Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,pr...Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,prioritizing PM2.5 mass reduction,have provided considerable health benefits but further refinements based on differences in the toxicity of various emission sources may provide greater benefits5-7.Here we integrated field measurements with air-quality modelling to assess the unequal toxicities of PM2.5 from various anthropogenic sources.展开更多
Gestational hypertension(GH)is a common complication during pregnancy.GH is regarded as a potential public health challenge for pregnant women and infants.Limited evidence has linked ambient air pollution to an increa...Gestational hypertension(GH)is a common complication during pregnancy.GH is regarded as a potential public health challenge for pregnant women and infants.Limited evidence has linked ambient air pollution to an increased GH risk.However,most of the studies were conducted in developed countries,with inconsistent results obtained.The present study was performed to explore whether exposure to particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter≤2.5(PM2.5)and ozone(O3)was related to elevated odds of GH in a Chinese population.This population-based cohort study involved 38115 pregnant women in Wuhan,China.All information was collected from the Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Management Information System,using standardized quality control.The daily air pollutant data for PM2.5 and O3 were obtained from the 20 monitoring stations of the Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Center during 2014.The nearest monitor approach was applied to individual exposure assessment of PM2.5 and O3 for each participant.After adjusting for major confounders and other air pollutants,a 10μg/m^3 increase in PM25 and O3 concentrations was found to correlate to a 1.14-fold[95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.09,1.20]and a 1.05-fold(95%CI:1.02,1.07)increase in GH risk,respectively.Additionally,stronger relationships between GH risk and PM25 and O3 exposure were observed in women who conceived in winter and summer,respectively.These findings suggest that air pollutants may contribute to the development of GH.展开更多
This review aimed to systematically summarize the epidemiological literature on the cardiorespiratory effects of PM_(2.5)published during the 13^(th) Five-Year Plan period(2016-2020)in China.Original articles publishe...This review aimed to systematically summarize the epidemiological literature on the cardiorespiratory effects of PM_(2.5)published during the 13^(th) Five-Year Plan period(2016-2020)in China.Original articles published between January 1,2016 and June 30,2021 were searched in PubMed,Web of Science,the China National Knowledge Internet Database and Wanfang Database.Random-or fixed-effects models were used to pool effect estimates where appropriate.Of 8558 records identified,145 met the full eligibility criteria.A 10μg/m^(3) increase in short-term PM_(2.5)exposure was significantly associated with increases of 0.70%,0.86%,0.38%and 0.96%in cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality,cardiovascular morbidity,and respiratory morbidity,respectively.The specific diseases with significant associations included stroke,ischemic heart disease,heart failure,arrhythmia,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,pneumonia and allergic rhinitis.The pooled estimates per 10μg/m^(3) increase in long-term PM_(2.5)exposure were 15.1%,11.9%and 21.0%increases in cardiovascular,stroke and lung cancer mortality,and 17.4%,11.0%and 4.88%increases in cardiovascular,hypertension and lung cancer incidence respectively.Adverse changes in blood pressure,heart rate variability,systemic infiammation,blood lipids,lung function and airway infiammation were observed for either short-term or long-term PM_(2.5)exposure,or both.Collectively,we summarized representative exposure-response relationships between short-and long-term PM_(2.5)exposure and a wide range of cardiorespiratory outcomes applicable to China.The magnitudes of estimates were generally smaller in short-term associations and comparable in long-term associations compared with those in developed countries.Ourfindings are helpful for future standard revisions and policy formulation.There are still some notable gaps that merit further investigation in China.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pre...Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pressure records were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey during 2011–2015.Their long-term PM_(2.5)exposure was assessed at the geographical level,on the basis of a regular 0.1°×0.1°grid over China.A mixed-effects regression model was used to assess associations.Results Each decrease of 10μg/m^(3)in the 1 year-mean PM_(2.5)concentration(FPM1Y)was associated with a decrease of 1.24[95%confidence interval(CI):0.84–1.64]mmHg systolic BP(SBP)and 0.50(95%CI:0.25–0.75)mmHg diastolic BP(DBP),respectively.A robust association was observed between the long-term decrease in PM_(2.5)and decreased BP in the middle-aged and older population.Using a generalized additive mixed model,we further found that SBP increased nonlinearly overall with FPM1Y but in an approximately linear range when the FPM1Y concentration was<70μg/m^(3);In contrast,DBP increased approximately linearly without a clear threshold.Conclusion Efficient control of PM_(2.5)air pollution may promote vascular health in China.Our study provides robust scientific support for making the related air pollution control policies.展开更多
Fine particulate matter and eight heavy metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Zn) concentrations were determined in air samples collected from three industrial sites in northern Nigeria using a Handheld Portable Par...Fine particulate matter and eight heavy metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Zn) concentrations were determined in air samples collected from three industrial sites in northern Nigeria using a Handheld Portable Particle Counter for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> with model number CW-HAT 200 and a High Volume Respirable Dust Sampler (APM 460 NL) in conjunction with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Serial No. AA0904M046) Flame Test. The results of the fine particulates ranged from 11.0 - 46.0 μg<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">.</span>m<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup>3</sup> for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 22.0 - 88 <span style="white-space:normal;"> μg</span><span font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="" style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(79, 79, 79);">.</span><span style="white-space:normal;">m</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup style="white-space:normal;">3</sup><sup></sup> for PM<sub>10</sub> across all the industrial sites investigated. Most of these results exceeded the WHO permissible levels of 25.0 <span style="white-space:normal;"> μg</span><span font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="" style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(79, 79, 79);">.</span><span style="white-space:normal;">m</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup style="white-space:normal;">3</sup> and 50.0 <span style="white-space:normal;"> μg</span><span font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="" style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(79, 79, 79);">.</span><span style="white-space:normal;">m</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup style="white-space:normal;">3</sup> for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> and thus pose threats to people living and working close to these sites. The concentration of the heavy metals studied were found to be within WHO/EU set standards except for the concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd that exceeded the set standard by WHO/EU with toxicity potential >1 in the Terytex industry, Kano and Grand Cereals, Jos. Strong positive correlations were found between the fine particulates concentrations and heavy metals in all the studied sites suggesting that common anthropogenic sources contributed to the fine particulates and heavy metals recorded from the industrial areas. We suggested the installation of electrostatic precipitators to combat fine particulates emission from the stack and also recommended a proper legislative framework by the government to regulate and control industrial fugitive emissions to protect human health.展开更多
Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(...Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.展开更多
The nested-grid capability of the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, with a horizontal resolution of 1/4°× 5/16° （latitude x longitude）, was used to identify the chemical species whose reducti...The nested-grid capability of the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, with a horizontal resolution of 1/4°× 5/16° （latitude x longitude）, was used to identify the chemical species whose reductions made the largest contributions to decreases in PM2.s concentrations （fine particulate matter, diameter 〈 2.5μm, defined in this study as the sum of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols） in Beijing during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation （APEC） summit. A number of numerical experiments were carried out for the period 15 October-29 November 2014. The model reproduced the observed daily variations of concentrations of PM2.s and gas-phase species （carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide）. Simulated PM2.s concentrations decreased by 55.9%-58.5% during the APEC period, compared to other periods in October and November 2014, which agreed closely with measurements. Sensitivity results showed that emissions control measures regarding nitrogen oxides and organic carbon over North China led to the largest reductions in PM2.s concentrations in Beijing during the APEC summit, which led to overall reductions in the PM2.5 concentration of Beijing by 5.7% and 4.6%, respectively. The control of ammonia emissions was found to be able to greatly reduce PM2.5 concentrations in the whole of North China during the APEC meeting.展开更多
Few large-scale studies have systematically examined the effects of maternal exposure to fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))on live birth in women undergoing in vitro fertilization(IVF).This study aimed to investigate t...Few large-scale studies have systematically examined the effects of maternal exposure to fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))on live birth in women undergoing in vitro fertilization(IVF).This study aimed to investigate the associations between ambient PM_(2.5)exposure and live birth in women treated with IVF,and determine critical periods,key failure events,and vulnerable populations affected by such exposure.We included 58,637 patients from six reproductive centers in China between 2016 and 2021.We defined six exposure windows and adopted logistic regression with random-effect models to investigate the associations between PM_(2.5)exposure and live birth.We further categorized live birth failure as implantation failure,biochemical pregnancy loss,and miscarriage,to determine at which stage PM_(2.5)exposure caused the live birth failure.Subgroup analyses were conducted by female age,ovarian response,embryo quality,and transplantation protocol.For each 10μg/m^(3)increase in PM_(2.5)concentration during follicle growth phase,preantral-antral follicle phase,and antral-mature follicle phase,the odds ratios for live birth were 0.966[95%confidence interval(CI):0.938,0.995],0.967(0.939,0.996),and 0.978(0.958,0.998),respectively.PM_(2.5)during these stages was significantly associated only with an increased likelihood of implantation failure,highlighting adverse impact of ambient PM_(2.5)on early pregnancy outcome.In addition,we observed relatively stronger associations in women with poor ovarian response,compromised embryo quality,and those undergoing fresh or double embryo transfers.This large-scale population-based study demonstrated the detrimental effects of high PM_(2.5)exposure for IVF women,shedding light on clinical and public health practices.展开更多
In China, the level of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)) pollution far exceeds the air quality standards recommended by the World Health Organization. Moreover, the health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure have be...In China, the level of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)) pollution far exceeds the air quality standards recommended by the World Health Organization. Moreover, the health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure have become a major public health issue. More than half of PM_(2.5)-related excess deaths are caused by cardiopulmonary disease, which has become a major health risk associated with PM_(2.5) pollution. In this review, we discussed the latest epidemiological advances relating to the health effects of PM_(2.5) on cardiopulmonary diseases in China, including studies relating to the effects of PM_(2.5) on mortality, morbidity, and risk factors for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. These data provided important evidence to highlight the cardiopulmonary risk associated with PM_(2.5) across the world. In the future, further studies need to be carried out to investigate the specific relationship between the constituents and sources of PM_(2.5) and cardiopulmonary disease. These studies provided scientific evidence for precise reduction measurement of pollution sources and public health risks. It is also necessary to identify effective biomarkers and elucidate the biological mechanisms and pathways involved;this may help us to take steps to reduce PM_(2.5) pollution and reduce the incidence of cardiopulmonary disease.展开更多
Understanding essential for formulating the trends in PM2.5 levels is clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone （...Understanding essential for formulating the trends in PM2.5 levels is clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone （PRDEZ）. The long-term variation in PM2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM2.5, organic carbon （OC）, elemental carbon （EC）, and SO24 show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM2.5 concentra- tion ranges from 49.1 μg·m-3 in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m-3 in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg· m3 in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard （NAAQS） for PM2.5 （35 μg· m-3）. Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and SO2/4 are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8μg·m-3, respectively. NO3 and NH＋ respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m-3 and 2.9 μg·m-3 in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m 3 and 5.3μg·m-3 in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of＋ 0.2 μg·m-3 ·yr-1 and ＋ 0.1 μg· m-3. yr-1. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and SO2/4- are the dominant components of PM2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species.展开更多
Background： Fine particulate matter （PM2.5） exacerbates airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in patients with asthma, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of prolon...Background： Fine particulate matter （PM2.5） exacerbates airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in patients with asthma, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of prolonged exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 on the pathology and airway hyperresponsiveness （AHR） of BALB/c mice undergoing sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin （OVA） and to observe the effects of apoptosis and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 （TIM-1） in this process. Methods： Forty female BALB/c mice were divided into four groups： control group, OVA group, OVA/PM group, and PM group （n - 10 in each group）. Mice in the control group were exposed to filtered clean air. Mice in the OVA group were sensitized and challenged with OVA. Mice in the OVA/PM group were sensitized and challenged as in the OVA group and then exposed to PM2.5 for 4 h per day and 5 days per week for a total of 8 weeks using a nose-only ＂PM2.5 online enrichment system＂ in The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Mice in the PM group were exposed to the PM2.5 online enrichment system only. AHR was detected. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） was collected for cell classification. The levels of interleukin-4 （IL-4）, IL-5, and IL-33 in BALF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in histological structures were examined by light microscopy, and changes in ultramicrostructures were detected by electron microscopy. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） assay in the lung tissues. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were utilized to analyze the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and TIM-1 in the lungs. Results： The results showed that AHR in the OVA/PM group was significantly more severe than that in the OVA and PM groups （P 〈 0.05）. AHR in the PM group was also considerably more severe than that in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. The BALF of OVA/PM group （28.00± 6.08 vs. 12.33 ±4.51, t = 4.631, P = 0.002） and PM group （29.00 ± 3.00 vs. 12.33 ± 4.51, t = 4.927, P = 0.001） had more lymphocytes than the BALF of the control group. The number of neutrophils in the BALF of the OVA/PM group （6.67 ± 1.53 vs. 3.33 ± 1.53, t = 2.886, P = 0.020） and PM group （6.67 ± 1.53 vs. 3.33 ± 1.53, t = 2.886, P = 0.020） was much higher than those in the BALF of OVA group （P 〈 0.05）. TUNEL assays showed that the number of apoptotic cells in the OVA/PM group was significantly higher than that in the OVA group （Tunel immunohistochemical scores [IHS%], 1.20 ± 0.18 vs. 0.51 ± 0.03, t = 8.094, P 〈 0.001） and PM group （Tunel IHS%, 1.20 ± 0.18 vs. 0.51 ±0.09, t = 8.094, P〈 0.001）, and that the number of apoptotic cells in the PM group was significantly higher than that in the control group （Tunel IHS%, 0.51 ± 0.09 vs. 0.26 ± 0.03, t = 2.894, P = 0.020）. The concentrations of IL-4 （77.44 ± 11.19 vs. 48.02 ±10.02 pg/ml, t = 4.595, P= 0.002） and IL-5 （15.65 ± 1.19vs. 12.35±0.95pg/ml, t=3.806,P=0.005） and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio （1.51 ± 0.18 vs. 0.48 ± 0.10, t = 9.654, P 〈 0.001） and TIM-1/β-actin ratio （0.78 ± 0.11 vs. 0.40 ±0.06, t = 6.818, P 〈 0.001） in the OVA/PM group were increased compared to those in the OVA group. The concentrations of IL-4 （77.44 ± 11.19 vs. 41.47 ± 3.40 pg/ml, t = 5.617, P= 0.001） and IL-5 （ 15.65±1. 19 vs. 10.99 ± 1.40 pg/ml, t = 5.374, P = 0.001 ） and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio （1.51 ±0.18 vs. 0.97 ± 0.16, t = 5.000, P = 0.001） and TIM-1/β-actin ratio （0.78 ± 0.11 vs. 0.31 ± 0.06,t = 8.545, P 〈 0.001 ） in the OVA/PM group were increased compared to those in the PM group. The concentration oflL-4 （41.47 ±3.40 vs. 25.46 ± 2.98 pg/ml, t = 2.501, P = 0.037） and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio （0.97 ± 0.16 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03, t = 7.439, P 〈 0.001） and TIM-1/β-actin ratio （0.31 ± 0.06 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01, t = 5.109, P = 0.001） in the PM group were also higher than those in the control group. Conclusions： Exacerbated AHR associated with allergic asthma caused by PMz5 is related to increased apoptosis and TIM-1 activation. These data might provide insights into therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma induced by PM2.5.展开更多
Gestational exposure to PM_(2.5) is associated with adverse postnatal outcomes.PM_(2.5) can enter alveoli by using intratracheal instillation,even penetrate through lung cells into the blood circulation.Subsequently,t...Gestational exposure to PM_(2.5) is associated with adverse postnatal outcomes.PM_(2.5) can enter alveoli by using intratracheal instillation,even penetrate through lung cells into the blood circulation.Subsequently,they are transferred across the placenta and fetal blood brain barrier,causing the adverse birth outcomes of offspring.This study demonstrated that the gestational exposure resulted in cognitive and emotional disorders in female offspring although the offspring were not exposed to PM_(2.5).Placental metabolic pathways modulated fetal brain development and played a pivotal role for maternal-placentalfetal interactions in the fetal programming of adult behavioral and mental disorders.Samples of fetus,offspring hippocampus and placenta from the mice exposed to PM_(2.5) were investigated using a comprehensive approach including mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and three-dimensional imaging.The exposure induced the neuro-degeneration in hippocampus,impairment of placental cytoarchitecture,and reprogramming of lipidome,which might affect the modulation of maternal-fetal cross-talk and result in the behavior disorders of offspring.The variation of spatial distribution of lipids was profoundly affected in dorsal pallium and hippocampal formation regions of fetal brain,offspring hippocampus,as well as labyrinth and junctional zones of placenta.The abundance alteration of lipid markers associated with neurodegenerative diseases was validated in transgenic mouse model with Alzheimer’s disease and human cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Parkinson’s disease.The finding could help with the selection of more suitable heterogeneous-related substructures targeting PM_(2.5) exposure and the exploration of PM_(2.5)-induced toxicological effects on neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Liquid desiccant systems are promising methods to recover water and waste heat simultaneously from flue gas.Prior research found that the reduction of particulate matter could occur during the absorption processes.In ...Liquid desiccant systems are promising methods to recover water and waste heat simultaneously from flue gas.Prior research found that the reduction of particulate matter could occur during the absorption processes.In the present paper,experiments were carried out to explore the effect of removing fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))in a liquid desiccant dehumidifier.Aqueous calcium chloride(CaCl_(2))was used as the desiccant in the experiments.The discrepancies in mass and energy conservation were within±10%and±15%,respectively,which showed the good reliability of the experimental results.Additionally,23.5%–46.0%of the PM_(2.5)and 23.9%–45.1%of the moisture in the flue gas were removed.By comparing the desiccant solution and water,it was found that they could minimally remove PM_(2.5)through washing the flue gas.Regardless of whether the flue gas was dehumidified by water or the solution,the removal fractions of PM_(2.5)of these two methods could be very close if they achieve the same fraction of moisture removal.From the results of a parameter analysis,it was found that the removal fraction of PM_(2.5)was nearly proportional to the removal fraction of moisture within the experimental range.展开更多
Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the...Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the association between particulate matter(PM)exposure and fertility intentions.Methods In this nationwide cross-sectional study,we analyzed data from 10,747 participants(5496 females and 5251 males).PM waves were defined as periods lasting 3‒6 consecutive days during which the daily average concentrations exceeded China’s Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade II thresholds(PM2.5>75μg/m3 and PM10>150μg/m3).We employed multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between exposure to PM waves and fertility intentions.Results Significant inverse associations were detected between exposure to PM2.5 wave events(characterized by concentrations exceeding 75μg/m3 for durations of 4‒6 days,P<0.05)and PM10 wave events(defined as concentrations exceeding 150μg/m3 for 6 consecutive days,P<0.05)and fertility intentions among females.In contrast,neither the PM2.5 wave nor the PM10 wave events demonstrated statistically significant correlations with fertility intentions in males(P>0.05 for all comparisons).The potentially susceptible subgroup was identified as females aged 20–30 years.Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that PM2.5 and PM10 waves are associated with a reduction in female fertility intentions,offering critical insights for the development of public health policies and strategies aimed at individual protection.展开更多
Background: Despite the adverse effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5) ) on type 2 diabetes and the beneficial role of physical activity (PA), the influence of PM_(2.5) on the relationship between PA and...Background: Despite the adverse effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5) ) on type 2 diabetes and the beneficial role of physical activity (PA), the influence of PM_(2.5) on the relationship between PA and type 2 diabetes remains unclear.Methods: In this prospective study with 71,689 participants, PA was assessed by a questionnaire and was categorized into quartiles for volume and three groups for intensity. Long-term PM_(2.5) exposure was calculated using 1-km resolution satellite-based PM_(2.5) estimates. PM_(2.5) exposure and PA's effect on type 2 diabetes were assessed by cohort-stratified Cox proportional hazards models, individually and in combination.Results: In 488,166 person-years of follow-up, 5487 incident type 2 diabetes cases were observed. The association between PA and type 2 diabetes was modified by PM_(2.5) . Compared with the lowest quartile of PA volume, the highest quartile was associated with reduced type 2 diabetes risk in low PM_(2.5) stratification (≤65.02 μg/m^(3)) other than in high PM_(2.5) stratification (>65.02 μg/m^(3)), with the hazard ratio (HR) of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66-0.85) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.99-1.22), respectively. Similar results were observed for PA intensity. High PM_(2.5) exposure combined with the highest PA levels increased the risk of type 2 diabetes the most (HR= 1.79, 95% CI: 1.59-2.01 for PA volume;HR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.64-2.02 for PA intensity).Conclusion: PA could reduce type 2 diabetes risk in low-pollution areas, but high PM_(2.5) exposure may weaken or even reverse the protective effects of PA. Safety and health benefits of PA should be thoroughly assessed for long-term polluted residents.展开更多
Background and objectives:The mechanism underlying lung injury due to atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM2.5)remains unclear,and currently,there are no medications for specific intervention.Methods:Different doses ...Background and objectives:The mechanism underlying lung injury due to atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM2.5)remains unclear,and currently,there are no medications for specific intervention.Methods:Different doses of grape skin extract(GSE,0.1,0.2,and 0.4 g/kg,respectively)were administered prophylactically to the treatment groups,while sterile water was administered to the control and model groups.PM2.5 in suspension(1 mL at 30 mg/kg)was administered twice weekly for six weeks.The rats were sacrificed 48 h after the last administration.Pulmonary function was assessed weekly by a whole-body plethysmography system.Hematoxylin-eosin staining,alveolar lavage fluid leukocyte classification and counts,detection of cytokines with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and other methods were employed to evaluate pathological changes and inflammation of the lungs,amino acid metabolomics,and lipid metabolomics.A gene chip was used for mRNA profiling to identify potential drug targets.Results:Lung function was diminished compared to the control group.Pathological changes were significant,and lung inflammation was more evident in the model group.There were also apparent changes in lung tissues and serum metabolites of amino acids and lipids.The lung function,the inflammatory response,fibrosis,and the number of phagocytes of the lung interstitium were significantly improved with GSE treatment.Local inflammation of lung tissue was reduced.Serum,lung tissue amino acids,and lipid metabolites underwent dramatic corrections.Functional enrichment analysis found that GSE improved the lung damage caused by PM2.5 via the complement and oxidative phosphorylation pathways.Conclusions:GSE significantly improved lung injury and pulmonary inflammation induced by PM2.5 in rats.The detection results of multiple omics provided important information for subsequent comprehensive clarification of potential targets and intervention mechanisms of GSE.展开更多
Objective To verify whether Warthin-Starry （WS） silver method could detect the air particulate matter （PM）/dust particles （Ps） located within the macrophages in situ. Methods There were 26 autopsy cases that res...Objective To verify whether Warthin-Starry （WS） silver method could detect the air particulate matter （PM）/dust particles （Ps） located within the macrophages in situ. Methods There were 26 autopsy cases that resulted from cerebral hemorrhage （group A）, silicosis （group B）, and fetal death during pregnancy （group C）. Samples were collected separately and serial sections were prepared from the lungs and lymph nodes and stained with hematoxylin and eosin （HE）, WS silver, immunohistochemistry of CD68. Furthermore, ultrathin sections were taken from the WS positive serial sections of groups A and B. Ps were observed under a transmission electron microscope （TEM） and the elements of Ps were measured by X-ray spectrum analysis （X-RSA）. Results In both groups A and B, WS staining was positive for the larger and fine Ps, the so called ＂dust cells＂, but HE staining was almost negative for fine Ps. In group C, no larger or fine Ps were found. Immunohistochemical staining of CD68 certified that the ＂dust cells＂ containing Ps were macrophages. The results of TEM and X-RSA proved that the structure and elements of Ps belonged to PM indeed. Conclusion WS staining is a better than HE staining in showing the location of PM within macrophages.展开更多
Based on on-line single particle aerosol mass spectrometry （SPAMS） with high time resolution, the sources of atmospheric fine particu- late matter in Nan＇ao County were analyzed. The results showed that during the ...Based on on-line single particle aerosol mass spectrometry （SPAMS） with high time resolution, the sources of atmospheric fine particu- late matter in Nan＇ao County were analyzed. The results showed that during the monitoring period from March 24 to 27 in 2015, the primary source of fine particulate matter in Nao＇ao County was motor vehicle exhaust, that is, 24.7% of fine particulates were from motor vehicle exhaust, followed by biomass burning （17.2%）, fire coal （17.2%）, and sea salt （13.3%）. The proportions of fire coal and sea salt revealed the peculiarity of sources of atmospheric fine particulate matter in Nan＇ao County. Therefore, it is suggested that some measures should be adopted to limit tourist traffic to reduce the adverse impact of motor vehicle exhaust on ambient air quality in Nan＇ao County.展开更多
To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></su...To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m<sup>-</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><sup>-3</sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.</span>展开更多
There is much literature on the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on respiratory and cardiovascular health. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of PM2.5 on a population living in the vicinity of a ...There is much literature on the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on respiratory and cardiovascular health. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of PM2.5 on a population living in the vicinity of a massive deposit of mine tailings. A longitudinal panel study was performed to evaluate the association between exposure to PM2.5 and acute effects on lung function in schoolchildren from November 2012 to May 2013. Ambient levels of PM2.5 and its metal composition were measured. Lung function was evaluated using spirometric testing. Associations were quantified using GEE multilevel analysis controlling for confounders by using different lag time periods. The chemical characterization of PM2.5 had high levels of S > Na > Cl > Ca > Si > Fe > Al > Mg > K > Cu > Ti > and Zn, which would be associated with metals present in tailings. We found a negative association between the temporal variation of PM2.5 and changes in lung function specifically on forced vital capacity. Our results suggest that schoolchildren exposed to fine particulate matter from tailings deposited in the bay of Chanaral have their forced vital capacity decreased, which would affect their present and future lung development, increasing the risk of developing chronic respiratory diseases.展开更多
文摘Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,prioritizing PM2.5 mass reduction,have provided considerable health benefits but further refinements based on differences in the toxicity of various emission sources may provide greater benefits5-7.Here we integrated field measurements with air-quality modelling to assess the unequal toxicities of PM2.5 from various anthropogenic sources.
基金the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0212003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21577043)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2010CDB08803).
文摘Gestational hypertension(GH)is a common complication during pregnancy.GH is regarded as a potential public health challenge for pregnant women and infants.Limited evidence has linked ambient air pollution to an increased GH risk.However,most of the studies were conducted in developed countries,with inconsistent results obtained.The present study was performed to explore whether exposure to particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter≤2.5(PM2.5)and ozone(O3)was related to elevated odds of GH in a Chinese population.This population-based cohort study involved 38115 pregnant women in Wuhan,China.All information was collected from the Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Management Information System,using standardized quality control.The daily air pollutant data for PM2.5 and O3 were obtained from the 20 monitoring stations of the Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Center during 2014.The nearest monitor approach was applied to individual exposure assessment of PM2.5 and O3 for each participant.After adjusting for major confounders and other air pollutants,a 10μg/m^3 increase in PM25 and O3 concentrations was found to correlate to a 1.14-fold[95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.09,1.20]and a 1.05-fold(95%CI:1.02,1.07)increase in GH risk,respectively.Additionally,stronger relationships between GH risk and PM25 and O3 exposure were observed in women who conceived in winter and summer,respectively.These findings suggest that air pollutants may contribute to the development of GH.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC0214801)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92043301 and 92143301)。
文摘This review aimed to systematically summarize the epidemiological literature on the cardiorespiratory effects of PM_(2.5)published during the 13^(th) Five-Year Plan period(2016-2020)in China.Original articles published between January 1,2016 and June 30,2021 were searched in PubMed,Web of Science,the China National Knowledge Internet Database and Wanfang Database.Random-or fixed-effects models were used to pool effect estimates where appropriate.Of 8558 records identified,145 met the full eligibility criteria.A 10μg/m^(3) increase in short-term PM_(2.5)exposure was significantly associated with increases of 0.70%,0.86%,0.38%and 0.96%in cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality,cardiovascular morbidity,and respiratory morbidity,respectively.The specific diseases with significant associations included stroke,ischemic heart disease,heart failure,arrhythmia,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,pneumonia and allergic rhinitis.The pooled estimates per 10μg/m^(3) increase in long-term PM_(2.5)exposure were 15.1%,11.9%and 21.0%increases in cardiovascular,stroke and lung cancer mortality,and 17.4%,11.0%and 4.88%increases in cardiovascular,hypertension and lung cancer incidence respectively.Adverse changes in blood pressure,heart rate variability,systemic infiammation,blood lipids,lung function and airway infiammation were observed for either short-term or long-term PM_(2.5)exposure,or both.Collectively,we summarized representative exposure-response relationships between short-and long-term PM_(2.5)exposure and a wide range of cardiorespiratory outcomes applicable to China.The magnitudes of estimates were generally smaller in short-term associations and comparable in long-term associations compared with those in developed countries.Ourfindings are helpful for future standard revisions and policy formulation.There are still some notable gaps that merit further investigation in China.
文摘Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pressure records were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey during 2011–2015.Their long-term PM_(2.5)exposure was assessed at the geographical level,on the basis of a regular 0.1°×0.1°grid over China.A mixed-effects regression model was used to assess associations.Results Each decrease of 10μg/m^(3)in the 1 year-mean PM_(2.5)concentration(FPM1Y)was associated with a decrease of 1.24[95%confidence interval(CI):0.84–1.64]mmHg systolic BP(SBP)and 0.50(95%CI:0.25–0.75)mmHg diastolic BP(DBP),respectively.A robust association was observed between the long-term decrease in PM_(2.5)and decreased BP in the middle-aged and older population.Using a generalized additive mixed model,we further found that SBP increased nonlinearly overall with FPM1Y but in an approximately linear range when the FPM1Y concentration was<70μg/m^(3);In contrast,DBP increased approximately linearly without a clear threshold.Conclusion Efficient control of PM_(2.5)air pollution may promote vascular health in China.Our study provides robust scientific support for making the related air pollution control policies.
文摘Fine particulate matter and eight heavy metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Zn) concentrations were determined in air samples collected from three industrial sites in northern Nigeria using a Handheld Portable Particle Counter for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> with model number CW-HAT 200 and a High Volume Respirable Dust Sampler (APM 460 NL) in conjunction with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Serial No. AA0904M046) Flame Test. The results of the fine particulates ranged from 11.0 - 46.0 μg<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">.</span>m<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup>3</sup> for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 22.0 - 88 <span style="white-space:normal;"> μg</span><span font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="" style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(79, 79, 79);">.</span><span style="white-space:normal;">m</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup style="white-space:normal;">3</sup><sup></sup> for PM<sub>10</sub> across all the industrial sites investigated. Most of these results exceeded the WHO permissible levels of 25.0 <span style="white-space:normal;"> μg</span><span font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="" style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(79, 79, 79);">.</span><span style="white-space:normal;">m</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup style="white-space:normal;">3</sup> and 50.0 <span style="white-space:normal;"> μg</span><span font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="" style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(79, 79, 79);">.</span><span style="white-space:normal;">m</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>-</sup></span><sup style="white-space:normal;">3</sup> for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> and thus pose threats to people living and working close to these sites. The concentration of the heavy metals studied were found to be within WHO/EU set standards except for the concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd that exceeded the set standard by WHO/EU with toxicity potential >1 in the Terytex industry, Kano and Grand Cereals, Jos. Strong positive correlations were found between the fine particulates concentrations and heavy metals in all the studied sites suggesting that common anthropogenic sources contributed to the fine particulates and heavy metals recorded from the industrial areas. We suggested the installation of electrostatic precipitators to combat fine particulates emission from the stack and also recommended a proper legislative framework by the government to regulate and control industrial fugitive emissions to protect human health.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0115300,2022YFC3600800,2017YFC0211706)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-010)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073658,82070473)National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(2022-GSP-GG-1,2022-GSP-GG-2)Research Unit of Prospective Cohort of Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers,CAMS(2019RU038)National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases,Fuwai Hospital,CAMS(NCRC2020006)。
文摘Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China[973 program,grant number 2014CB441202]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDA05100503]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41021004,41475137,and 91544219]
文摘The nested-grid capability of the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, with a horizontal resolution of 1/4°× 5/16° （latitude x longitude）, was used to identify the chemical species whose reductions made the largest contributions to decreases in PM2.s concentrations （fine particulate matter, diameter 〈 2.5μm, defined in this study as the sum of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols） in Beijing during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation （APEC） summit. A number of numerical experiments were carried out for the period 15 October-29 November 2014. The model reproduced the observed daily variations of concentrations of PM2.s and gas-phase species （carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide）. Simulated PM2.s concentrations decreased by 55.9%-58.5% during the APEC period, compared to other periods in October and November 2014, which agreed closely with measurements. Sensitivity results showed that emissions control measures regarding nitrogen oxides and organic carbon over North China led to the largest reductions in PM2.s concentrations in Beijing during the APEC summit, which led to overall reductions in the PM2.5 concentration of Beijing by 5.7% and 4.6%, respectively. The control of ammonia emissions was found to be able to greatly reduce PM2.5 concentrations in the whole of North China during the APEC meeting.
基金supported by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23Y11909600)Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Hospital Development Center(SHDC2020CR4080)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871213,81671468).
文摘Few large-scale studies have systematically examined the effects of maternal exposure to fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))on live birth in women undergoing in vitro fertilization(IVF).This study aimed to investigate the associations between ambient PM_(2.5)exposure and live birth in women treated with IVF,and determine critical periods,key failure events,and vulnerable populations affected by such exposure.We included 58,637 patients from six reproductive centers in China between 2016 and 2021.We defined six exposure windows and adopted logistic regression with random-effect models to investigate the associations between PM_(2.5)exposure and live birth.We further categorized live birth failure as implantation failure,biochemical pregnancy loss,and miscarriage,to determine at which stage PM_(2.5)exposure caused the live birth failure.Subgroup analyses were conducted by female age,ovarian response,embryo quality,and transplantation protocol.For each 10μg/m^(3)increase in PM_(2.5)concentration during follicle growth phase,preantral-antral follicle phase,and antral-mature follicle phase,the odds ratios for live birth were 0.966[95%confidence interval(CI):0.938,0.995],0.967(0.939,0.996),and 0.978(0.958,0.998),respectively.PM_(2.5)during these stages was significantly associated only with an increased likelihood of implantation failure,highlighting adverse impact of ambient PM_(2.5)on early pregnancy outcome.In addition,we observed relatively stronger associations in women with poor ovarian response,compromised embryo quality,and those undergoing fresh or double embryo transfers.This large-scale population-based study demonstrated the detrimental effects of high PM_(2.5)exposure for IVF women,shedding light on clinical and public health practices.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0206500)the National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control of China(No.DQGG0401).
文摘In China, the level of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)) pollution far exceeds the air quality standards recommended by the World Health Organization. Moreover, the health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure have become a major public health issue. More than half of PM_(2.5)-related excess deaths are caused by cardiopulmonary disease, which has become a major health risk associated with PM_(2.5) pollution. In this review, we discussed the latest epidemiological advances relating to the health effects of PM_(2.5) on cardiopulmonary diseases in China, including studies relating to the effects of PM_(2.5) on mortality, morbidity, and risk factors for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. These data provided important evidence to highlight the cardiopulmonary risk associated with PM_(2.5) across the world. In the future, further studies need to be carried out to investigate the specific relationship between the constituents and sources of PM_(2.5) and cardiopulmonary disease. These studies provided scientific evidence for precise reduction measurement of pollution sources and public health risks. It is also necessary to identify effective biomarkers and elucidate the biological mechanisms and pathways involved;this may help us to take steps to reduce PM_(2.5) pollution and reduce the incidence of cardiopulmonary disease.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province as key project （S201202 0011044） and Public Sector （Meteorological） Scientific Research Project （GYHY201406031）. It was also partly supported by the Jiangsu Collabora- tive Innovation Center for Climate Change and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education in China.
文摘Understanding essential for formulating the trends in PM2.5 levels is clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone （PRDEZ）. The long-term variation in PM2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM2.5, organic carbon （OC）, elemental carbon （EC）, and SO24 show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM2.5 concentra- tion ranges from 49.1 μg·m-3 in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m-3 in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg· m3 in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard （NAAQS） for PM2.5 （35 μg· m-3）. Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and SO2/4 are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8μg·m-3, respectively. NO3 and NH＋ respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m-3 and 2.9 μg·m-3 in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m 3 and 5.3μg·m-3 in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of＋ 0.2 μg·m-3 ·yr-1 and ＋ 0.1 μg· m-3. yr-1. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and SO2/4- are the dominant components of PM2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species.
基金This study was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81770020）.
文摘Background： Fine particulate matter （PM2.5） exacerbates airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in patients with asthma, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of prolonged exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 on the pathology and airway hyperresponsiveness （AHR） of BALB/c mice undergoing sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin （OVA） and to observe the effects of apoptosis and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 （TIM-1） in this process. Methods： Forty female BALB/c mice were divided into four groups： control group, OVA group, OVA/PM group, and PM group （n - 10 in each group）. Mice in the control group were exposed to filtered clean air. Mice in the OVA group were sensitized and challenged with OVA. Mice in the OVA/PM group were sensitized and challenged as in the OVA group and then exposed to PM2.5 for 4 h per day and 5 days per week for a total of 8 weeks using a nose-only ＂PM2.5 online enrichment system＂ in The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Mice in the PM group were exposed to the PM2.5 online enrichment system only. AHR was detected. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） was collected for cell classification. The levels of interleukin-4 （IL-4）, IL-5, and IL-33 in BALF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in histological structures were examined by light microscopy, and changes in ultramicrostructures were detected by electron microscopy. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） assay in the lung tissues. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were utilized to analyze the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and TIM-1 in the lungs. Results： The results showed that AHR in the OVA/PM group was significantly more severe than that in the OVA and PM groups （P 〈 0.05）. AHR in the PM group was also considerably more severe than that in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. The BALF of OVA/PM group （28.00± 6.08 vs. 12.33 ±4.51, t = 4.631, P = 0.002） and PM group （29.00 ± 3.00 vs. 12.33 ± 4.51, t = 4.927, P = 0.001） had more lymphocytes than the BALF of the control group. The number of neutrophils in the BALF of the OVA/PM group （6.67 ± 1.53 vs. 3.33 ± 1.53, t = 2.886, P = 0.020） and PM group （6.67 ± 1.53 vs. 3.33 ± 1.53, t = 2.886, P = 0.020） was much higher than those in the BALF of OVA group （P 〈 0.05）. TUNEL assays showed that the number of apoptotic cells in the OVA/PM group was significantly higher than that in the OVA group （Tunel immunohistochemical scores [IHS%], 1.20 ± 0.18 vs. 0.51 ± 0.03, t = 8.094, P 〈 0.001） and PM group （Tunel IHS%, 1.20 ± 0.18 vs. 0.51 ±0.09, t = 8.094, P〈 0.001）, and that the number of apoptotic cells in the PM group was significantly higher than that in the control group （Tunel IHS%, 0.51 ± 0.09 vs. 0.26 ± 0.03, t = 2.894, P = 0.020）. The concentrations of IL-4 （77.44 ± 11.19 vs. 48.02 ±10.02 pg/ml, t = 4.595, P= 0.002） and IL-5 （15.65 ± 1.19vs. 12.35±0.95pg/ml, t=3.806,P=0.005） and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio （1.51 ± 0.18 vs. 0.48 ± 0.10, t = 9.654, P 〈 0.001） and TIM-1/β-actin ratio （0.78 ± 0.11 vs. 0.40 ±0.06, t = 6.818, P 〈 0.001） in the OVA/PM group were increased compared to those in the OVA group. The concentrations of IL-4 （77.44 ± 11.19 vs. 41.47 ± 3.40 pg/ml, t = 5.617, P= 0.001） and IL-5 （ 15.65±1. 19 vs. 10.99 ± 1.40 pg/ml, t = 5.374, P = 0.001 ） and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio （1.51 ±0.18 vs. 0.97 ± 0.16, t = 5.000, P = 0.001） and TIM-1/β-actin ratio （0.78 ± 0.11 vs. 0.31 ± 0.06,t = 8.545, P 〈 0.001 ） in the OVA/PM group were increased compared to those in the PM group. The concentration oflL-4 （41.47 ±3.40 vs. 25.46 ± 2.98 pg/ml, t = 2.501, P = 0.037） and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio （0.97 ± 0.16 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03, t = 7.439, P 〈 0.001） and TIM-1/β-actin ratio （0.31 ± 0.06 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01, t = 5.109, P = 0.001） in the PM group were also higher than those in the control group. Conclusions： Exacerbated AHR associated with allergic asthma caused by PMz5 is related to increased apoptosis and TIM-1 activation. These data might provide insights into therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma induced by PM2.5.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91843301)the National Key Research Program of China(2017YFC1600505 and 2017YFE0191000)+1 种基金Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen of China(SZSM201811070)General Research Fund from Hong Kong Research Grants Council(12303320)。
文摘Gestational exposure to PM_(2.5) is associated with adverse postnatal outcomes.PM_(2.5) can enter alveoli by using intratracheal instillation,even penetrate through lung cells into the blood circulation.Subsequently,they are transferred across the placenta and fetal blood brain barrier,causing the adverse birth outcomes of offspring.This study demonstrated that the gestational exposure resulted in cognitive and emotional disorders in female offspring although the offspring were not exposed to PM_(2.5).Placental metabolic pathways modulated fetal brain development and played a pivotal role for maternal-placentalfetal interactions in the fetal programming of adult behavioral and mental disorders.Samples of fetus,offspring hippocampus and placenta from the mice exposed to PM_(2.5) were investigated using a comprehensive approach including mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and three-dimensional imaging.The exposure induced the neuro-degeneration in hippocampus,impairment of placental cytoarchitecture,and reprogramming of lipidome,which might affect the modulation of maternal-fetal cross-talk and result in the behavior disorders of offspring.The variation of spatial distribution of lipids was profoundly affected in dorsal pallium and hippocampal formation regions of fetal brain,offspring hippocampus,as well as labyrinth and junctional zones of placenta.The abundance alteration of lipid markers associated with neurodegenerative diseases was validated in transgenic mouse model with Alzheimer’s disease and human cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Parkinson’s disease.The finding could help with the selection of more suitable heterogeneous-related substructures targeting PM_(2.5) exposure and the exploration of PM_(2.5)-induced toxicological effects on neurodegenerative diseases.
基金supported by a National Science and Technology Major Project (No.2017-Ⅰ-0009-0010)
文摘Liquid desiccant systems are promising methods to recover water and waste heat simultaneously from flue gas.Prior research found that the reduction of particulate matter could occur during the absorption processes.In the present paper,experiments were carried out to explore the effect of removing fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))in a liquid desiccant dehumidifier.Aqueous calcium chloride(CaCl_(2))was used as the desiccant in the experiments.The discrepancies in mass and energy conservation were within±10%and±15%,respectively,which showed the good reliability of the experimental results.Additionally,23.5%–46.0%of the PM_(2.5)and 23.9%–45.1%of the moisture in the flue gas were removed.By comparing the desiccant solution and water,it was found that they could minimally remove PM_(2.5)through washing the flue gas.Regardless of whether the flue gas was dehumidified by water or the solution,the removal fractions of PM_(2.5)of these two methods could be very close if they achieve the same fraction of moisture removal.From the results of a parameter analysis,it was found that the removal fraction of PM_(2.5)was nearly proportional to the removal fraction of moisture within the experimental range.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2705700)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515012355)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530140609020)the Scientific Research Project of Wuhan Municipal Health Commission(No.WX21Q36).
文摘Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the association between particulate matter(PM)exposure and fertility intentions.Methods In this nationwide cross-sectional study,we analyzed data from 10,747 participants(5496 females and 5251 males).PM waves were defined as periods lasting 3‒6 consecutive days during which the daily average concentrations exceeded China’s Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade II thresholds(PM2.5>75μg/m3 and PM10>150μg/m3).We employed multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between exposure to PM waves and fertility intentions.Results Significant inverse associations were detected between exposure to PM2.5 wave events(characterized by concentrations exceeding 75μg/m3 for durations of 4‒6 days,P<0.05)and PM10 wave events(defined as concentrations exceeding 150μg/m3 for 6 consecutive days,P<0.05)and fertility intentions among females.In contrast,neither the PM2.5 wave nor the PM10 wave events demonstrated statistically significant correlations with fertility intentions in males(P>0.05 for all comparisons).The potentially susceptible subgroup was identified as females aged 20–30 years.Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that PM2.5 and PM10 waves are associated with a reduction in female fertility intentions,offering critical insights for the development of public health policies and strategies aimed at individual protection.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant/Award Numbers: 82030102, 82373676)National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(Grant/Award Numbers: 2022-GSP-GG-1, 2022-GSP-GG-2)+2 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant/Award Numbers: 2017YFC0211700, 2018YFE0115300)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant/Award Numbers: 2017-I2M-1-004, 2019-I2M-2-003, 2021-I2M-1-010)Research Unit of Prospective Cohort of Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(Grant/Award Number: 2019RU038)。
文摘Background: Despite the adverse effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5) ) on type 2 diabetes and the beneficial role of physical activity (PA), the influence of PM_(2.5) on the relationship between PA and type 2 diabetes remains unclear.Methods: In this prospective study with 71,689 participants, PA was assessed by a questionnaire and was categorized into quartiles for volume and three groups for intensity. Long-term PM_(2.5) exposure was calculated using 1-km resolution satellite-based PM_(2.5) estimates. PM_(2.5) exposure and PA's effect on type 2 diabetes were assessed by cohort-stratified Cox proportional hazards models, individually and in combination.Results: In 488,166 person-years of follow-up, 5487 incident type 2 diabetes cases were observed. The association between PA and type 2 diabetes was modified by PM_(2.5) . Compared with the lowest quartile of PA volume, the highest quartile was associated with reduced type 2 diabetes risk in low PM_(2.5) stratification (≤65.02 μg/m^(3)) other than in high PM_(2.5) stratification (>65.02 μg/m^(3)), with the hazard ratio (HR) of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66-0.85) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.99-1.22), respectively. Similar results were observed for PA intensity. High PM_(2.5) exposure combined with the highest PA levels increased the risk of type 2 diabetes the most (HR= 1.79, 95% CI: 1.59-2.01 for PA volume;HR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.64-2.02 for PA intensity).Conclusion: PA could reduce type 2 diabetes risk in low-pollution areas, but high PM_(2.5) exposure may weaken or even reverse the protective effects of PA. Safety and health benefits of PA should be thoroughly assessed for long-term polluted residents.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.82074104)the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-CAMS Innovation(grant no.CAMS-I2M),and the Chinese Society of Toxicology(grant no.CST2021CT101)Discipline Construction Project of Peking Union Medical College(grant number:201920200801).
文摘Background and objectives:The mechanism underlying lung injury due to atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM2.5)remains unclear,and currently,there are no medications for specific intervention.Methods:Different doses of grape skin extract(GSE,0.1,0.2,and 0.4 g/kg,respectively)were administered prophylactically to the treatment groups,while sterile water was administered to the control and model groups.PM2.5 in suspension(1 mL at 30 mg/kg)was administered twice weekly for six weeks.The rats were sacrificed 48 h after the last administration.Pulmonary function was assessed weekly by a whole-body plethysmography system.Hematoxylin-eosin staining,alveolar lavage fluid leukocyte classification and counts,detection of cytokines with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and other methods were employed to evaluate pathological changes and inflammation of the lungs,amino acid metabolomics,and lipid metabolomics.A gene chip was used for mRNA profiling to identify potential drug targets.Results:Lung function was diminished compared to the control group.Pathological changes were significant,and lung inflammation was more evident in the model group.There were also apparent changes in lung tissues and serum metabolites of amino acids and lipids.The lung function,the inflammatory response,fibrosis,and the number of phagocytes of the lung interstitium were significantly improved with GSE treatment.Local inflammation of lung tissue was reduced.Serum,lung tissue amino acids,and lipid metabolites underwent dramatic corrections.Functional enrichment analysis found that GSE improved the lung damage caused by PM2.5 via the complement and oxidative phosphorylation pathways.Conclusions:GSE significantly improved lung injury and pulmonary inflammation induced by PM2.5 in rats.The detection results of multiple omics provided important information for subsequent comprehensive clarification of potential targets and intervention mechanisms of GSE.
基金the Electively Sponsored Project for Scientific Research of Returnees After Study Abroad.
文摘Objective To verify whether Warthin-Starry （WS） silver method could detect the air particulate matter （PM）/dust particles （Ps） located within the macrophages in situ. Methods There were 26 autopsy cases that resulted from cerebral hemorrhage （group A）, silicosis （group B）, and fetal death during pregnancy （group C）. Samples were collected separately and serial sections were prepared from the lungs and lymph nodes and stained with hematoxylin and eosin （HE）, WS silver, immunohistochemistry of CD68. Furthermore, ultrathin sections were taken from the WS positive serial sections of groups A and B. Ps were observed under a transmission electron microscope （TEM） and the elements of Ps were measured by X-ray spectrum analysis （X-RSA）. Results In both groups A and B, WS staining was positive for the larger and fine Ps, the so called ＂dust cells＂, but HE staining was almost negative for fine Ps. In group C, no larger or fine Ps were found. Immunohistochemical staining of CD68 certified that the ＂dust cells＂ containing Ps were macrophages. The results of TEM and X-RSA proved that the structure and elements of Ps belonged to PM indeed. Conclusion WS staining is a better than HE staining in showing the location of PM within macrophages.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Funding Project of Shantou City,China([2015]106)
文摘Based on on-line single particle aerosol mass spectrometry （SPAMS） with high time resolution, the sources of atmospheric fine particu- late matter in Nan＇ao County were analyzed. The results showed that during the monitoring period from March 24 to 27 in 2015, the primary source of fine particulate matter in Nao＇ao County was motor vehicle exhaust, that is, 24.7% of fine particulates were from motor vehicle exhaust, followed by biomass burning （17.2%）, fire coal （17.2%）, and sea salt （13.3%）. The proportions of fire coal and sea salt revealed the peculiarity of sources of atmospheric fine particulate matter in Nan＇ao County. Therefore, it is suggested that some measures should be adopted to limit tourist traffic to reduce the adverse impact of motor vehicle exhaust on ambient air quality in Nan＇ao County.
文摘To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m<sup>-</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><sup>-3</sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.</span>
基金the Chilean National Fund for Research and Development in Health(FONIS N°SA11|2244).
文摘There is much literature on the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on respiratory and cardiovascular health. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of PM2.5 on a population living in the vicinity of a massive deposit of mine tailings. A longitudinal panel study was performed to evaluate the association between exposure to PM2.5 and acute effects on lung function in schoolchildren from November 2012 to May 2013. Ambient levels of PM2.5 and its metal composition were measured. Lung function was evaluated using spirometric testing. Associations were quantified using GEE multilevel analysis controlling for confounders by using different lag time periods. The chemical characterization of PM2.5 had high levels of S > Na > Cl > Ca > Si > Fe > Al > Mg > K > Cu > Ti > and Zn, which would be associated with metals present in tailings. We found a negative association between the temporal variation of PM2.5 and changes in lung function specifically on forced vital capacity. Our results suggest that schoolchildren exposed to fine particulate matter from tailings deposited in the bay of Chanaral have their forced vital capacity decreased, which would affect their present and future lung development, increasing the risk of developing chronic respiratory diseases.
