Starting from the basic assumptions and equations of Big Bang theory, we present a simple mathematical proof that this theory implies a varying (decreasing) speed of light, contrary to what is generally accepted. We c...Starting from the basic assumptions and equations of Big Bang theory, we present a simple mathematical proof that this theory implies a varying (decreasing) speed of light, contrary to what is generally accepted. We consider General Relativity, the first Friedmann equation and the Friedmann-Lema?tre- Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric for a Comoving Observer. It is shown explicitly that the Horizon and Flatness Problems are solved, taking away an important argument for the need of Cosmic Inflation. A decrease of 2.1 cm/s per year of the present-day speed of light is predicted. This is consistent with the observed acceleration of the expansion of the Universe, as determined from high-redshift supernova data. The calculation does not use any quantum processes, and no adjustable parameters or fine tuning are introduced. It is argued that more precise laboratory measurements of the present-day speed of light (and its evolution) should be carried out. Also it is argued that the combination of the FLRW metric and Einstein’s field equations of General Relativity is inconsistent, because the FLRW metric implies a variable speed of light, and Einstein’s field equations use a constant speed of light. If we accept standard Big Bang theory (and thus the combination of General Relativity and the FLRW metric), a variable speed of light must be allowed in the Friedmann equation, and therefore also, more generally, in Einstein’s field equations of General Relativity. The explicit form of this time dependence will then be determined by the specific problem.展开更多
The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations and it describes a homogeneous, isotropic and expanding universe. The FLRW metric and the Friedmann equat...The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations and it describes a homogeneous, isotropic and expanding universe. The FLRW metric and the Friedmann equations form the basis of the ΛCDM model. In this article, a metric which is based on the FLRW metric and that includes a space scale factor and a newly introduced time scale factor T(t)is elaborated. The assumption is that the expansion or contraction of the dimensions of space and time in a homogeneous and isotropic universe depend on the energy density. The Christoffel symbols, Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar are derived. By evaluating the results using Einstein’s field equations and the energy momentum tensor, a hypothetical modified cosmological model is obtained. This theoretical model provides for a cosmic inflation, the accelerated expansion of spacetime as well avoids the flatness and fine-tuning problems.展开更多
文摘Starting from the basic assumptions and equations of Big Bang theory, we present a simple mathematical proof that this theory implies a varying (decreasing) speed of light, contrary to what is generally accepted. We consider General Relativity, the first Friedmann equation and the Friedmann-Lema?tre- Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric for a Comoving Observer. It is shown explicitly that the Horizon and Flatness Problems are solved, taking away an important argument for the need of Cosmic Inflation. A decrease of 2.1 cm/s per year of the present-day speed of light is predicted. This is consistent with the observed acceleration of the expansion of the Universe, as determined from high-redshift supernova data. The calculation does not use any quantum processes, and no adjustable parameters or fine tuning are introduced. It is argued that more precise laboratory measurements of the present-day speed of light (and its evolution) should be carried out. Also it is argued that the combination of the FLRW metric and Einstein’s field equations of General Relativity is inconsistent, because the FLRW metric implies a variable speed of light, and Einstein’s field equations use a constant speed of light. If we accept standard Big Bang theory (and thus the combination of General Relativity and the FLRW metric), a variable speed of light must be allowed in the Friedmann equation, and therefore also, more generally, in Einstein’s field equations of General Relativity. The explicit form of this time dependence will then be determined by the specific problem.
文摘The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations and it describes a homogeneous, isotropic and expanding universe. The FLRW metric and the Friedmann equations form the basis of the ΛCDM model. In this article, a metric which is based on the FLRW metric and that includes a space scale factor and a newly introduced time scale factor T(t)is elaborated. The assumption is that the expansion or contraction of the dimensions of space and time in a homogeneous and isotropic universe depend on the energy density. The Christoffel symbols, Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar are derived. By evaluating the results using Einstein’s field equations and the energy momentum tensor, a hypothetical modified cosmological model is obtained. This theoretical model provides for a cosmic inflation, the accelerated expansion of spacetime as well avoids the flatness and fine-tuning problems.
