and function of miRNAs must have significantly expanded during the evolution of land plants. Furthermore divergence made versatile functions of miRNAs feasible. Cluster of miRNAs likely represents an ancient expression mechanism. Predicted target genes include not only transcription factors but also genes implicated in floral development, signal transduction, diseases and stress response. Till now, little is known about experimental or computational identification of miRNA in grapevine species. Increased knowledge of the biological mechanisms of the grapevine will allow targeted approaches to increase the quality of fruit and reduce the impact of parasites together with stress, which could enable a sustainable, environmentally-sound, farming policv.
