The neutron richness of the light charged particles emitted out of the fission plane in heavy ion reactions has been experimentally investigated via the production of A=3 mirror nuclei in ^(86)Kr+^(nat)Pb reactions at...The neutron richness of the light charged particles emitted out of the fission plane in heavy ion reactions has been experimentally investigated via the production of A=3 mirror nuclei in ^(86)Kr+^(nat)Pb reactions at 25 MeV/u.The energy spectra and angular distributions of triton(t)and ^(3)He in coincidence with two fission fragments are measured with the Compact Spectrometer for Heavy IoN Experiment(CSHINE).The energy spectrum of ^(3)He is observed harder than that of triton in the fission events,in accordance with the phenomena reported as“^(3)He-puzzle”in inclusive measurements.With a data-driven energy spectrum peak cut scenario,it is observed that the yield ratio R(t∕^(3)He)increases with the angle to the fission plane,showing an enhancement of neutron-rich particle emission from out-of-fission-plane.A qualitative comparison with the transport model calculations suggests that this observation may serve as a new probe for the nuclear symmetry energy.展开更多
The internal pressure within fission gas bubbles(FGBs)in irradiated nuclear fuels drives mechanical interactions with the surrounding fuel skeleton.To investigate the micromechanical stress fields in irradiated nuclea...The internal pressure within fission gas bubbles(FGBs)in irradiated nuclear fuels drives mechanical interactions with the surrounding fuel skeleton.To investigate the micromechanical stress fields in irradiated nuclear fuels containing pressurized FGBs,a mechanical constitutive model for the equivalent solid of FGBs was developed and validated.This model was based on the modified Van der Waals equation,incorporating the effects of surface tension.Using this model,the micromechanical fields in irradiated U-10Mo fuels with randomly distributed FGBs were calculated during uniaxial tensile testing via the finite element(FE)method.The macroscopic elastic constants of the irradiated U-10Mo fuels were then derived using homogenization theory,and the influences of bubble pressure,bubble size,and porosity on these constants were examined.Results show that adjacent FGBs exhibit mechanical interactions,which leads to distinct stress concentrations in the surrounding fuel skeleton.The macroscopic elastic constants of irradiated U-10Mo fuels decrease with increasing the macroscopic porosity,which can be quantitatively described by the Mori-Tanaka model.In contrast,bubble pressure and size have negligible effects on these constants.展开更多
The Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit(YPWD),located in the Jiangnan porphyryskarn tungsten ore belt,is one of the most important and large-scale porphyry W-Mo deposits in South China.While previous zircon U-Pb and mol...The Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit(YPWD),located in the Jiangnan porphyryskarn tungsten ore belt,is one of the most important and large-scale porphyry W-Mo deposits in South China.While previous zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os data suggest that Yangchuling WMo ore bodies formed almost simultaneously with granodiorite and monzogranitic porphyry at~150–144 Ma,their post emplacement history remains poorly understood,making their preservation status at depth uncertain.In this paper,new zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He and apatite fission track(ZHe,AHe and AFT,respectively)data of one hornfels and five intrusive rocks from a 1000-meter borehole are presented.These,together with new inverse thermal history models and previous geochronological data,help elucidate the post-diagenetic exhumation history and preservation status of the Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit.In general,ZHe and AHe ages decrease gradually from the near surface downwards and have relatively little intra-sample variation,ranging from 133 to 73Ma and 67 to 25 Ma,respectively.All four granodiorites yield similar AFT ages that range from 63 to 55 Ma with mean track lengths varying from 12.2±0.7 to 12.6±0.5μm.Thermal history modelling indicates that the Yangchuling ore district experienced slow,monotonic cooling since the Cretaceous.Age-depth relationships are interpreted as recording~3.7±0.8 km of Cretaceous-recent exhumation in response to regional extension throughout South China thought to have been driven by subduction retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.Comparison of estimated net exhumation and previous metallogenic depth of~4–5 km suggests that W-Mo ore bodies could still exist at depths of up to~1.3±0.8 km relative to Earth surface in the YPWD region.Preservation of the YPWD is attributed to the limited amount of regional denudation during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.展开更多
In this study,the fission properties of^(180)Hg were investigated based on Skyrme density functional theory.The impact of the high-order hexadecapole moment(q_(40))was observed at large deformations.With the q_(40)con...In this study,the fission properties of^(180)Hg were investigated based on Skyrme density functional theory.The impact of the high-order hexadecapole moment(q_(40))was observed at large deformations.With the q_(40)constraint,smooth and continuous potential energy surfaces could be obtained.In particular,the hexadecapole moment constraint is essential for obtaining appropriate scission configurations.The static fission path based on the PES supports the asymmetric fission of^(180)Hg.The asymmetric distribution of the fission yields of^(180)Hg was reproduced by the time-dependent generator coordinate method and agreed well with the experimental data.展开更多
Intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD)is the primary contributor to a range of spinal diseases.Dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission has recently been identified as a new cause of nucleus pulp...Intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD)is the primary contributor to a range of spinal diseases.Dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission has recently been identified as a new cause of nucleus pulposus cell(NPC)death and IVDD,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Although the effects of Drp1 phosphorylation in IVDD have been studied,it is currently unknown if small ubiquitin-like modifications(SUMOylation)of Drp1 regulate IVDD.This study aimed to investigate the functions and mechanisms of mitochondria-anchored protein ligase(MAPL),a mitochondrial SUMO E3 ligase,during IVDD progression.The expression of genes related to SUMOylation and mitochondrial dynamics in TNF-α-stimulated NPCs was analysed via RNA sequencing.展开更多
Prompt fission neutron spectra(PFNS)have a significant role in nuclear science and technology.In this study,the PFNS for^(239)Pu are evaluated using both differential and integral experimental data.A method that lever...Prompt fission neutron spectra(PFNS)have a significant role in nuclear science and technology.In this study,the PFNS for^(239)Pu are evaluated using both differential and integral experimental data.A method that leverages integral criticality benchmark experiments to constrain the PFNS data is introduced.The measured central values of the PFNS are perturbed by constructing a covariance matrix.The PFNS are sampled using two types of covariance matrices,either generated with an assumed correlation matrix and incorporating experimental uncertainties or derived directly from experimental reports.The joint Monte Carlo transport code is employed to perform transport simulations on five criticality benchmark assemblies by utilizing perturbed PFNS data.Extensive simulations result in an optimized PFNS that shows improved agreement with the integral criticality benchmark experiments.This study introduces a novel approach for optimizing differential experimental data through integral experiments,particularly when a covariance matrix is not provided.展开更多
The temporal and spatial evolution of the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR)fault zone,which serves as an important accommodation zone for the extrusion and escape of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau,is crucial for analyzing ...The temporal and spatial evolution of the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR)fault zone,which serves as an important accommodation zone for the extrusion and escape of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau,is crucial for analyzing the uplift and growth of the plateau.Based on the petrology and apatite fission track analysis,the tectonic history and active pattern of the ASRR fault zone since the middle Miocene are determined in this study.The ASRR fault zone exhibits 12-8Ma and 8-4 Ma rapid cooling phases since the middle Miocene.The 12-8 Ma and 8-4 Ma cooling may imply that the dextral movement of the ASRR fault zone presents a migration trend from northwest to southeast,accompanied by the weakening of the activity intensity,which is directly related to deformation processes,including extrusion boundary migration and active tectonic movements of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau,since the middle-late Miocene.展开更多
Polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)is the most principal reason for infertility in reproductive women,but no versatile treatment is feasible.Although trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid(10H2DA)exhibits the anti-inflammator...Polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)is the most principal reason for infertility in reproductive women,but no versatile treatment is feasible.Although trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid(10H2DA)exhibits the anti-inflammatory,anti-cancerous and immunomodulatory properties,its role in improving PCOS remains elusive.This present study examined the effects of 10H2DA on the estrous cycle,ovarian morphology,reproductive hormone,glucose and insulin tolerances of PCOS mice,analyzed the binding between 10H2DA and free fatty acid receptor 4(FFAR4),and explored the regulation of 10H2DA on the c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)/JUN(Jun proto-oncogene)signaling,cytosolic calcium ion(Ca2),endoplasmic reticulum(ER)Ca2release,mitochondrial Ca2+,mitochondrial function,autophagy,lysosomal acidification,mitochondrial fission,secretion function and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells(GCs)using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,flow cytometry,Western blotting,molecular docking,various fluorescent probes or plasmid,etc.The results showed that 10H2DA alleviated the symptom of PCOS mice through improving the secretion dysfunction of GCs and protecting GCs against apoptosis.After binding to FFAR4 and inactivation of JNK/JUN signaling,10H2DA restricted the release of ER Ca2through targeting ryanodine receptors(RYRs)which had been identified as the downstream targets of JUN,diminished cytosolic Ca^(²+) accumulation and prevented Ca^(²+) influx into mitochondria via adjusting the mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 and mitochondrial calcium uniporter.Concurrently,10H2DA kept the integrity of mitochondrial function through maintaining mitochondrial Ca2 homeostasis and suppressed the discharge of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species into the cytosol through blocking the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening to avoid the lipid peroxidation and ameliorate the secretory function and apoptosis of GCs.Furthermore,1OH2DA rescued the defective autophagic flux along with the decline of autophagosomes and sequestosome 1 aggregation,restored the mitophagy flux with the abatement of mitophagosomes and Parkin recruitment to mitochondria,and accelerated the lysosomal degradation for depolarized mitochondria with the recovery of lysosomal acidification,whereas activation of JNK antagonized the amelioration of 10H2DA on above effectiveness,but this antagonism was counteracted by the attenuation of intracellular Ca2+.After application of 10H2DA,dynamin-related protein 1 phosphorylation was diminished and its recruitment to mitochondrial surface was impeded concomitant with the improvement of mitochondrial fragmentation,whereas inhibition of late-stage autophagy caused the failure of 10H2DA in improving mitochondrial fission.Collectively,10H2DA might ameliorate PCOS mice through modulating autophagy-mediated mitochondrial fission dependent on the maintenance of Ca^(2+) homeostasis between ER and mitochondria.展开更多
We studied the energy partition between two well-separated fission fragments associated with the partition of nucleons owing to quantum entanglement.This is different from most fission models that invoke an explicit s...We studied the energy partition between two well-separated fission fragments associated with the partition of nucleons owing to quantum entanglement.This is different from most fission models that invoke an explicit statistical partition of excitation energies.The dynamical fission evolution is described within the time-dependent Hartree-Fock+BCS framework.Excitation energies of isotopic fission fragments were obtained using the particle number projection method after the dynamical splitting of^(238)U.The resulting excitation energies of the light and heavy fragments are consistent with the appearance of sawtooth structures.We found that the pairing correlation strengths have a significant influence on the partition of the excitation energies.Furthermore,the excitation energies of isotopic fragments increase with increasing neutron number,implying the suppression of the production of neutron-rich beams in rare-isotope beam facilities.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic cognitive dysfunction(DCD)is one of the chronic complications of diabetes,but its mechanism is currently unknown.Studies have shown that mitochondrial fission mediated by calcium overload is an imp...BACKGROUND Diabetic cognitive dysfunction(DCD)is one of the chronic complications of diabetes,but its mechanism is currently unknown.Studies have shown that mitochondrial fission mediated by calcium overload is an important mechanism of DCD.Blocking calcium overload and restoring calcium homeostasis are key steps in treatment.Transient receptor potential melastatin 7(TRPM7)is a novel player in causing calcium overload.Our previous studies have shown that genetic silencing of TRPM7 in type 1 diabetic rats leads to significant improvements in cognitive function,but the specific mechanism remains unclear.Troxerutin,extracted from the flowers of Sophora japonica,is one of the derivatives of rutin and has been shown to have neuroprotective effects.However,its association with TRPM7 remains unclear.AIM To use animal and cellular models,we investigated whether TRPM7 mediated mitochondrial fission by upregulation of calcineurin(CaN)/dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1)ser637 in DCD,and whether Troxerutin improved DCD by inhibiting TRPM7-mediated mitochondrial division.METHODS In this study,we used db/db mice and hippocampal neuronal cell lines(HT22)treated with high-concentration glucose as our study subjects.We evaluated cognitive function using Morris water maze,novel object recognition tasks,and Nesting tests.We observed mitochondrial morphology using transmission electron microscopy and measured mitochondrial energy metabolism indicators using a spectrophotometer.We also detected mRNA and protein expression of TRPM7,CaN,p-Drp1^(ser637),caspase-3,B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein,and B-cell lymphoma 2 using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,and immunofluorescence.RESULTS In the db/db diabetic mice with cognitive dysfunction,as well as in hippocampal neurons exposed to high-concentration glucose,TRPM7 and CaN expression were upregulated,phosphorylated Drp1^(ser637)expression was downregulated,and mitochondrial fission was increased.By modulating(inhibiting or overexpressing)TRPM7,it was further validated that TRPM7 activates the CaN/Drp1^(ser637)pathway,resulting in an increase in mitochondrial fission and neuronal cell apoptosis.Troxerutin downregulated TRPM7/CaN/Drp1^(ser637),reduced mitochondrial fission,and improved DCD.CONCLUSION TRPM7 promotes mitochondrial fission via the CaN/Drp1^(ser637)pathway.Troxerutin improves mitochondrial function and reduces neuronal damage by inhibiting this pathway,suggesting TRPM7 as a potential therapeutic target for DCD.展开更多
Photofission fragments mass yield for^(232)Th,^(234;238) U,^(237) Np, and^(239;240;242) Pu isotopes are investigated.The calculations are done using a developed approach based on Gorodisskiy's phenomenological for...Photofission fragments mass yield for^(232)Th,^(234;238) U,^(237) Np, and^(239;240;242) Pu isotopes are investigated.The calculations are done using a developed approach based on Gorodisskiy's phenomenological formalism. The Gorodisskiy's method is developed to be applied for the neutron-induced fission. Here we revised it for application to photofission. The effect of emitted neutron prior to fission on the fission fragment mass yields has also been studied. The peak-to-valley ratio is extracted for the240 Pu isotope as a function of energy. Obtained results of the present formalism are compared with the available experimental data. Satisfactory agreement is achieved between the results of present approach and the experimental data.展开更多
Using the Skyrme density functional theory,potential energy surfaces of^(240)Pu with constraints on the axial quadrupole and octupole deformations(q_(20)and q_(30))were calculated.The volume-like and surface-like pair...Using the Skyrme density functional theory,potential energy surfaces of^(240)Pu with constraints on the axial quadrupole and octupole deformations(q_(20)and q_(30))were calculated.The volume-like and surface-like pairing forces,as well as a combination of these two forces,were used for the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov approximation.Variations in the least-energy fission path,fission barrier,pairing energy,total kinetic energy,scission line,and mass distribution of the fission fragments based on the different forms of the pairing forces were analyzed and discussed.The fission dynamics were studied based on the timedependent generator coordinate method plus the Gaussian overlap approximation.The results demonstrated a sensitivity of the mass and charge distributions of the fission fragments on the form of the pairing force.Based on the investigation of the neutron-induced fission of^(239)Pu,among the volume,mixed,and surface pairing forces,the mixed pairing force presented a good reproduction of the experimental data.展开更多
Photofission enables a unique capability for the domain of non-chemical space propulsion. An ultra-intense laser enables the capacity to induce nuclear fission through the development of bre- msstrahlung photons. A fu...Photofission enables a unique capability for the domain of non-chemical space propulsion. An ultra-intense laser enables the capacity to induce nuclear fission through the development of bre- msstrahlung photons. A fundamental architecture and performance analysis of a photofission pulsed space propulsion system through the operation of an ultra-intense laser is presented. A historical perspective of previous conceptual nuclear fission propulsion systems is addressed. These applications use neutron derived nuclear fission;however, there is inherent complexity that has precluded further development. The background of photofission is detailed. The conceptual architecture of photofission pulsed space propulsion and fundamental performance parameters are established. The implications are the energy source and ultra-intense laser can be situated far remote from the propulsion system. Advances in supporting laser technologies are anticipated to increase the potential for photofission pulsed space propulsion. The fundamental performance analysis of the photofission pulsed space propulsion system indicates the architecture is feasible for further evaluation.展开更多
Project New Orion entails a pulsed nuclear space propulsion system that utilizes photofission through the implementation of an ultra-intense laser. The historical origins derive from the endeavors of Project Orion, wh...Project New Orion entails a pulsed nuclear space propulsion system that utilizes photofission through the implementation of an ultra-intense laser. The historical origins derive from the endeavors of Project Orion, which utilized thermonuclear devices to impart a considerable velocity increment on the respective spacecraft. The shear magnitude of Project Orion significantly detracts from the likelihood of progressive research development testing and evaluation. Project New Orion incorporates a more feasible pathway for the progressive research development testing and evaluation of the pulsed nuclear space propulsion system. Photofission through the application of an ultra-intense laser enables a much more controllable and scalable nuclear yield. The energy source for the ultra-intense laser is derived from a first stage liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen chemical propulsion system. A portion of the thermal/kinetic energy of the rocket propulsive fluid is converted to electrical energy through a magneto-hydrodynamic generator with cryogenic propellant densification for facilitating the integral superconducting magnets. Fundamental analysis of Project New Orion demonstrates the capacity to impart a meaningful velocity increment through ultra-intense laser derived photofission on a small spacecraft.展开更多
The capture and fission analysis of heavy ion induced fusion reactions leading to the formation of Z=107-111 superheavy nuclei has been carried out.Attempts have been made to analyze the synthesis traits,such as excit...The capture and fission analysis of heavy ion induced fusion reactions leading to the formation of Z=107-111 superheavy nuclei has been carried out.Attempts have been made to analyze the synthesis traits,such as excitation functions,formation probabilities,barrier characteristics etc.The l-summed Wong model provides a decent description of available data on capture(σCap)and fusion-fission(σff)cross-sections and hence is exploited to make relevant predictions for future experiments.The capture and fusion-fission excitation functions are predicted for the least explored region of superheavy nuclei(SHN)i.e.Z=107-111.The role of massasymmetry(η),Coulomb factor(ZPZT)deformation and orientations,Businari-Gallone massasymmetry(αBG)fission barrier(Bf)etc is duly explored.The present study concludes that the mass-asymmetric reactions involving 24Mg,30Si,and 36S projectiles are preferred for the synthesis of unknown isotopes of Z=107-111.Alternatively,the doubly magic 48Ca-projectile also provides a competing alternative to produce neutron-rich isotopes of the abovementioned SHN.展开更多
Based on interpretations of the apatite fission track analysis data for 10 outcrop samples and forward modeling of confined fission track length distributions, the thermal history of rocks in the Shiwandashan basin ...Based on interpretations of the apatite fission track analysis data for 10 outcrop samples and forward modeling of confined fission track length distributions, the thermal history of rocks in the Shiwandashan basin and its adjacent area, southern China, has been qualitatively and semi quantitatively studied. The results reflect several features of the thermal history. Firstly, all the samples have experienced temperatures higher than 60-70 ℃. Secondly, the time that the basement strata (T 1 b ) on the northwestern side of the Shiwandashan basin were uplifted and exhumed to the unannealed upper crust (with a paleogeotemperature of below 60-70 ℃) is much earlier than the basement rocks ( γ 1 5) on the southeastern side of the basin. Thirdly, the thermal history of samples from the basin can be divided into six stages, i.e., the fast burial and heating stage (220-145 Ma), the transient cooling stage (145-135 Ma), the burial and heating stage (135-70 Ma), the rapid cooling stage (70-50 Ma), the relatively stable stage (50-20 Ma) and another rapid cooling stage (20 Ma to present).展开更多
Erperimental method to measure the prompt neutron spectra of 238U fissioninduced by fast neutrons has been developed at HI-13 Tandem Van de Grab Accelerator Laboratory of CIAE. These techniques employ a multi-segment ...Erperimental method to measure the prompt neutron spectra of 238U fissioninduced by fast neutrons has been developed at HI-13 Tandem Van de Grab Accelerator Laboratory of CIAE. These techniques employ a multi-segment fission chamberand tab liquid scintillator neutron detectors. TOF (time of flight) techniques are usedfor prilnny neutrons to select the fission evellts induced by monoenergetic neutronfrom 'H(d, n) reactions instead of breakup neutrons from 'H(d, up) reactions. Thefission neutron TOF spectra are measured in coincidence with the fission fragmellts todistinguish fission neutrons from other secondals neutrons. The method perests measurements to a forly good accuracy under large neutron and gamma ray baCkgroulld.The tecboques are described and experimelltal spectra are presented.展开更多
MIXED Oxide Nuclear fuel (MOX) contains both uranium and plutonium in oxidized form. It is important to calculate the nuclear decay heat due to the single thermal fission (fission due to 0.0235 eV neutron) for all fis...MIXED Oxide Nuclear fuel (MOX) contains both uranium and plutonium in oxidized form. It is important to calculate the nuclear decay heat due to the single thermal fission (fission due to 0.0235 eV neutron) for all fissile nuclei in the MOX fuels (U<sup>235</sup>, Pu<sup>239</sup>, and Pu<sup>241</sup>). These fissile nuclei are the main source of the decay heat in MOX fuel. Decay heat calculation of the weighted fissile material content in MOX fuel is also important. A numerical method was used in this work to calculate the concentrations of all fission products due to the individual thermal fission of the three fissile materials as a function of time N(t). The decay heat calculations for the three fissile materials are directly calculated using the summation method by knowing the different concentrations of fission products over time. The average decay heat of the MOX fuel in induced thermal fission is also concluded. The most influential nuclei in the decay heat were also identified. The method used has been validated by several comparisons before, but the new in this work is using the most recent Evaluated Nuclear Data Library ENDF/B-VIII.0. Calculations of decay heat show very common trends for a period of 10<sup>7</sup> sec after the fission burst of thermal fissions of individual fissile nuclei. Moreover, the code showed high capability in calculating the fission fragments inventories and decay heats due to the decay of fission fragments of 31 fissionable nuclei.展开更多
In this paper, a home-made code was designed to calculate the decay heat emitted by fission fragments as a result of successive radioactive emissions after a fission burst. The nuclear data necessary for the calculati...In this paper, a home-made code was designed to calculate the decay heat emitted by fission fragments as a result of successive radioactive emissions after a fission burst. The nuclear data necessary for the calculations was extracted from the latest version of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Library ENDF/B-VIII.0. The code can calculate the decay heat of thermal and fast neutron-induced fission reactions on the isotopes of Thorium, Protactinium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium, Curium, California, Einsteinium, and Fermium. A numerical method was used in this work to calculate the decay heat of all fission fragments due to the individual thermal or fast fissions of the isotopes of the previous ten actinides. The most influential nuclei in the decay heat were also identified at different times after the fission event. Moreover, the code showed high capability in calculating the fission fragments inventories and decay heats due to the decay of fission fragments of 31 fissionable nuclei.展开更多
Calculation of the decay heat from the decay/buildup of radionuclides generated after nuclear fission is one of the highest priorities in the nuclear industry. These calculations become more important if they are made...Calculation of the decay heat from the decay/buildup of radionuclides generated after nuclear fission is one of the highest priorities in the nuclear industry. These calculations become more important if they are made together with the analysis of the most important isotopes affecting the decay heat. They are useful in designing the necessary nuclear safety for spent fuels, and their importance cannot be overlooked in the designs of transporting fuel storage containers as well as in the management of the radioactive waste generated. In this paper, by using MATLAB, the decay heat after the thermal fission of a U-235 nucleus was numerically calculated by solving linear differential equations for all the buildups/decays of the fission products. Also, the most contribution of radioactive isotopes to the decay heat was analyzed by using Microsoft Excel. The most influential isotopes were deduced in two ways;either by calculating the most influential isotopes at specific times, or by determining the largest influences in a cumulative manner. All required nuclear data such as decay constants their branching ratios, independent fission yield, and average α-, β-, and γ-energies released per disintegration of any nuclide, have been extracted from the latest version of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (ENDF) database ENDF/B-VIII.0. The two different methods used showed a difference in the contributing isotopes, which is logical for the difference in the method of calculation. The first method is suitable for instantaneous data while the second method is more suitable when there is a need to know the cumulative calculations. In sum, we can say that both methods complement each other, and neither of them can be dispensed with in the accurate calculations related to transportation and storage of spent fuel.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12205160,11961131010,11961141004,and 11965004)by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2022YFE0103400 and 2020YFE0202001)+2 种基金by the Polish National Science Center(No.2023/49/B/ST2/01294)This work is also supported by Initiative Scientific Research Program and the Center of High Performance Computing of Tsinghua Universitythe Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou(HIRFL).
文摘The neutron richness of the light charged particles emitted out of the fission plane in heavy ion reactions has been experimentally investigated via the production of A=3 mirror nuclei in ^(86)Kr+^(nat)Pb reactions at 25 MeV/u.The energy spectra and angular distributions of triton(t)and ^(3)He in coincidence with two fission fragments are measured with the Compact Spectrometer for Heavy IoN Experiment(CSHINE).The energy spectrum of ^(3)He is observed harder than that of triton in the fission events,in accordance with the phenomena reported as“^(3)He-puzzle”in inclusive measurements.With a data-driven energy spectrum peak cut scenario,it is observed that the yield ratio R(t∕^(3)He)increases with the angle to the fission plane,showing an enhancement of neutron-rich particle emission from out-of-fission-plane.A qualitative comparison with the transport model calculations suggests that this observation may serve as a new probe for the nuclear symmetry energy.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12135008,12132005)。
文摘The internal pressure within fission gas bubbles(FGBs)in irradiated nuclear fuels drives mechanical interactions with the surrounding fuel skeleton.To investigate the micromechanical stress fields in irradiated nuclear fuels containing pressurized FGBs,a mechanical constitutive model for the equivalent solid of FGBs was developed and validated.This model was based on the modified Van der Waals equation,incorporating the effects of surface tension.Using this model,the micromechanical fields in irradiated U-10Mo fuels with randomly distributed FGBs were calculated during uniaxial tensile testing via the finite element(FE)method.The macroscopic elastic constants of the irradiated U-10Mo fuels were then derived using homogenization theory,and the influences of bubble pressure,bubble size,and porosity on these constants were examined.Results show that adjacent FGBs exhibit mechanical interactions,which leads to distinct stress concentrations in the surrounding fuel skeleton.The macroscopic elastic constants of irradiated U-10Mo fuels decrease with increasing the macroscopic porosity,which can be quantitatively described by the Mori-Tanaka model.In contrast,bubble pressure and size have negligible effects on these constants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42162013,42002095)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment(Nos.2022NRE34,NRE2021-01)+1 种基金Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.20242BAB26048,20242BAB25178)Fund of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Remote Sensing Information and imagery Analysis,Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology(No.6142A01210405)。
文摘The Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit(YPWD),located in the Jiangnan porphyryskarn tungsten ore belt,is one of the most important and large-scale porphyry W-Mo deposits in South China.While previous zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os data suggest that Yangchuling WMo ore bodies formed almost simultaneously with granodiorite and monzogranitic porphyry at~150–144 Ma,their post emplacement history remains poorly understood,making their preservation status at depth uncertain.In this paper,new zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He and apatite fission track(ZHe,AHe and AFT,respectively)data of one hornfels and five intrusive rocks from a 1000-meter borehole are presented.These,together with new inverse thermal history models and previous geochronological data,help elucidate the post-diagenetic exhumation history and preservation status of the Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit.In general,ZHe and AHe ages decrease gradually from the near surface downwards and have relatively little intra-sample variation,ranging from 133 to 73Ma and 67 to 25 Ma,respectively.All four granodiorites yield similar AFT ages that range from 63 to 55 Ma with mean track lengths varying from 12.2±0.7 to 12.6±0.5μm.Thermal history modelling indicates that the Yangchuling ore district experienced slow,monotonic cooling since the Cretaceous.Age-depth relationships are interpreted as recording~3.7±0.8 km of Cretaceous-recent exhumation in response to regional extension throughout South China thought to have been driven by subduction retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.Comparison of estimated net exhumation and previous metallogenic depth of~4–5 km suggests that W-Mo ore bodies could still exist at depths of up to~1.3±0.8 km relative to Earth surface in the YPWD region.Preservation of the YPWD is attributed to the limited amount of regional denudation during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.
基金supported by the National Key R and D Program of China(No.2022YFA1602000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12275081 and U1732138)Continuous-support Basic Scientific Research Project.
文摘In this study,the fission properties of^(180)Hg were investigated based on Skyrme density functional theory.The impact of the high-order hexadecapole moment(q_(40))was observed at large deformations.With the q_(40)constraint,smooth and continuous potential energy surfaces could be obtained.In particular,the hexadecapole moment constraint is essential for obtaining appropriate scission configurations.The static fission path based on the PES supports the asymmetric fission of^(180)Hg.The asymmetric distribution of the fission yields of^(180)Hg was reproduced by the time-dependent generator coordinate method and agreed well with the experimental data.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82272549,82472505,and 82472498)National key Research and Development plan,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2022YFC2407203)+2 种基金the Young Health Talents of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission,China(2022YQ011)China Medical Education Association(3030537245)The Youth Talent Project of Huashan Hospital(30302164006).
文摘Intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD)is the primary contributor to a range of spinal diseases.Dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission has recently been identified as a new cause of nucleus pulposus cell(NPC)death and IVDD,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Although the effects of Drp1 phosphorylation in IVDD have been studied,it is currently unknown if small ubiquitin-like modifications(SUMOylation)of Drp1 regulate IVDD.This study aimed to investigate the functions and mechanisms of mitochondria-anchored protein ligase(MAPL),a mitochondrial SUMO E3 ligase,during IVDD progression.The expression of genes related to SUMOylation and mitochondrial dynamics in TNF-α-stimulated NPCs was analysed via RNA sequencing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12347126)。
文摘Prompt fission neutron spectra(PFNS)have a significant role in nuclear science and technology.In this study,the PFNS for^(239)Pu are evaluated using both differential and integral experimental data.A method that leverages integral criticality benchmark experiments to constrain the PFNS data is introduced.The measured central values of the PFNS are perturbed by constructing a covariance matrix.The PFNS are sampled using two types of covariance matrices,either generated with an assumed correlation matrix and incorporating experimental uncertainties or derived directly from experimental reports.The joint Monte Carlo transport code is employed to perform transport simulations on five criticality benchmark assemblies by utilizing perturbed PFNS data.Extensive simulations result in an optimized PFNS that shows improved agreement with the integral criticality benchmark experiments.This study introduces a novel approach for optimizing differential experimental data through integral experiments,particularly when a covariance matrix is not provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41530963,42406077)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.ZR2022QD087)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42376060,41176038)。
文摘The temporal and spatial evolution of the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR)fault zone,which serves as an important accommodation zone for the extrusion and escape of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau,is crucial for analyzing the uplift and growth of the plateau.Based on the petrology and apatite fission track analysis,the tectonic history and active pattern of the ASRR fault zone since the middle Miocene are determined in this study.The ASRR fault zone exhibits 12-8Ma and 8-4 Ma rapid cooling phases since the middle Miocene.The 12-8 Ma and 8-4 Ma cooling may imply that the dextral movement of the ASRR fault zone presents a migration trend from northwest to southeast,accompanied by the weakening of the activity intensity,which is directly related to deformation processes,including extrusion boundary migration and active tectonic movements of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau,since the middle-late Miocene.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(20220101287JC)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31873003 and 31472158)Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University(2022140).
文摘Polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)is the most principal reason for infertility in reproductive women,but no versatile treatment is feasible.Although trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid(10H2DA)exhibits the anti-inflammatory,anti-cancerous and immunomodulatory properties,its role in improving PCOS remains elusive.This present study examined the effects of 10H2DA on the estrous cycle,ovarian morphology,reproductive hormone,glucose and insulin tolerances of PCOS mice,analyzed the binding between 10H2DA and free fatty acid receptor 4(FFAR4),and explored the regulation of 10H2DA on the c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)/JUN(Jun proto-oncogene)signaling,cytosolic calcium ion(Ca2),endoplasmic reticulum(ER)Ca2release,mitochondrial Ca2+,mitochondrial function,autophagy,lysosomal acidification,mitochondrial fission,secretion function and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells(GCs)using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,flow cytometry,Western blotting,molecular docking,various fluorescent probes or plasmid,etc.The results showed that 10H2DA alleviated the symptom of PCOS mice through improving the secretion dysfunction of GCs and protecting GCs against apoptosis.After binding to FFAR4 and inactivation of JNK/JUN signaling,10H2DA restricted the release of ER Ca2through targeting ryanodine receptors(RYRs)which had been identified as the downstream targets of JUN,diminished cytosolic Ca^(²+) accumulation and prevented Ca^(²+) influx into mitochondria via adjusting the mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 and mitochondrial calcium uniporter.Concurrently,10H2DA kept the integrity of mitochondrial function through maintaining mitochondrial Ca2 homeostasis and suppressed the discharge of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species into the cytosol through blocking the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening to avoid the lipid peroxidation and ameliorate the secretory function and apoptosis of GCs.Furthermore,1OH2DA rescued the defective autophagic flux along with the decline of autophagosomes and sequestosome 1 aggregation,restored the mitophagy flux with the abatement of mitophagosomes and Parkin recruitment to mitochondria,and accelerated the lysosomal degradation for depolarized mitochondria with the recovery of lysosomal acidification,whereas activation of JNK antagonized the amelioration of 10H2DA on above effectiveness,but this antagonism was counteracted by the attenuation of intracellular Ca2+.After application of 10H2DA,dynamin-related protein 1 phosphorylation was diminished and its recruitment to mitochondrial surface was impeded concomitant with the improvement of mitochondrial fragmentation,whereas inhibition of late-stage autophagy caused the failure of 10H2DA in improving mitochondrial fission.Collectively,10H2DA might ameliorate PCOS mice through modulating autophagy-mediated mitochondrial fission dependent on the maintenance of Ca^(2+) homeostasis between ER and mitochondria.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFE0101500,2023YFA1606403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12475118,12335007)the State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology,Peking University(No.NPT2023ZX01)。
文摘We studied the energy partition between two well-separated fission fragments associated with the partition of nucleons owing to quantum entanglement.This is different from most fission models that invoke an explicit statistical partition of excitation energies.The dynamical fission evolution is described within the time-dependent Hartree-Fock+BCS framework.Excitation energies of isotopic fission fragments were obtained using the particle number projection method after the dynamical splitting of^(238)U.The resulting excitation energies of the light and heavy fragments are consistent with the appearance of sawtooth structures.We found that the pairing correlation strengths have a significant influence on the partition of the excitation energies.Furthermore,the excitation energies of isotopic fragments increase with increasing neutron number,implying the suppression of the production of neutron-rich beams in rare-isotope beam facilities.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,No.H2021206187 and No.H2021206452.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic cognitive dysfunction(DCD)is one of the chronic complications of diabetes,but its mechanism is currently unknown.Studies have shown that mitochondrial fission mediated by calcium overload is an important mechanism of DCD.Blocking calcium overload and restoring calcium homeostasis are key steps in treatment.Transient receptor potential melastatin 7(TRPM7)is a novel player in causing calcium overload.Our previous studies have shown that genetic silencing of TRPM7 in type 1 diabetic rats leads to significant improvements in cognitive function,but the specific mechanism remains unclear.Troxerutin,extracted from the flowers of Sophora japonica,is one of the derivatives of rutin and has been shown to have neuroprotective effects.However,its association with TRPM7 remains unclear.AIM To use animal and cellular models,we investigated whether TRPM7 mediated mitochondrial fission by upregulation of calcineurin(CaN)/dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1)ser637 in DCD,and whether Troxerutin improved DCD by inhibiting TRPM7-mediated mitochondrial division.METHODS In this study,we used db/db mice and hippocampal neuronal cell lines(HT22)treated with high-concentration glucose as our study subjects.We evaluated cognitive function using Morris water maze,novel object recognition tasks,and Nesting tests.We observed mitochondrial morphology using transmission electron microscopy and measured mitochondrial energy metabolism indicators using a spectrophotometer.We also detected mRNA and protein expression of TRPM7,CaN,p-Drp1^(ser637),caspase-3,B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein,and B-cell lymphoma 2 using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,and immunofluorescence.RESULTS In the db/db diabetic mice with cognitive dysfunction,as well as in hippocampal neurons exposed to high-concentration glucose,TRPM7 and CaN expression were upregulated,phosphorylated Drp1^(ser637)expression was downregulated,and mitochondrial fission was increased.By modulating(inhibiting or overexpressing)TRPM7,it was further validated that TRPM7 activates the CaN/Drp1^(ser637)pathway,resulting in an increase in mitochondrial fission and neuronal cell apoptosis.Troxerutin downregulated TRPM7/CaN/Drp1^(ser637),reduced mitochondrial fission,and improved DCD.CONCLUSION TRPM7 promotes mitochondrial fission via the CaN/Drp1^(ser637)pathway.Troxerutin improves mitochondrial function and reduces neuronal damage by inhibiting this pathway,suggesting TRPM7 as a potential therapeutic target for DCD.
文摘Photofission fragments mass yield for^(232)Th,^(234;238) U,^(237) Np, and^(239;240;242) Pu isotopes are investigated.The calculations are done using a developed approach based on Gorodisskiy's phenomenological formalism. The Gorodisskiy's method is developed to be applied for the neutron-induced fission. Here we revised it for application to photofission. The effect of emitted neutron prior to fission on the fission fragment mass yields has also been studied. The peak-to-valley ratio is extracted for the240 Pu isotope as a function of energy. Obtained results of the present formalism are compared with the available experimental data. Satisfactory agreement is achieved between the results of present approach and the experimental data.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFA1602000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12275081,U2067205,11790325,and U1732138)the Continuous-support Basic Scientific Research Project。
文摘Using the Skyrme density functional theory,potential energy surfaces of^(240)Pu with constraints on the axial quadrupole and octupole deformations(q_(20)and q_(30))were calculated.The volume-like and surface-like pairing forces,as well as a combination of these two forces,were used for the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov approximation.Variations in the least-energy fission path,fission barrier,pairing energy,total kinetic energy,scission line,and mass distribution of the fission fragments based on the different forms of the pairing forces were analyzed and discussed.The fission dynamics were studied based on the timedependent generator coordinate method plus the Gaussian overlap approximation.The results demonstrated a sensitivity of the mass and charge distributions of the fission fragments on the form of the pairing force.Based on the investigation of the neutron-induced fission of^(239)Pu,among the volume,mixed,and surface pairing forces,the mixed pairing force presented a good reproduction of the experimental data.
文摘Photofission enables a unique capability for the domain of non-chemical space propulsion. An ultra-intense laser enables the capacity to induce nuclear fission through the development of bre- msstrahlung photons. A fundamental architecture and performance analysis of a photofission pulsed space propulsion system through the operation of an ultra-intense laser is presented. A historical perspective of previous conceptual nuclear fission propulsion systems is addressed. These applications use neutron derived nuclear fission;however, there is inherent complexity that has precluded further development. The background of photofission is detailed. The conceptual architecture of photofission pulsed space propulsion and fundamental performance parameters are established. The implications are the energy source and ultra-intense laser can be situated far remote from the propulsion system. Advances in supporting laser technologies are anticipated to increase the potential for photofission pulsed space propulsion. The fundamental performance analysis of the photofission pulsed space propulsion system indicates the architecture is feasible for further evaluation.
文摘Project New Orion entails a pulsed nuclear space propulsion system that utilizes photofission through the implementation of an ultra-intense laser. The historical origins derive from the endeavors of Project Orion, which utilized thermonuclear devices to impart a considerable velocity increment on the respective spacecraft. The shear magnitude of Project Orion significantly detracts from the likelihood of progressive research development testing and evaluation. Project New Orion incorporates a more feasible pathway for the progressive research development testing and evaluation of the pulsed nuclear space propulsion system. Photofission through the application of an ultra-intense laser enables a much more controllable and scalable nuclear yield. The energy source for the ultra-intense laser is derived from a first stage liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen chemical propulsion system. A portion of the thermal/kinetic energy of the rocket propulsive fluid is converted to electrical energy through a magneto-hydrodynamic generator with cryogenic propellant densification for facilitating the integral superconducting magnets. Fundamental analysis of Project New Orion demonstrates the capacity to impart a meaningful velocity increment through ultra-intense laser derived photofission on a small spacecraft.
基金financial support from the UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research,F.No.UGC-DAE-CSR-KC/CRS/19/NP09/0920the INSPIRE-fellowship(grant no.DST/INSPIRE/03/2015/000199).
文摘The capture and fission analysis of heavy ion induced fusion reactions leading to the formation of Z=107-111 superheavy nuclei has been carried out.Attempts have been made to analyze the synthesis traits,such as excitation functions,formation probabilities,barrier characteristics etc.The l-summed Wong model provides a decent description of available data on capture(σCap)and fusion-fission(σff)cross-sections and hence is exploited to make relevant predictions for future experiments.The capture and fusion-fission excitation functions are predicted for the least explored region of superheavy nuclei(SHN)i.e.Z=107-111.The role of massasymmetry(η),Coulomb factor(ZPZT)deformation and orientations,Businari-Gallone massasymmetry(αBG)fission barrier(Bf)etc is duly explored.The present study concludes that the mass-asymmetric reactions involving 24Mg,30Si,and 36S projectiles are preferred for the synthesis of unknown isotopes of Z=107-111.Alternatively,the doubly magic 48Ca-projectile also provides a competing alternative to produce neutron-rich isotopes of the abovementioned SHN.
文摘Based on interpretations of the apatite fission track analysis data for 10 outcrop samples and forward modeling of confined fission track length distributions, the thermal history of rocks in the Shiwandashan basin and its adjacent area, southern China, has been qualitatively and semi quantitatively studied. The results reflect several features of the thermal history. Firstly, all the samples have experienced temperatures higher than 60-70 ℃. Secondly, the time that the basement strata (T 1 b ) on the northwestern side of the Shiwandashan basin were uplifted and exhumed to the unannealed upper crust (with a paleogeotemperature of below 60-70 ℃) is much earlier than the basement rocks ( γ 1 5) on the southeastern side of the basin. Thirdly, the thermal history of samples from the basin can be divided into six stages, i.e., the fast burial and heating stage (220-145 Ma), the transient cooling stage (145-135 Ma), the burial and heating stage (135-70 Ma), the rapid cooling stage (70-50 Ma), the relatively stable stage (50-20 Ma) and another rapid cooling stage (20 Ma to present).
文摘Erperimental method to measure the prompt neutron spectra of 238U fissioninduced by fast neutrons has been developed at HI-13 Tandem Van de Grab Accelerator Laboratory of CIAE. These techniques employ a multi-segment fission chamberand tab liquid scintillator neutron detectors. TOF (time of flight) techniques are usedfor prilnny neutrons to select the fission evellts induced by monoenergetic neutronfrom 'H(d, n) reactions instead of breakup neutrons from 'H(d, up) reactions. Thefission neutron TOF spectra are measured in coincidence with the fission fragmellts todistinguish fission neutrons from other secondals neutrons. The method perests measurements to a forly good accuracy under large neutron and gamma ray baCkgroulld.The tecboques are described and experimelltal spectra are presented.
文摘MIXED Oxide Nuclear fuel (MOX) contains both uranium and plutonium in oxidized form. It is important to calculate the nuclear decay heat due to the single thermal fission (fission due to 0.0235 eV neutron) for all fissile nuclei in the MOX fuels (U<sup>235</sup>, Pu<sup>239</sup>, and Pu<sup>241</sup>). These fissile nuclei are the main source of the decay heat in MOX fuel. Decay heat calculation of the weighted fissile material content in MOX fuel is also important. A numerical method was used in this work to calculate the concentrations of all fission products due to the individual thermal fission of the three fissile materials as a function of time N(t). The decay heat calculations for the three fissile materials are directly calculated using the summation method by knowing the different concentrations of fission products over time. The average decay heat of the MOX fuel in induced thermal fission is also concluded. The most influential nuclei in the decay heat were also identified. The method used has been validated by several comparisons before, but the new in this work is using the most recent Evaluated Nuclear Data Library ENDF/B-VIII.0. Calculations of decay heat show very common trends for a period of 10<sup>7</sup> sec after the fission burst of thermal fissions of individual fissile nuclei. Moreover, the code showed high capability in calculating the fission fragments inventories and decay heats due to the decay of fission fragments of 31 fissionable nuclei.
文摘In this paper, a home-made code was designed to calculate the decay heat emitted by fission fragments as a result of successive radioactive emissions after a fission burst. The nuclear data necessary for the calculations was extracted from the latest version of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Library ENDF/B-VIII.0. The code can calculate the decay heat of thermal and fast neutron-induced fission reactions on the isotopes of Thorium, Protactinium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium, Curium, California, Einsteinium, and Fermium. A numerical method was used in this work to calculate the decay heat of all fission fragments due to the individual thermal or fast fissions of the isotopes of the previous ten actinides. The most influential nuclei in the decay heat were also identified at different times after the fission event. Moreover, the code showed high capability in calculating the fission fragments inventories and decay heats due to the decay of fission fragments of 31 fissionable nuclei.
文摘Calculation of the decay heat from the decay/buildup of radionuclides generated after nuclear fission is one of the highest priorities in the nuclear industry. These calculations become more important if they are made together with the analysis of the most important isotopes affecting the decay heat. They are useful in designing the necessary nuclear safety for spent fuels, and their importance cannot be overlooked in the designs of transporting fuel storage containers as well as in the management of the radioactive waste generated. In this paper, by using MATLAB, the decay heat after the thermal fission of a U-235 nucleus was numerically calculated by solving linear differential equations for all the buildups/decays of the fission products. Also, the most contribution of radioactive isotopes to the decay heat was analyzed by using Microsoft Excel. The most influential isotopes were deduced in two ways;either by calculating the most influential isotopes at specific times, or by determining the largest influences in a cumulative manner. All required nuclear data such as decay constants their branching ratios, independent fission yield, and average α-, β-, and γ-energies released per disintegration of any nuclide, have been extracted from the latest version of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (ENDF) database ENDF/B-VIII.0. The two different methods used showed a difference in the contributing isotopes, which is logical for the difference in the method of calculation. The first method is suitable for instantaneous data while the second method is more suitable when there is a need to know the cumulative calculations. In sum, we can say that both methods complement each other, and neither of them can be dispensed with in the accurate calculations related to transportation and storage of spent fuel.
