Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ov...Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.展开更多
The perishable and short shelf-life characteristics of figs result in nutrient loss and fruit waste.The application of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)and modified atmosphere packaging(MAP)is effective strategy for fruit p...The perishable and short shelf-life characteristics of figs result in nutrient loss and fruit waste.The application of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)and modified atmosphere packaging(MAP)is effective strategy for fruit pres-ervation.In this study,1-MCP and MAP were employed to inhibit figs decay and postharvest senescence during storage.Three treatments were evaluated,including the COM(untreated in commercial packaging),MAP(sealed in 4081 mL/m^(2)·d·atm oxygen permeability bags),and treatment with 1-MCP and MAP(treated with 1.5μL/L 1-MCP and sealed in 4081 mL/m^(2)·d·atm oxygen permeability bags).Each treatment consisted of three replicates with 72 figs per replicate.Results indicated that treatment with 1-MCP and MAP inhibited fig decay,softening,and weight loss significantly,and changes in O_(2)and CO_(2)partial pressures.1-MCP and MAP also effectively retained the higher contents of total phenol,total flavonoid,ascorbic acid and glutathione in figs,and increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase,peroxidase,superoxide dismutase and catalase.The production of superoxide anion(O_(2)^(-)·),and hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))in figs was prevented,and color were retained in 1-MCP and MAP treatment.Moreover,the analysis of volatile components indicated that 1-MCP and MAP improved the flavor of figs during storage and reduced the loss of aroma compounds in figs.Therefore,treatment with 1-MCP and MAP significantly extended storage life of figs.展开更多
The common fig(Ficus carica L.),Moraceae family,is a commonly grown fruit tree in the Mediterranean region.Fig mosaic disease(FMD)poses a substantial threat to Saudi Arabia’s fig-producing economy.A survey was conduc...The common fig(Ficus carica L.),Moraceae family,is a commonly grown fruit tree in the Mediterranean region.Fig mosaic disease(FMD)poses a substantial threat to Saudi Arabia’s fig-producing economy.A survey was conducted during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022 on fig trees,displaying various fig mosaic disease symptoms.A total of 200 fig leaves and fruit samples were collected from various governorates in several Regions of Saudi Arabia including Riyadh,Tabuk,Hail,Qassim,Al-Jouf,Makkah,Jazan,Al-Madinah,Asir,and Northern Borders.These samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)with specific pairs of primers to assess the existence of Fig mosaic virus(FMV),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1(FLMaV-1),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2(FLMaV-2),Fig mild mottle-associated virus(FMMaV)and Fig fleck-associated virus(FFkaV).The results indicate that four viruses were found in mixed infections and tested positive.FMV was detected with a high infection rate of 46%followed by FLMaV-2 with an infection rate of 20%,FMMaV with an infection rate of 16%,and FLMaV-1 with an infection rate of 7%,respectively,while FFkaV was negative in all tested samples.Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis results showed that the FMV isolates shared 90.3%similarity with other FMV isolates,particularly those from Bosnia and Herzegovina(KU198368).While FLMaV-1 showed 92.5%similarity with the reference isolate FLMaV-1(KX397035),the isolates of FLMaV-2 exhibited 94.7%similarity with reference FLMaV-2 isolate(FN687742),and the isolate of FMMaV showed 94%similarity with reference FMMaV isolate(MG242131)based on sequence comparison.According to the RT-PCR results,FMV was effectively identified in all five fig varieties(Al Faiz Yellow,Asali,Brown Turkey,Iraqi,and Kaab Al-Ghazal).Contrarily,none of these varieties had FLMaV-1,FLMaV-2,or FMMaV.This study investigates the occurrence and economic impact of the viruses that infect fig trees in Saudi Arabia.This suggests that FMV is the primary virus infecting these fig varieties and there is no co-infection with the other tested viruses.These findings underscore the urgent need for implementing region-specific management strategies,such as breeding resistant cultivars,enforcing phytosanitary measures to limit virus spread,and prioritizing vector control to mitigate the economic impact of FMD on Saudi Arabia’s fig industry.展开更多
This study was carried out to assess plasticity to drought of 30 adult fig cultivars,based on a screening of leaf structural and functional traits under sustained deficit irrigation,corresponding to 60%of crop evapotr...This study was carried out to assess plasticity to drought of 30 adult fig cultivars,based on a screening of leaf structural and functional traits under sustained deficit irrigation,corresponding to 60%of crop evapotranspiration.All trees,three per cultivar,are planted in an ex-situ collection in Sais plain,northern Morocco.The measurements concerned leaf area,blade thickness,trichomes density,trichome hair length,stomatal density,stomatal dimensions,stomatal area index,chlorophyll concentration index,relative water content,stomatal conductance,leaf temperature,water loss in detached leaves,cuticular wax content,proline content,total phenolic compounds,and total soluble sugars.The ranking of cultivars regarding drought tolerance was established based on a two-level clustering approach,primarily relying on chlorophyll concentration index and secondarily on water status traits.Results showed significant genotypic variations for all measured traits,except phenolic compounds content.Correlations between structural and functional traits have pinpointed blade thickness and trichome hair length as the key indicators of fig drought tolerance,owing to their involvement in maintaining chlorophyll content under water stress conditions.The extent of the variations shows that fig leaf is endowed with a wide structural and functional diversity,which can give to the species potential for resilience to various environmental stresses,including drought.Among the cultivars assessed,two exotic varieties,“Kadota”and“Royal Blanck”,as well as four local cultivars,namely,“Ferqouch Jmel”,“El Qoti Labied”,“Hamra”and“Fassi”showed the highest drought plasticity level.展开更多
In a recent study published in Science Translational Medicine,Jiang et al.uncovered a novel contribution of sensory neuron-derived follistatin(FST)to neuropathic pain by which FST,generated from A-fiber neurons,promot...In a recent study published in Science Translational Medicine,Jiang et al.uncovered a novel contribution of sensory neuron-derived follistatin(FST)to neuropathic pain by which FST,generated from A-fiber neurons,promotes Nav 1.7-mediated noceptive neuronal excitability via binding to the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor(IGF1R),making it a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain(Fig.1A,B)[1].展开更多
5%China’s GDP grew 5%year-on-year in 2024,meeting the annual target of around 5%.28.3%In 2024,the country’s newly installed photovoltaic capacity reached 277.57 GW,a 28.3 percent year-on-year increase from 2023,acco...5%China’s GDP grew 5%year-on-year in 2024,meeting the annual target of around 5%.28.3%In 2024,the country’s newly installed photovoltaic capacity reached 277.57 GW,a 28.3 percent year-on-year increase from 2023,according to the China Photovoltaic Industry Association.展开更多
The authors regret that due to negligence,the picture was misplaced in the original manuscript,resulting in Fig.6d being incorrectly included.The correct version of Fig.6d is provided below for reference.This error do...The authors regret that due to negligence,the picture was misplaced in the original manuscript,resulting in Fig.6d being incorrectly included.The correct version of Fig.6d is provided below for reference.This error does not affect the conclusions of the study,and we apologize for any confusion it may have caused.展开更多
In a late January 2025 program broadcast to a television audience of more than a billion viewers,16 Unitree(Hangzhou,China)H1 humanoid robots joined human performers in a synchronized Yangko dance at the Chinese Sprin...In a late January 2025 program broadcast to a television audience of more than a billion viewers,16 Unitree(Hangzhou,China)H1 humanoid robots joined human performers in a synchronized Yangko dance at the Chinese Spring Festival Gala[1].Each robot featured more than 40 degrees of freedom(DOF)in its limbs,real-time motion planning,and stable gait control using terrainagnostic algorithms.As they danced,the robots mimicked the human dancers in skillfully manipulating handkerchiefs(Fig.1).展开更多
Leaf disease identification is one of the most promising applications of convolutional neural networks(CNNs).This method represents a significant step towards revolutionizing agriculture by enabling the quick and accu...Leaf disease identification is one of the most promising applications of convolutional neural networks(CNNs).This method represents a significant step towards revolutionizing agriculture by enabling the quick and accurate assessment of plant health.In this study,a CNN model was specifically designed and tested to detect and categorize diseases on fig tree leaves.The researchers utilized a dataset of 3422 images,divided into four classes:healthy,fig rust,fig mosaic,and anthracnose.These diseases can significantly reduce the yield and quality of fig tree fruit.The objective of this research is to develop a CNN that can identify and categorize diseases in fig tree leaves.The data for this study was collected from gardens in the Amandi and Mamash Khail Bannu districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region in Pakistan.To minimize the risk of overfitting and enhance the model’s performance,early stopping techniques and data augmentation were employed.As a result,the model achieved a training accuracy of 91.53%and a validation accuracy of 90.12%,which are considered respectable.This comprehensive model assists farmers in the early identification and categorization of fig tree leaf diseases.Our experts believe that CNNs could serve as valuable tools for accurate disease classification and detection in precision agriculture.We recommend further research to explore additional data sources and more advanced neural networks to improve the model’s accuracy and applicability.Future research will focus on expanding the dataset by including new diseases and testing the model in real-world scenarios to enhance sustainable farming practices.展开更多
Herein,we describe a case of robotic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection(DPPHR)performed on a 21-monthold male infant(weight:13 kg;body mass index:18.87 kg/m^(2))with focal nesidioblastosis,expanding the sco...Herein,we describe a case of robotic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection(DPPHR)performed on a 21-monthold male infant(weight:13 kg;body mass index:18.87 kg/m^(2))with focal nesidioblastosis,expanding the scope of minimally invasive pediatric hepatobiliary surgery(Fig.1;Video S1).Preoperative positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed a 23×13 mm neuroendocrine lesion in the pancreatic head,which caused refractory hypoglycemia and necessitated surgical intervention.展开更多
The phenology of figs （Ficus spp. Moraceae） is being monitored in the dry forests of Mudumalai, southern India and individuals belonging to the genus are marked with unique tag numbers and their vegetative and repro...The phenology of figs （Ficus spp. Moraceae） is being monitored in the dry forests of Mudumalai, southern India and individuals belonging to the genus are marked with unique tag numbers and their vegetative and reproductive phenologies have been monitored since August 2000 on a monthly basis. The influence of abiotic factors on fig phenology and the differences between fig and non- fig phenologies are being examined. The seasonality of different phenophases of fig phenology is also being examined. The maximum intensity of leaf flush occurred in drier months. Fig and non-fig species showed significant differences with expansion and senescence phenophases of leafing. Flowering also occurred in drier months. There were significant differences between fig and non-fig species with reproductive phenophases. As with non-fig species, leafing was influenced by maximum temperatures. Both vegetative and reproductive phenophases were significantly seasonal.展开更多
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Research Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-SW-105)
文摘Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.
基金financial support provided by the Research and demonstration of Fig Safe and Efficient Preservation Key Technology(Grant No.SXLK2021-0238).
文摘The perishable and short shelf-life characteristics of figs result in nutrient loss and fruit waste.The application of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)and modified atmosphere packaging(MAP)is effective strategy for fruit pres-ervation.In this study,1-MCP and MAP were employed to inhibit figs decay and postharvest senescence during storage.Three treatments were evaluated,including the COM(untreated in commercial packaging),MAP(sealed in 4081 mL/m^(2)·d·atm oxygen permeability bags),and treatment with 1-MCP and MAP(treated with 1.5μL/L 1-MCP and sealed in 4081 mL/m^(2)·d·atm oxygen permeability bags).Each treatment consisted of three replicates with 72 figs per replicate.Results indicated that treatment with 1-MCP and MAP inhibited fig decay,softening,and weight loss significantly,and changes in O_(2)and CO_(2)partial pressures.1-MCP and MAP also effectively retained the higher contents of total phenol,total flavonoid,ascorbic acid and glutathione in figs,and increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase,peroxidase,superoxide dismutase and catalase.The production of superoxide anion(O_(2)^(-)·),and hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))in figs was prevented,and color were retained in 1-MCP and MAP treatment.Moreover,the analysis of volatile components indicated that 1-MCP and MAP improved the flavor of figs during storage and reduced the loss of aroma compounds in figs.Therefore,treatment with 1-MCP and MAP significantly extended storage life of figs.
文摘The common fig(Ficus carica L.),Moraceae family,is a commonly grown fruit tree in the Mediterranean region.Fig mosaic disease(FMD)poses a substantial threat to Saudi Arabia’s fig-producing economy.A survey was conducted during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022 on fig trees,displaying various fig mosaic disease symptoms.A total of 200 fig leaves and fruit samples were collected from various governorates in several Regions of Saudi Arabia including Riyadh,Tabuk,Hail,Qassim,Al-Jouf,Makkah,Jazan,Al-Madinah,Asir,and Northern Borders.These samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)with specific pairs of primers to assess the existence of Fig mosaic virus(FMV),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1(FLMaV-1),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2(FLMaV-2),Fig mild mottle-associated virus(FMMaV)and Fig fleck-associated virus(FFkaV).The results indicate that four viruses were found in mixed infections and tested positive.FMV was detected with a high infection rate of 46%followed by FLMaV-2 with an infection rate of 20%,FMMaV with an infection rate of 16%,and FLMaV-1 with an infection rate of 7%,respectively,while FFkaV was negative in all tested samples.Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis results showed that the FMV isolates shared 90.3%similarity with other FMV isolates,particularly those from Bosnia and Herzegovina(KU198368).While FLMaV-1 showed 92.5%similarity with the reference isolate FLMaV-1(KX397035),the isolates of FLMaV-2 exhibited 94.7%similarity with reference FLMaV-2 isolate(FN687742),and the isolate of FMMaV showed 94%similarity with reference FMMaV isolate(MG242131)based on sequence comparison.According to the RT-PCR results,FMV was effectively identified in all five fig varieties(Al Faiz Yellow,Asali,Brown Turkey,Iraqi,and Kaab Al-Ghazal).Contrarily,none of these varieties had FLMaV-1,FLMaV-2,or FMMaV.This study investigates the occurrence and economic impact of the viruses that infect fig trees in Saudi Arabia.This suggests that FMV is the primary virus infecting these fig varieties and there is no co-infection with the other tested viruses.These findings underscore the urgent need for implementing region-specific management strategies,such as breeding resistant cultivars,enforcing phytosanitary measures to limit virus spread,and prioritizing vector control to mitigate the economic impact of FMD on Saudi Arabia’s fig industry.
文摘This study was carried out to assess plasticity to drought of 30 adult fig cultivars,based on a screening of leaf structural and functional traits under sustained deficit irrigation,corresponding to 60%of crop evapotranspiration.All trees,three per cultivar,are planted in an ex-situ collection in Sais plain,northern Morocco.The measurements concerned leaf area,blade thickness,trichomes density,trichome hair length,stomatal density,stomatal dimensions,stomatal area index,chlorophyll concentration index,relative water content,stomatal conductance,leaf temperature,water loss in detached leaves,cuticular wax content,proline content,total phenolic compounds,and total soluble sugars.The ranking of cultivars regarding drought tolerance was established based on a two-level clustering approach,primarily relying on chlorophyll concentration index and secondarily on water status traits.Results showed significant genotypic variations for all measured traits,except phenolic compounds content.Correlations between structural and functional traits have pinpointed blade thickness and trichome hair length as the key indicators of fig drought tolerance,owing to their involvement in maintaining chlorophyll content under water stress conditions.The extent of the variations shows that fig leaf is endowed with a wide structural and functional diversity,which can give to the species potential for resilience to various environmental stresses,including drought.Among the cultivars assessed,two exotic varieties,“Kadota”and“Royal Blanck”,as well as four local cultivars,namely,“Ferqouch Jmel”,“El Qoti Labied”,“Hamra”and“Fassi”showed the highest drought plasticity level.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82474625)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Funds(LZ23H270001).
文摘In a recent study published in Science Translational Medicine,Jiang et al.uncovered a novel contribution of sensory neuron-derived follistatin(FST)to neuropathic pain by which FST,generated from A-fiber neurons,promotes Nav 1.7-mediated noceptive neuronal excitability via binding to the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor(IGF1R),making it a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain(Fig.1A,B)[1].
文摘5%China’s GDP grew 5%year-on-year in 2024,meeting the annual target of around 5%.28.3%In 2024,the country’s newly installed photovoltaic capacity reached 277.57 GW,a 28.3 percent year-on-year increase from 2023,according to the China Photovoltaic Industry Association.
文摘The authors regret that due to negligence,the picture was misplaced in the original manuscript,resulting in Fig.6d being incorrectly included.The correct version of Fig.6d is provided below for reference.This error does not affect the conclusions of the study,and we apologize for any confusion it may have caused.
文摘In a late January 2025 program broadcast to a television audience of more than a billion viewers,16 Unitree(Hangzhou,China)H1 humanoid robots joined human performers in a synchronized Yangko dance at the Chinese Spring Festival Gala[1].Each robot featured more than 40 degrees of freedom(DOF)in its limbs,real-time motion planning,and stable gait control using terrainagnostic algorithms.As they danced,the robots mimicked the human dancers in skillfully manipulating handkerchiefs(Fig.1).
基金the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support(QU-APC-2025).
文摘Leaf disease identification is one of the most promising applications of convolutional neural networks(CNNs).This method represents a significant step towards revolutionizing agriculture by enabling the quick and accurate assessment of plant health.In this study,a CNN model was specifically designed and tested to detect and categorize diseases on fig tree leaves.The researchers utilized a dataset of 3422 images,divided into four classes:healthy,fig rust,fig mosaic,and anthracnose.These diseases can significantly reduce the yield and quality of fig tree fruit.The objective of this research is to develop a CNN that can identify and categorize diseases in fig tree leaves.The data for this study was collected from gardens in the Amandi and Mamash Khail Bannu districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region in Pakistan.To minimize the risk of overfitting and enhance the model’s performance,early stopping techniques and data augmentation were employed.As a result,the model achieved a training accuracy of 91.53%and a validation accuracy of 90.12%,which are considered respectable.This comprehensive model assists farmers in the early identification and categorization of fig tree leaf diseases.Our experts believe that CNNs could serve as valuable tools for accurate disease classification and detection in precision agriculture.We recommend further research to explore additional data sources and more advanced neural networks to improve the model’s accuracy and applicability.Future research will focus on expanding the dataset by including new diseases and testing the model in real-world scenarios to enhance sustainable farming practices.
文摘Herein,we describe a case of robotic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection(DPPHR)performed on a 21-monthold male infant(weight:13 kg;body mass index:18.87 kg/m^(2))with focal nesidioblastosis,expanding the scope of minimally invasive pediatric hepatobiliary surgery(Fig.1;Video S1).Preoperative positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed a 23×13 mm neuroendocrine lesion in the pancreatic head,which caused refractory hypoglycemia and necessitated surgical intervention.
基金funded by the Ministry of Environment,Forests and Climate Change(MOEFCC)Government of India under an umbrella grant to Centre for Ecological Sciences,Indian Institute of Science
文摘The phenology of figs （Ficus spp. Moraceae） is being monitored in the dry forests of Mudumalai, southern India and individuals belonging to the genus are marked with unique tag numbers and their vegetative and reproductive phenologies have been monitored since August 2000 on a monthly basis. The influence of abiotic factors on fig phenology and the differences between fig and non- fig phenologies are being examined. The seasonality of different phenophases of fig phenology is also being examined. The maximum intensity of leaf flush occurred in drier months. Fig and non-fig species showed significant differences with expansion and senescence phenophases of leafing. Flowering also occurred in drier months. There were significant differences between fig and non-fig species with reproductive phenophases. As with non-fig species, leafing was influenced by maximum temperatures. Both vegetative and reproductive phenophases were significantly seasonal.
