With the continuous enrollment expansion of universities and the increase in the number of international stu-dents,student apartments are becoming increasingly in short supply,inevitably leading to renovation and expa...With the continuous enrollment expansion of universities and the increase in the number of international stu-dents,student apartments are becoming increasingly in short supply,inevitably leading to renovation and expansion pro-jects of apartments.New requirements have emerged for fire protection design in the renovation of student apartments.This case mainly involves new approaches and methods of fire protection design in the renovation of old buildings.An in-door fire hydrant system is newly added to the water supply part of the apartment building,and the main measures include drawing water from a nearby source and establishing a fire protection linkage control system.展开更多
Firefighting protective clothing is a crucial protective equipment for firefighters to minimize skin burn and ensure safety firefighting operation and rescue mission.A recent increasing concern is to develop self-powe...Firefighting protective clothing is a crucial protective equipment for firefighters to minimize skin burn and ensure safety firefighting operation and rescue mission.A recent increasing concern is to develop self-powered fire warning materials that can be incorporated into the firefighting clothing to achieve active fire protection for firefighters before the protective clothing catches fire on fireground.However,it is still a challenge to facilely design and manufacture thermoelectric(TE)textile(TET)-based fire warning electronics with dynamic surface conformability and breathability.Here,we develop an alternate coaxial wet-spinning strategy to continuously produce alternating p/n-type TE aerogel fibers involving n-type Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene and p-type MXene/SWCNT-COOH as core materials,and tough aramid nanofiber as protective shell,which simultaneously ensure the flexibility and high-efficiency TE power generation.With such alternating p/n-type TE fibers,TET-based self-powered fire warning sensors with high mechanical stability and wearability are successfully fabricated through stitching the alternating p-n segment TE fibers into aramid fabric.The results indicate that TET-based fire warning electronics containing 50 p-n pairs produce the open-circuit voltage of 7.5 mV with a power density of 119.79 nW cm-2 at a temperature difference of 300℃.The output voltage signal is then calculated as corresponding surface temperature of firefighting clothing based on a linear relationship between TE voltage and temperature.The fire alarm response time and flame-retardant properties are further displayed.Such self-powered fire warning electronics are true textiles that offer breathability and compatibility with body movement,demonstrating their potential application in firefighting clothing.展开更多
In offshore structures,hydrocarbon fires cause the structure to loose its rigidity rapidly and this leads to structural integrity and stability problems.The Passive Fire Protection(PFP)system slows the transfer rate o...In offshore structures,hydrocarbon fires cause the structure to loose its rigidity rapidly and this leads to structural integrity and stability problems.The Passive Fire Protection(PFP)system slows the transfer rate of fire heat and helps to prevent the collapse of structures and human losses.The vital design factors are decided in the detailed design stage.The determined design thickness must be accurately applied in the fabrication yard.However,there are many cases that the PFP is overused because of various reasons.This excessive application of the PFP is an unavoidable problem.Several studies have been conducted on the efficient application and optimal design of the PFP.However,the strength of the PFP has not been considered.In addition,research studies on the correlation between the thickness of the PFP and the structural behaviour are not widely available.Therefore,this study attempts to analyse the thermal and mechanical effects of the PFP on the structure when it is applied to the structural member.In particular,it is intended to determine the change in the behaviour of the structural member as the thickness of the PFP increases.展开更多
Rapid high-rise building construction of different occupancies is becoming popular in Dhaka due to its economic gain and functional flexibility. Fire prevention poses a significant difficulty to this type of construct...Rapid high-rise building construction of different occupancies is becoming popular in Dhaka due to its economic gain and functional flexibility. Fire prevention poses a significant difficulty to this type of construction due to its complexity and economic worth as well. Therefore, construction of high-rise building without following the proper fire safety measures, is a common practice at present in the city and it poses a greater threat to urban life considering its associated loss. Even though, most of the owners or authorities do not respect the construction code and the majority of them lack sufficient awareness and basic fire control knowledge and practice. More often, they are unable to comprehend the magnitude and severity of severe fire hazards, and recognize the causes and implementing effective mitigation measures are rare. As a result, the number of fire hazard in high-rise construction is increasing day by day. Hence, investigating the present condition of high-rise buildings (already built) in terms of Fire Protection System is imperative to prevent the upcoming fire hazard. An urban chunk of 33 plots along with Bir Uttam Aminul Haque Avenue, located in Banani, has been chosen for the study area considering its vulnerability to fire hazard. Among these buildings, STAR Tower and HBR Tower, these two high-rise buildings are assessed thoroughly using FRI (Fire Risk Index) Method. The method is semi-quantitative in nature with seventeen parameters associated with fire protection. This assessment represents a scenario in what extent fire codes are being followed in the selected area. It concludes that most of the buildings lack in providing protection against fire hazards for not following the code strictly. This research provides some recommendations which can be followed to improve the fire safety measures in this existing context. It is expected that this research could be a unique addition to firefighting knowledge by contributing to mitigating the consequences of fire related hazards in any densely populated city like Dhaka.展开更多
In the current construction field, there is a relatively complete management system in the fire design of construction engineering, and the most important form of project construction management in the fire design and...In the current construction field, there is a relatively complete management system in the fire design of construction engineering, and the most important form of project construction management in the fire design and construction of the construction industry is fire design management. According to a large number of data collected from China's building fire protection design, at present, many places in China will put fire protection design first in construction planning. In addition, the continuous improvement of social and economic level in recent years has also led to the rapid growth of land prices, resulting in the phenomenon of a large number of social funds being invested in the construction industry. Therefore, with the rapid development of the construction industry, we must pay attention to the improvement of fire design management level if we want to have more long-term development.展开更多
The emergence of high-rise civil buildings not only alleviates the current situation of urban land shortage, but also meets everyone's own needs.At present, high-rise buildings continue to emerge, and its proporti...The emergence of high-rise civil buildings not only alleviates the current situation of urban land shortage, but also meets everyone's own needs.At present, high-rise buildings continue to emerge, and its proportion is also relatively high in the proportion of new buildings.Compared with low-rise buildings, fire prevention of high-rise civil buildings is difficult, which is also known as an important issue of current concern.Therefore, in practice, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the fire protection design of high-rise civil buildings, try to improve the fire protection of buildings and reduce the negative impact of fire.Based on this, this paper discusses the problem analysis and Countermeasures of fire protection design of high-rise civil buildings.展开更多
If a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, its spreading speed is very fast, and it is difficult to evacuate, which threatens the personal safety of residents. Therefore, we should control from the source, strength...If a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, its spreading speed is very fast, and it is difficult to evacuate, which threatens the personal safety of residents. Therefore, we should control from the source, strengthen the fire protection design function of the construction design link, improve the fire resistance performance of the building structure, avoid confusion when the fire occurs, find the correct escape route according to the direction of the indicator signs and lights, improve the fire protection ability of high-rise buildings, and correctly solve the occurrence of fire hazards.展开更多
Architecture is the foundation of social development and one of the elements of people's life and production. With the continuous development of social economy and the continuous increase of population, the functi...Architecture is the foundation of social development and one of the elements of people's life and production. With the continuous development of social economy and the continuous increase of population, the functions assumed by buildings are also increasing day by day. Under this background, in the process of architectural design, we should not only be able to meet the most basic functions of buildings, but also increase investment in functionality, safety and stability to continuously improve the comprehensive performance of buildings. Among them, safety is a priority issue in architectural design. Once there is a problem in safety, its hidden dangers and possible losses are often difficult to measure. Building safety design involves many aspects, and building fire prevention design is one of the important contents, especially with the continuous increase of all kinds of electrical wires and appliances in buildings, it puts forward higher and higher requirements for building fire prevention capability. Therefore, in the current process of architectural design, full consideration should be given to the scientific application of architectural fire protection design, and the safety and reliability of architectural design should be continuously improved.展开更多
Ancient buildings are precious heritage resources of our country. However, due to the particularity of ancient building materials and construction process, the ignition point and fire occurrence rate of ancient buildi...Ancient buildings are precious heritage resources of our country. However, due to the particularity of ancient building materials and construction process, the ignition point and fire occurrence rate of ancient buildings are very high. Therefore, the ancient buildings that guarantee high quality and integrity have always been difficulties in research on fire protection countermeasures. The paper analyzes the factors of ancient building construction, examines the methods of reducing the ignition point of materials, and discusses the various stages of ancient building management and project supervision schemes in order to carry out more comprehensive safety control of ancient buildings.展开更多
With the development of social economy, people's living standard and quality of life are improving day by day, and large-scale commercial buildings are emerging one after another, bringing great convenience to the...With the development of social economy, people's living standard and quality of life are improving day by day, and large-scale commercial buildings are emerging one after another, bringing great convenience to the life of social strata. Large-scale commercial buildings are usually located in urban areas with large flow of people and wide variety of goods. The occurrence of fire safety hazards inevitably poses a serious threat to people's lives and property safety. This paper makes a brief analysis on the fire protection design of large commercial buildings for reference only.展开更多
When it comes to the 21st century, people's living standards continue to improve, the quality of their lives also put forward more requirements and hopes, the public hope that their living conditions not only have...When it comes to the 21st century, people's living standards continue to improve, the quality of their lives also put forward more requirements and hopes, the public hope that their living conditions not only have comfort, but also have a certain degree of security. High rise building water supply and drainage and fire protection design should not only meet the normal use of water supply and drainage system, but also meet the fire protection and fire extinguishing functions. Compared with the ordinary single-layer building, the number of floors in high-rise buildings is large, and people's travel almost all depends on the elevator, while the evacuation only depends on the evacuation stairs, which often causes evacuation difficulties, not timely and other safety problems. If the fire protection design is defective or unreasonable, and a fire occurs in a high-rise building, it will threaten and affect the safety of people's lives and property. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze the problems existing in the formulation of water supply and drainage and fire protection design scheme of high-rise buildings and the layout of fire protection facilities in high-rise buildings.展开更多
This paper discusses the importance of standards in the fire extinguishing agent industry,and highlights the vital role of the standards in promoting technological innovation.China’s standards for fire extinguishing ...This paper discusses the importance of standards in the fire extinguishing agent industry,and highlights the vital role of the standards in promoting technological innovation.China’s standards for fire extinguishing agent products have evolved significantly,aligning with industrial development,market demands,regulatory requirements,to respond to the great impact of international competition in the industry.The paper analyzes the current state of China’s standards,including their composition and integration with industry growth,green development strategies,and international harmonization.Future development strategies for the standards framework should focus on valid period estimation,fire test model development,and raw material selection guidelines.By implementing these strategies,China’s fire protection industry can enhance product quality,contribute to public safety,and maintain a competitive edge in the global market.展开更多
This paper reviews the composition, development, and operation mechanism of domestic and foreign fire protection technical regulations and standards. Considering the development and problems of China's fire protec...This paper reviews the composition, development, and operation mechanism of domestic and foreign fire protection technical regulations and standards. Considering the development and problems of China's fire protection standard system and fire protection technical standards, this paper recommends fire safety professional engineering design specialization, suggests key research fields pertaining to fire protection technical standards, and elucidates how a performance-based fire protection technical standard system can be established.展开更多
Non-compliance with respiratory protection programs among firefighters may put them at increased risk of injury and illness from occupational exposures during fire extinguishing activities. This research aims to chara...Non-compliance with respiratory protection programs among firefighters may put them at increased risk of injury and illness from occupational exposures during fire extinguishing activities. This research aims to characterize respiratory protection practices among Florida firefighters. This information will allow better understanding of factors that are associated with non-compliance with respiratory protection guidelines. A survey questionnaire was used to characterize Florida fire departments in this cross-sectional study. Four hundred and seventy-seven surveys were administered to Florida firefighters both in person and electronically to collect information regarding firefighter knowledge and participation in their respective respiratory protection programs during the past twelve months. Survey questions were developed from the model set by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) which provides standards and regulations regarding firefighter protections. Summary statistics regarding firefighter department size, coverage area, and firefighter employment type were produced. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors that impact respiratory protection programs. The 477 respondents were 91% male with a mean age of 39 years old (range 21 - 65 years). The majority of respondents, 76%, were non-smokers, 21% former smokers, and 3% current smokers. In regard to ethnicity, respondents were 77% Caucasian, 13% Hispanic, 3% African American, and 4% other. Most respondents were career firefighters, 97%, with less than ten years of experience, 44%, working in a fire department with at least 21 firefighters, 98%. Most respondents, 80%, had a written respiratory program in place. The most cited reason for not having implemented a written respiratory protection program was lack of knowledge related to the program. Multinomial logistic regression analysis of departments with response areas of at least 250,000 square miles produced a statistically significant 0.444 (0.219 - 0.901 CI) odds ratio for having a written respiratory program as compared to those with a less than 10,000 square miles response area. Additional resources need to be given to Florida fire departments to ensure that all firefighters receive adequate respiratory protection in accordance with NFPA guidelines. There is an association between fire departments with large response areas and non-compliance with respiratory protection guidelines in regard to: having a written respiratory program, the frequency of respiratory fit testing, and the frequency of medical fitness testing. This suggests that rural fire departments need additional resources to ensure firefighters are adequately protected. Additional research should focus on why these differences exist in the rural fire departments. Respondents stating a lack of knowledge or no requirement for a written respiratory program suggest that future efforts should focus on respiratory protection education and training.展开更多
In recent decades,annual urban fire incidents,including those involving ancient wooden buildings burned,transportation,and solar panels,have increased,leading to significant loss of human life and property.Addressing ...In recent decades,annual urban fire incidents,including those involving ancient wooden buildings burned,transportation,and solar panels,have increased,leading to significant loss of human life and property.Addressing this issue without altering the surface morphology or interfering with optical behavior of flammable materials poses a substantial challenge.Herein,we present a transparent,low thickness,ceramifiable nanosystem coating composed of a highly adhesive base(poly(SSS1-co-HEMA1)),nanoscale layered double hydroxide sheets as ceramic precursors,and supramolecular melamine di-borate as an accelerator.We demonstrate that this hybrid coating can transform into a porous,fire-resistant protective layer with a highly thermostable vitreous phase upon exposure to flame/heat source.A nanosystem coating of just~100μm thickness can significantly increase the limiting oxygen index of wood(Pine)to 37.3%,dramatically reduce total heat release by 78.6%,and maintain low smoke toxicity(CIT_G=0.016).Detailed molecular force analysis,combined with a comprehensive examination of the underlying flame-retardant mechanisms,underscores the effectiveness of this coating.This work offers a strategy for creating efficient,environmentally friendly coatings with fire safety applications across various industries.展开更多
Wild forest fires are one of the greatest environmental disasters affecting forest resources. Along the coastal zone of the Mediterranean region in Turkey, forested areas are classified as first-degree, fire-sensitive...Wild forest fires are one of the greatest environmental disasters affecting forest resources. Along the coastal zone of the Mediterranean region in Turkey, forested areas are classified as first-degree, fire-sensitive areas. Every year, thousands of hectares of forests have been destroyed in Turkey. In this study, fire-access zones were determined in the Mediterranean forests of Turkey, by utilizing geographic information systems （GIS） technology. The effective reach distance of fire hoses from both sides of roads was considered in order to delineate fireaccess zones. The effective reach distance can vary based on the technical capabilities and hydraulic capacity of fire trucks （minimum and maximum pressures on water pump）; terrain structures （uphill, downhill and flat）; and ground slope. These factors and their influences were studied in fire sensitive forest areas located in the eastern Mediterranean city of Kahramanmaras in Turkey. First, terrain structures on both sides of the road network and groundslope classes were determined based on GIS data layers. Then, fire access zones were delineated according to water pressure data, terrain structures, and ground-slope classes. The results indicated that 69.30 % of the forested areas were within the fire-access zones, while the rest of the forest was out of reach the fire hoses. The accessible areas were also calculated for forested areas with different fire- sensitivity degrees. The accessible areas were 69.59, 69.96, and 67.16 % for the forested areas that are sensitive to fires at the first, second, and third degrees, respectively. This finding has implications for the monitoring and management of fire threats in areas outside of the reach distance. The outside areas should receive extra attention and monitoring during the fire season so that fires are detected ahead of time and management has sufficient time to react. Besides, new roads should be considered for these areas in order to access more lands in a shorter amount of time.展开更多
For spontaneous combustion possibilities under large flux methane drainage in the goal, dynamic permeability in combination with the Forchheimer nonlinear equation was used to solve the problem of 3D oxygen distributi...For spontaneous combustion possibilities under large flux methane drainage in the goal, dynamic permeability in combination with the Forchheimer nonlinear equation was used to solve the problem of 3D oxygen distribution, heating law in goaf and to forecast the effects of fire protection by taking the fifth section face of the No. 18 coal seam in Nanshan Coal Mine as the basis for this study. The results demonstrate that if the vertical position of the drainage laneway is so low as to cause serious air leakage, a high oxygen concentration area exists in the return side of the goaf, and there is also a high temperature region which has faster heating rate than in the other areas. The effect of methane drainage on goal heating can be alleviated dramatically by simultaneous plugging and nitrogen injection. The results show that gas data in the return side of the goaf must be detected carefully in the work face, which is of similar drainage arrangement. Therefore, comprehensive fire protection measures should be carried out if conditions permit.展开更多
This study compares the performance of three fire risk indices for accuracy in predicting fires in semideciduous forest fragments,creates a fire risk map by integrating historical fire occurrences in a probabilistic d...This study compares the performance of three fire risk indices for accuracy in predicting fires in semideciduous forest fragments,creates a fire risk map by integrating historical fire occurrences in a probabilistic density surface using the Kernel density estimator(KDE)in the municipality of Sorocaba,Sao Paulo state,Brazil.The logarithmic Telicyn index,Monte Alegre formula(MAF)and enhanced Monte Alegre formula(MAF+)were employed using data for the period 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2016.Meteorological data and numbers of fire occurrences were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology(INMET)and the Institute for Space Research(INPE),respectively.Two performance measures were calculated:Heidke skill score(SS)and success rate(SR).The MAF+index was the most accurate,with values of SS and SR of 0.611%and 62.8%,respectively.The fire risk map revealed two most susceptible areas with high(63 km^2)and very high(47 km^2)risk of fires in the municipality.Identification of the best risk index and the generation of fire risk maps can contribute to better planning and cost reduction in preventing and fighting forest fires.展开更多
Background This work aims to build a comprehensive and effective fire emergency management system based on the Internet of Things(IoT)and achieve an actual intelligent fire rescue.A smart fire protection information s...Background This work aims to build a comprehensive and effective fire emergency management system based on the Internet of Things(IoT)and achieve an actual intelligent fire rescue.A smart fire protection information system was designed based on the IoT.A detailed analysis was conducted on the problem of rescue vehicle scheduling and the evacuation of trapped persons in the process of fire rescue.Methods The intelligent fire visualization platform based on the three-dimensional(3D)Geographic Information Science(GIS)covers project overview,equipment status,equipment classification,equipment alarm information,alarm classification,alarm statistics,equipment account information,and other modules.The live video accessed through the visual interface can clearly identify the stage of the fire,which facilitates the arrangement of rescue equipment and personnel.The vehicle scheduling model in the system primarily used two objective functions to solve the Pareto Non-Dominated Solution Set Optimization:emergency rescue time and the number of vehicles.In addition,an evacuation path optimization method based on the Improved Ant Colony(IAC)algorithm was designed to realize the dynamic optimization of building fire evacuation paths.Results The experimental results indicate that all the values of detection signals were significantly larger in the smoldering fire scene at t=17s than the initial value.In addition,the probability of smoldering fire and the probability of open fire were relatively large according to the probability function of the corresponding fire situation,demonstrating that this model could detect fire.Conclusions The IAC algorithm reported here avoided the passages near the fire and spreading areas as much as possible and took the safety of the trapped persons as the premise when planning the evacuation route.Therefore,the IoT-based fire information system has important value for ensuring fire safety and carrying out emergency rescue and is worthy of popularization and application.展开更多
In modern times, China's society has been rapid development, its economy is rapid progress, people's quality of life has been improved, the population is also increasing, and for the limited land, housing prob...In modern times, China's society has been rapid development, its economy is rapid progress, people's quality of life has been improved, the population is also increasing, and for the limited land, housing problem has become one of the more important problems to be solved. This leads to the emergence of high-rise buildings, and the number of high-rise buildings is still increasing, which also brings great disadvantages. One of the more obvious problems is fire protection. The increase of floors greatly increases the difficulty of fire protection construction, which leads to the fact that the traditional fire protection design is no longer suitable. It is necessary to bring forth new ideas to meet the new social market demand. But the design and use of high-rise building fire is very difficult, high-rise buildings are far away from the ground when the fire occurs, people in the building need more time than survivors or rescue workers, so it is necessary to optimize the fire design and construction of high-rise buildings scientifically and reasonably to ensure the fire safety of high-rise buildings.展开更多
文摘With the continuous enrollment expansion of universities and the increase in the number of international stu-dents,student apartments are becoming increasingly in short supply,inevitably leading to renovation and expansion pro-jects of apartments.New requirements have emerged for fire protection design in the renovation of student apartments.This case mainly involves new approaches and methods of fire protection design in the renovation of old buildings.An in-door fire hydrant system is newly added to the water supply part of the apartment building,and the main measures include drawing water from a nearby source and establishing a fire protection linkage control system.
基金This work was financially supported by the Opening Project of National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production(FX2022006)Guiding Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei province(2022CFC072)+2 种基金Guiding Project of Scientific Research Plan of Education Department of Hubei Province(B2022081)Shenghong Key Scientific Research Project of Emergency Support and Public Safety Fiber Materials and Products(2022-rw0101)Science and Technology Guidance Program of China National Textile and Apparel Council(2022002).
文摘Firefighting protective clothing is a crucial protective equipment for firefighters to minimize skin burn and ensure safety firefighting operation and rescue mission.A recent increasing concern is to develop self-powered fire warning materials that can be incorporated into the firefighting clothing to achieve active fire protection for firefighters before the protective clothing catches fire on fireground.However,it is still a challenge to facilely design and manufacture thermoelectric(TE)textile(TET)-based fire warning electronics with dynamic surface conformability and breathability.Here,we develop an alternate coaxial wet-spinning strategy to continuously produce alternating p/n-type TE aerogel fibers involving n-type Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene and p-type MXene/SWCNT-COOH as core materials,and tough aramid nanofiber as protective shell,which simultaneously ensure the flexibility and high-efficiency TE power generation.With such alternating p/n-type TE fibers,TET-based self-powered fire warning sensors with high mechanical stability and wearability are successfully fabricated through stitching the alternating p-n segment TE fibers into aramid fabric.The results indicate that TET-based fire warning electronics containing 50 p-n pairs produce the open-circuit voltage of 7.5 mV with a power density of 119.79 nW cm-2 at a temperature difference of 300℃.The output voltage signal is then calculated as corresponding surface temperature of firefighting clothing based on a linear relationship between TE voltage and temperature.The fire alarm response time and flame-retardant properties are further displayed.Such self-powered fire warning electronics are true textiles that offer breathability and compatibility with body movement,demonstrating their potential application in firefighting clothing.
基金This research is supported by PNU Korea-UK Global Program in Offshore Engineering(N0001288)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy.
文摘In offshore structures,hydrocarbon fires cause the structure to loose its rigidity rapidly and this leads to structural integrity and stability problems.The Passive Fire Protection(PFP)system slows the transfer rate of fire heat and helps to prevent the collapse of structures and human losses.The vital design factors are decided in the detailed design stage.The determined design thickness must be accurately applied in the fabrication yard.However,there are many cases that the PFP is overused because of various reasons.This excessive application of the PFP is an unavoidable problem.Several studies have been conducted on the efficient application and optimal design of the PFP.However,the strength of the PFP has not been considered.In addition,research studies on the correlation between the thickness of the PFP and the structural behaviour are not widely available.Therefore,this study attempts to analyse the thermal and mechanical effects of the PFP on the structure when it is applied to the structural member.In particular,it is intended to determine the change in the behaviour of the structural member as the thickness of the PFP increases.
文摘Rapid high-rise building construction of different occupancies is becoming popular in Dhaka due to its economic gain and functional flexibility. Fire prevention poses a significant difficulty to this type of construction due to its complexity and economic worth as well. Therefore, construction of high-rise building without following the proper fire safety measures, is a common practice at present in the city and it poses a greater threat to urban life considering its associated loss. Even though, most of the owners or authorities do not respect the construction code and the majority of them lack sufficient awareness and basic fire control knowledge and practice. More often, they are unable to comprehend the magnitude and severity of severe fire hazards, and recognize the causes and implementing effective mitigation measures are rare. As a result, the number of fire hazard in high-rise construction is increasing day by day. Hence, investigating the present condition of high-rise buildings (already built) in terms of Fire Protection System is imperative to prevent the upcoming fire hazard. An urban chunk of 33 plots along with Bir Uttam Aminul Haque Avenue, located in Banani, has been chosen for the study area considering its vulnerability to fire hazard. Among these buildings, STAR Tower and HBR Tower, these two high-rise buildings are assessed thoroughly using FRI (Fire Risk Index) Method. The method is semi-quantitative in nature with seventeen parameters associated with fire protection. This assessment represents a scenario in what extent fire codes are being followed in the selected area. It concludes that most of the buildings lack in providing protection against fire hazards for not following the code strictly. This research provides some recommendations which can be followed to improve the fire safety measures in this existing context. It is expected that this research could be a unique addition to firefighting knowledge by contributing to mitigating the consequences of fire related hazards in any densely populated city like Dhaka.
文摘In the current construction field, there is a relatively complete management system in the fire design of construction engineering, and the most important form of project construction management in the fire design and construction of the construction industry is fire design management. According to a large number of data collected from China's building fire protection design, at present, many places in China will put fire protection design first in construction planning. In addition, the continuous improvement of social and economic level in recent years has also led to the rapid growth of land prices, resulting in the phenomenon of a large number of social funds being invested in the construction industry. Therefore, with the rapid development of the construction industry, we must pay attention to the improvement of fire design management level if we want to have more long-term development.
文摘The emergence of high-rise civil buildings not only alleviates the current situation of urban land shortage, but also meets everyone's own needs.At present, high-rise buildings continue to emerge, and its proportion is also relatively high in the proportion of new buildings.Compared with low-rise buildings, fire prevention of high-rise civil buildings is difficult, which is also known as an important issue of current concern.Therefore, in practice, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the fire protection design of high-rise civil buildings, try to improve the fire protection of buildings and reduce the negative impact of fire.Based on this, this paper discusses the problem analysis and Countermeasures of fire protection design of high-rise civil buildings.
文摘If a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, its spreading speed is very fast, and it is difficult to evacuate, which threatens the personal safety of residents. Therefore, we should control from the source, strengthen the fire protection design function of the construction design link, improve the fire resistance performance of the building structure, avoid confusion when the fire occurs, find the correct escape route according to the direction of the indicator signs and lights, improve the fire protection ability of high-rise buildings, and correctly solve the occurrence of fire hazards.
文摘Architecture is the foundation of social development and one of the elements of people's life and production. With the continuous development of social economy and the continuous increase of population, the functions assumed by buildings are also increasing day by day. Under this background, in the process of architectural design, we should not only be able to meet the most basic functions of buildings, but also increase investment in functionality, safety and stability to continuously improve the comprehensive performance of buildings. Among them, safety is a priority issue in architectural design. Once there is a problem in safety, its hidden dangers and possible losses are often difficult to measure. Building safety design involves many aspects, and building fire prevention design is one of the important contents, especially with the continuous increase of all kinds of electrical wires and appliances in buildings, it puts forward higher and higher requirements for building fire prevention capability. Therefore, in the current process of architectural design, full consideration should be given to the scientific application of architectural fire protection design, and the safety and reliability of architectural design should be continuously improved.
文摘Ancient buildings are precious heritage resources of our country. However, due to the particularity of ancient building materials and construction process, the ignition point and fire occurrence rate of ancient buildings are very high. Therefore, the ancient buildings that guarantee high quality and integrity have always been difficulties in research on fire protection countermeasures. The paper analyzes the factors of ancient building construction, examines the methods of reducing the ignition point of materials, and discusses the various stages of ancient building management and project supervision schemes in order to carry out more comprehensive safety control of ancient buildings.
文摘With the development of social economy, people's living standard and quality of life are improving day by day, and large-scale commercial buildings are emerging one after another, bringing great convenience to the life of social strata. Large-scale commercial buildings are usually located in urban areas with large flow of people and wide variety of goods. The occurrence of fire safety hazards inevitably poses a serious threat to people's lives and property safety. This paper makes a brief analysis on the fire protection design of large commercial buildings for reference only.
文摘When it comes to the 21st century, people's living standards continue to improve, the quality of their lives also put forward more requirements and hopes, the public hope that their living conditions not only have comfort, but also have a certain degree of security. High rise building water supply and drainage and fire protection design should not only meet the normal use of water supply and drainage system, but also meet the fire protection and fire extinguishing functions. Compared with the ordinary single-layer building, the number of floors in high-rise buildings is large, and people's travel almost all depends on the elevator, while the evacuation only depends on the evacuation stairs, which often causes evacuation difficulties, not timely and other safety problems. If the fire protection design is defective or unreasonable, and a fire occurs in a high-rise building, it will threaten and affect the safety of people's lives and property. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze the problems existing in the formulation of water supply and drainage and fire protection design scheme of high-rise buildings and the layout of fire protection facilities in high-rise buildings.
基金supported by the specialized fund project for the fundamental research operation of central-level public welfare scientific research institutes,titled“Research on the International Standards System Construction and Updates in the Field of Fire Protection(Project No.2023SJ09)”.
文摘This paper discusses the importance of standards in the fire extinguishing agent industry,and highlights the vital role of the standards in promoting technological innovation.China’s standards for fire extinguishing agent products have evolved significantly,aligning with industrial development,market demands,regulatory requirements,to respond to the great impact of international competition in the industry.The paper analyzes the current state of China’s standards,including their composition and integration with industry growth,green development strategies,and international harmonization.Future development strategies for the standards framework should focus on valid period estimation,fire test model development,and raw material selection guidelines.By implementing these strategies,China’s fire protection industry can enhance product quality,contribute to public safety,and maintain a competitive edge in the global market.
基金This research is supported by the Key Project of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development(2020-R-037).
文摘This paper reviews the composition, development, and operation mechanism of domestic and foreign fire protection technical regulations and standards. Considering the development and problems of China's fire protection standard system and fire protection technical standards, this paper recommends fire safety professional engineering design specialization, suggests key research fields pertaining to fire protection technical standards, and elucidates how a performance-based fire protection technical standard system can be established.
文摘Non-compliance with respiratory protection programs among firefighters may put them at increased risk of injury and illness from occupational exposures during fire extinguishing activities. This research aims to characterize respiratory protection practices among Florida firefighters. This information will allow better understanding of factors that are associated with non-compliance with respiratory protection guidelines. A survey questionnaire was used to characterize Florida fire departments in this cross-sectional study. Four hundred and seventy-seven surveys were administered to Florida firefighters both in person and electronically to collect information regarding firefighter knowledge and participation in their respective respiratory protection programs during the past twelve months. Survey questions were developed from the model set by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) which provides standards and regulations regarding firefighter protections. Summary statistics regarding firefighter department size, coverage area, and firefighter employment type were produced. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors that impact respiratory protection programs. The 477 respondents were 91% male with a mean age of 39 years old (range 21 - 65 years). The majority of respondents, 76%, were non-smokers, 21% former smokers, and 3% current smokers. In regard to ethnicity, respondents were 77% Caucasian, 13% Hispanic, 3% African American, and 4% other. Most respondents were career firefighters, 97%, with less than ten years of experience, 44%, working in a fire department with at least 21 firefighters, 98%. Most respondents, 80%, had a written respiratory program in place. The most cited reason for not having implemented a written respiratory protection program was lack of knowledge related to the program. Multinomial logistic regression analysis of departments with response areas of at least 250,000 square miles produced a statistically significant 0.444 (0.219 - 0.901 CI) odds ratio for having a written respiratory program as compared to those with a less than 10,000 square miles response area. Additional resources need to be given to Florida fire departments to ensure that all firefighters receive adequate respiratory protection in accordance with NFPA guidelines. There is an association between fire departments with large response areas and non-compliance with respiratory protection guidelines in regard to: having a written respiratory program, the frequency of respiratory fit testing, and the frequency of medical fitness testing. This suggests that rural fire departments need additional resources to ensure firefighters are adequately protected. Additional research should focus on why these differences exist in the rural fire departments. Respondents stating a lack of knowledge or no requirement for a written respiratory program suggest that future efforts should focus on respiratory protection education and training.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(524B2168,U22A20149,52173081,and 52273275)。
文摘In recent decades,annual urban fire incidents,including those involving ancient wooden buildings burned,transportation,and solar panels,have increased,leading to significant loss of human life and property.Addressing this issue without altering the surface morphology or interfering with optical behavior of flammable materials poses a substantial challenge.Herein,we present a transparent,low thickness,ceramifiable nanosystem coating composed of a highly adhesive base(poly(SSS1-co-HEMA1)),nanoscale layered double hydroxide sheets as ceramic precursors,and supramolecular melamine di-borate as an accelerator.We demonstrate that this hybrid coating can transform into a porous,fire-resistant protective layer with a highly thermostable vitreous phase upon exposure to flame/heat source.A nanosystem coating of just~100μm thickness can significantly increase the limiting oxygen index of wood(Pine)to 37.3%,dramatically reduce total heat release by 78.6%,and maintain low smoke toxicity(CIT_G=0.016).Detailed molecular force analysis,combined with a comprehensive examination of the underlying flame-retardant mechanisms,underscores the effectiveness of this coating.This work offers a strategy for creating efficient,environmentally friendly coatings with fire safety applications across various industries.
基金supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK,Grant number:110O928)
文摘Wild forest fires are one of the greatest environmental disasters affecting forest resources. Along the coastal zone of the Mediterranean region in Turkey, forested areas are classified as first-degree, fire-sensitive areas. Every year, thousands of hectares of forests have been destroyed in Turkey. In this study, fire-access zones were determined in the Mediterranean forests of Turkey, by utilizing geographic information systems （GIS） technology. The effective reach distance of fire hoses from both sides of roads was considered in order to delineate fireaccess zones. The effective reach distance can vary based on the technical capabilities and hydraulic capacity of fire trucks （minimum and maximum pressures on water pump）; terrain structures （uphill, downhill and flat）; and ground slope. These factors and their influences were studied in fire sensitive forest areas located in the eastern Mediterranean city of Kahramanmaras in Turkey. First, terrain structures on both sides of the road network and groundslope classes were determined based on GIS data layers. Then, fire access zones were delineated according to water pressure data, terrain structures, and ground-slope classes. The results indicated that 69.30 % of the forested areas were within the fire-access zones, while the rest of the forest was out of reach the fire hoses. The accessible areas were also calculated for forested areas with different fire- sensitivity degrees. The accessible areas were 69.59, 69.96, and 67.16 % for the forested areas that are sensitive to fires at the first, second, and third degrees, respectively. This finding has implications for the monitoring and management of fire threats in areas outside of the reach distance. The outside areas should receive extra attention and monitoring during the fire season so that fires are detected ahead of time and management has sufficient time to react. Besides, new roads should be considered for these areas in order to access more lands in a shorter amount of time.
文摘For spontaneous combustion possibilities under large flux methane drainage in the goal, dynamic permeability in combination with the Forchheimer nonlinear equation was used to solve the problem of 3D oxygen distribution, heating law in goaf and to forecast the effects of fire protection by taking the fifth section face of the No. 18 coal seam in Nanshan Coal Mine as the basis for this study. The results demonstrate that if the vertical position of the drainage laneway is so low as to cause serious air leakage, a high oxygen concentration area exists in the return side of the goaf, and there is also a high temperature region which has faster heating rate than in the other areas. The effect of methane drainage on goal heating can be alleviated dramatically by simultaneous plugging and nitrogen injection. The results show that gas data in the return side of the goaf must be detected carefully in the work face, which is of similar drainage arrangement. Therefore, comprehensive fire protection measures should be carried out if conditions permit.
文摘This study compares the performance of three fire risk indices for accuracy in predicting fires in semideciduous forest fragments,creates a fire risk map by integrating historical fire occurrences in a probabilistic density surface using the Kernel density estimator(KDE)in the municipality of Sorocaba,Sao Paulo state,Brazil.The logarithmic Telicyn index,Monte Alegre formula(MAF)and enhanced Monte Alegre formula(MAF+)were employed using data for the period 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2016.Meteorological data and numbers of fire occurrences were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology(INMET)and the Institute for Space Research(INPE),respectively.Two performance measures were calculated:Heidke skill score(SS)and success rate(SR).The MAF+index was the most accurate,with values of SS and SR of 0.611%and 62.8%,respectively.The fire risk map revealed two most susceptible areas with high(63 km^2)and very high(47 km^2)risk of fires in the municipality.Identification of the best risk index and the generation of fire risk maps can contribute to better planning and cost reduction in preventing and fighting forest fires.
基金Supported by the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B111102002)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KCXFZ202002011007040)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC0810704)。
文摘Background This work aims to build a comprehensive and effective fire emergency management system based on the Internet of Things(IoT)and achieve an actual intelligent fire rescue.A smart fire protection information system was designed based on the IoT.A detailed analysis was conducted on the problem of rescue vehicle scheduling and the evacuation of trapped persons in the process of fire rescue.Methods The intelligent fire visualization platform based on the three-dimensional(3D)Geographic Information Science(GIS)covers project overview,equipment status,equipment classification,equipment alarm information,alarm classification,alarm statistics,equipment account information,and other modules.The live video accessed through the visual interface can clearly identify the stage of the fire,which facilitates the arrangement of rescue equipment and personnel.The vehicle scheduling model in the system primarily used two objective functions to solve the Pareto Non-Dominated Solution Set Optimization:emergency rescue time and the number of vehicles.In addition,an evacuation path optimization method based on the Improved Ant Colony(IAC)algorithm was designed to realize the dynamic optimization of building fire evacuation paths.Results The experimental results indicate that all the values of detection signals were significantly larger in the smoldering fire scene at t=17s than the initial value.In addition,the probability of smoldering fire and the probability of open fire were relatively large according to the probability function of the corresponding fire situation,demonstrating that this model could detect fire.Conclusions The IAC algorithm reported here avoided the passages near the fire and spreading areas as much as possible and took the safety of the trapped persons as the premise when planning the evacuation route.Therefore,the IoT-based fire information system has important value for ensuring fire safety and carrying out emergency rescue and is worthy of popularization and application.
文摘In modern times, China's society has been rapid development, its economy is rapid progress, people's quality of life has been improved, the population is also increasing, and for the limited land, housing problem has become one of the more important problems to be solved. This leads to the emergence of high-rise buildings, and the number of high-rise buildings is still increasing, which also brings great disadvantages. One of the more obvious problems is fire protection. The increase of floors greatly increases the difficulty of fire protection construction, which leads to the fact that the traditional fire protection design is no longer suitable. It is necessary to bring forth new ideas to meet the new social market demand. But the design and use of high-rise building fire is very difficult, high-rise buildings are far away from the ground when the fire occurs, people in the building need more time than survivors or rescue workers, so it is necessary to optimize the fire design and construction of high-rise buildings scientifically and reasonably to ensure the fire safety of high-rise buildings.
