The 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake caused severe damage to a high-speed railway bridge,which was designed for high-speed trains running at speeds of above 250 km/h and is located right next to the fault.Bridges of this ...The 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake caused severe damage to a high-speed railway bridge,which was designed for high-speed trains running at speeds of above 250 km/h and is located right next to the fault.Bridges of this type have been widely used for rapidly constructing the high-speed railway network,but few bridges have been tested by near-fault devastating earthquakes.The potential severe impact of the earthquake on the high-speed railway is not only the safety of the infrastructure,trains and passengers,but also economic loss due to interrupted railway use.Therefore,a field survey was carried out immediately after the earthquake to collect time-sensitive data.The damage to the bridge was carefully investigated,and quantitative analyses were conducted to better understand the mechanism of the bridge failure.It was found that seismic action perpendicular to the bridge’s longitudinal direction caused severe damage to the girders and rails,while none of the piers showed obvious deformation or cracking.The maximum values of transverse displacement,out-of-plane rotation and twisting angle of girders reached 212.6 cm,3.1 degrees and 19.9 degrees,respectively,causing severe damage to the bearing supports and anti-seismic retaining blocks.These observations provide a basis for improving the seismic design of high-speed railway bridges located in near-fault areas.展开更多
This paper introduces a field measurement of an indoor thermal environment in rural housing in suburban Beijing from December 2008 to March 2009.The indoor environment parameters such as air temperature,mean radiant t...This paper introduces a field measurement of an indoor thermal environment in rural housing in suburban Beijing from December 2008 to March 2009.The indoor environment parameters such as air temperature,mean radiant temperature（MRT）,airflow velocity and relative humidity are measured.A questionnaire survey of the occupants＇ thermal sensations in these surveyed houses is conducted and their daily activities and clothing conditions are recorded.The results show that the thermal neutral temperature of rural housing is 18.4 ℃,and the lower limit of acceptable temperature range can be extended to 10.9 ℃.The comfortable indoor temperature is affected by the occupants＇ clothing and lifestyle.Therefore,the indoor temperature standards of space heating for suburban housing cannot be simply duplicated from that for urban housing.Compared with occupants in suburban Beijing,it is found that the occupants in rural Hunan province feel colder at the same operative temperature due to the high relative humidity in Hunan province.展开更多
The Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013 is another destructive event in China since the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and Ms7.1 Yushu earth- quake in 2010. A large number of strong motion recordings were acc...The Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013 is another destructive event in China since the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and Ms7.1 Yushu earth- quake in 2010. A large number of strong motion recordings were accumulated by the National Strong Motion Obser- vation Network System of China. The maximum peak ground acceleration （PGA） at Station 51BXD in Baoxing Country is recorded as -1,005.3 cm/s2, which is even larger than the maximum one in the Wenchuan earthquake. A field survey around three typical strong motion stations confirms that the earthquake damage is consistent with the issued map of macroseismic intensity. For the oscillation period 0.3-1.0 s which is the common natural period range of the Chinese civil building, a comparison shows that the observed response spectrums are considerably smaller than the designed values in the Chinese code and this could be one of the reasons that the macroseismic intensity is lower than what we expected despite the high amplitude of PGAs. The Housner spectral intensities from 16 stations are also basically correlated with their macroseismic intensities, and the empirical distribution of spectral intensities from Lushan and Wenchuan Earthquakes under the Chinese scale is almost identical with those under the European scale.展开更多
This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel o...This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data show<span>s</span><span> that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C and 100<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, cloud point of 29<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, flash point of 200<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, aniline point of 105<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid val<span>ue of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty <span>acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value o</span></span></span><span><span><span>f 2.10</span><span> mg</span></span></span><span> </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.</span></span></span>展开更多
Introduction and aims: Although glomerulonephritis is rare in the general population it is the second most important cause for end-stage renal failure. The therapy of glomerulonephritis is guided by a limited number o...Introduction and aims: Although glomerulonephritis is rare in the general population it is the second most important cause for end-stage renal failure. The therapy of glomerulonephritis is guided by a limited number of individual clinical trials and treatment recommendations are based on meta-analysis and Cochrane Systematic Reviews. The impact of such therapy standards on the prognosis of glomerulonephritis is not known. Methods: Between October 2002 and December 2008 patients with abnormal urine findings and/or decreasing renal function of unknown cause were referred for renal biopsy. In a collaboration of out-patient nephrologists with a major teaching hospital, all patients received treatment recommendations according to evidence-based therapy guidelines based on Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Patient charts were systematically reviewed and patients were re-examined for follow-up until November 2009. Cox Regression analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors. Results: Two hundred patients with primary or secondary glomerulonephritis were identified. Complete follow-up data were available from 196 patients with 324 therapeutic interventions. The mean follow-up was 2.8 ± 2.0 years. Among all patients, 37% remained unchanged ill, 13% died, 17% had progressing renal disease, while 19% had a complete and 14% a partial remission. Proteinuria declined in primary glomerulonephritis (5.0 ± 5.4 g/d to 2.1 ± 3.4 g/d, p Conclusions: In a multivariate model of standardised glomerulonephritis therapy the presence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis was associated with death or progresssive renal disease, while prednisolone-based therapy regimens and intensified nephrological follow-up resulted in a significant delay of endstage-renal failure. This result should direct future health care policies because glomerulonephritis accounts for nearly 20% of the dialysis population.展开更多
Solar quiet daily variation(Sq)are dependent on local time.Herein,we applied the moving superposition method to separate the Sq component of correction observatory data and performed a time diff erence correction on t...Solar quiet daily variation(Sq)are dependent on local time.Herein,we applied the moving superposition method to separate the Sq component of correction observatory data and performed a time diff erence correction on the Sq component according to the longitudinal diff erence between the correction observatory and the field station while maintaining the time of other data components.The data were then reconstructed and used for diurnal-variation correction to improve the accuracy of the daily variations correction resu;lts The moving superposition method employs data of“nonmagnetic disturbance days”obtained 15 d before and after to perform the superposing average calculation on a daily basis,aiming to obtain the Sq of continuous morphological changes.The effect of longitude correction was tested using the observatory record and field survey data.The average correction distance of the test observatories was 2114 km,and the correction accuracies of the H(horizontal component of geomagnetic field),D(geomagnetic declination),and Z(vertical component of geomagnetic field)were improved by 28.4%,45.0%,and 21.7%,respectively;the average correction distance of the field stations was 2130 km,and the correction accuracies of the F(geomagnetic total intensity),D,I(geomagnetic inclination)components were improved by 35.2%,26.7%,and 13.9%,respectively.The test results also demonstrated that the longitude correction eff ect was greater with an increased correction distance.展开更多
INTRODUCTION.On January 7,2025,at 9:05 AM BJT,a MS6.8 earthquake(CENC epicenter:28.50°N,87.45°E)struck Dingri County,Xizang Province(hereinafter referred to as the Dingri mainshock).The inferred moment magni...INTRODUCTION.On January 7,2025,at 9:05 AM BJT,a MS6.8 earthquake(CENC epicenter:28.50°N,87.45°E)struck Dingri County,Xizang Province(hereinafter referred to as the Dingri mainshock).The inferred moment magnitude,based on regional/teleseismic waveform inversion and back-projection,is approximately MW7.1.Focal mechanism solutions,aftershock distribution,and field surveys indicate that the Dingri mainshock was a normal-faulting event,with a nearly north-south strike and a westward-dipping fault plane.展开更多
On March 28,2025,an M_(w) 7.7 earthquake struck Myanmar,causing extensive damage to engineering facilities,causing thousands of casualties.In addition,at 2 km-by-2 km square,Mandalay Royal Palace,famous as an importan...On March 28,2025,an M_(w) 7.7 earthquake struck Myanmar,causing extensive damage to engineering facilities,causing thousands of casualties.In addition,at 2 km-by-2 km square,Mandalay Royal Palace,famous as an important historical and cultural relic facility,also suffered significant damage.A detailed field investigation took place after the earthquake,with subsequent analysis of post-earthquake high-resolution remote sensing images.It was found that damage was concentrated primarily to the four exterior walls of the palace.Specifically,many parts of the walls broke off or collapsed,and some of the palace gates and watchtowers on the walls were destroyed or even collapsed.The collapse rate of the palace gates was significantly higher than that of the watchtowers and palace walls,and the degree of damage to the north and south sides of the palace walls was significantly higher than that of the east or west sides.This special spatial damage distribution may be related to the strike-slip movement of the Sagaing fault.The research results not only serve as a valuable reference for understanding the ground motion characteristics of this destructive earthquake but also help learn lessons to better protect cultural relics against the effects of future earthquakes.展开更多
A precise map of the dispersion of the groundwater potential across each watershed can help decision-makers to exert optimal water management in each region.In this research,the potential of groundwater resources in b...A precise map of the dispersion of the groundwater potential across each watershed can help decision-makers to exert optimal water management in each region.In this research,the potential of groundwater resources in both the Zanjanrood Catchment and the Tarom Region,located in the northwest of Iran,has been studied.Seven effective criteria including slope,land-use,drainage density,spring density,lithology,lineament density,and rainfall are considered.Criteria were first weighted using the Analytical Hierarchical Process(AHP)method and then overlaid by the Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to Ideal(TOPSIS)model.Finally,the spatial zoning map of groundwater potential was obtained in four categories.A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the influence of each criterion on the obtained map.The model was verified using both the spatial distribution of the high-discharged production wells and the geophysical-based geoelectric field surveys.The results indicate that the high-discharged wells(>40 l/s)in both regions are dispersed predominantly in the very good zone and,in several cases,in the good zone.Besides,the results from the two-dimensional models of resistivity and induced polarization of geoelectrical field survey are inappropriate agreement with those from the TOPSIS method.Notably,there is no suitable potential zone of groundwater in the surrounding highlands to be used in the future for drinking purposes since the highlands water supply is a strategic supply for drinking.The strategies employed in this study,the results of GIS modeling,and the geoelectrical analysis can be considered for sustainable development of similar arid and semi-arid areas since groundwater is considered as the main supplier of water in such regions.展开更多
Objective Our objective was to systematically evaluate chemotherapy-based control of ascariasis and hookworm infection and make predictions of the effectiveness of repeated mass treatment at different levels of covera...Objective Our objective was to systematically evaluate chemotherapy-based control of ascariasis and hookworm infection and make predictions of the effectiveness of repeated mass treatment at different levels of coverage in highly endemic areas of China. Methods Field surveys were carried out to acquire the ascariasis and hookworm prevalence and intensity （mean worm burden） at baseline, one month and one year later. We calculated model parameters based on the survey data, then incorporated them into a quantitative framework to predict the prevalence and intensity one year later. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the influence of the chemotherapy measures on prevalence and intensity, and model simulations were performed to evaluate the feasibility of achieving the proposed transmission control criteria under different chemotherapy measures. Results The predicted prevalence and intensity one year from baseline were within the 95% confidence interval of actual values. As treatment frequency or coverage increased, the prevalence and intensity decreased. Model simulations show that many rounds of treatment are needed to maintain the prevalence at a low level in highly endemic areas of China. Conclusion We should select different combinations of treatment frequency, coverage and drug efficacy according to available resources and practical attainable conditions. Mathematical modeling could be used to help optimize the chemotherapeutic scheme aiming at specific parasitic species and areas, and to direct the establishment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis control criteria in China.展开更多
Urban development has progressed with economic growth in various parts of Japan.However,there are concerns for the future with respect to severe population decline,aging population,and population concentration in metr...Urban development has progressed with economic growth in various parts of Japan.However,there are concerns for the future with respect to severe population decline,aging population,and population concentration in metropolitan areas.Therefore,it is required for effective urban development in localities for sustainability.One of the practical measures is to focus on pedestrians’activity in the area.It brings revitalizing the local economy,enhancing the region's attractiveness,and bringing about fiscal consolidation.Thus,it is required to understand walking characteristics based on the actual pedestrian activity in the walking space.However,a method for grasping pedestrian activity,including pedestrians'exploratory behavior such as free-purpose behavior,rambling activity in a narrow area has not been established.The study proposes a survey proportional distribution origin-destination survey method focused on the proportion of pedestrians’route selection and the distribution of pedestrians at the time in the area,and evaluation method for urban space using PdOD method.展开更多
Due to the continuous development of science and technology, the role of UAV remote sensing technology in surveying and mapping is very prominent, and its technology has made rapid progress. UAV can use the correspond...Due to the continuous development of science and technology, the role of UAV remote sensing technology in surveying and mapping is very prominent, and its technology has made rapid progress. UAV can use the corresponding software for effective image processing, and also equipped with a variety of sensor equipment to quickly obtain relevant measurement and mapping information, so as to provide the corresponding accurate measurement results. Short cycle, flexible, fast, reliable information, high efficiency, strong adaptability and reliable quality are the advantages of UAV.展开更多
As our understanding of ecology deepens and modeling techniques advance,species distribution models have grown increasingly sophisticated,enhancing both their fitting and predictive capabilities.However,the dependabil...As our understanding of ecology deepens and modeling techniques advance,species distribution models have grown increasingly sophisticated,enhancing both their fitting and predictive capabilities.However,the dependability of predictive accuracy remains a critical issue,as the precision of these predictions largely hinges on the quality of the base data.We developed models using both field survey and remote sensing data from 2016 to 2020 to evaluate the impact of different data sources on the accuracy of predictions for Scomber japonicus distributions.Our research findings indicate that the variability of water temperature and salinity data from field suvery is significantly greater than that from remote sensing data.Within the same season,we found that the relationship between the abundance of S.japonicus and environmental factors varied significantly depending on the data source.Models using field survey data were able to more accurately reflect the complex relationships between resource distribution and environmental factors.Additionally,in terms of model predictive performance,models based on field survey data demonstrated greater accuracy in predicting the abundance of S.japonicus compared to those based on remote sensing data,allowing for more accurate mastery of their spatial distribution characteristics.This study highlights the significant impact of data sources on the accuracy of species distribution models and offers valuable insights for fisheries resources management.展开更多
Tornado disasters are intense and have been attracting significant social attention.This article reviews recent research progress on tornado mechanisms,intensity scales,and damage survey methodologies.It examines key ...Tornado disasters are intense and have been attracting significant social attention.This article reviews recent research progress on tornado mechanisms,intensity scales,and damage survey methodologies.It examines key aspects such as processes of tornadic vortex formation and dissipation,challenges in field survey and intensity estimation,and so on,and provides outlook for future research.While the favorable environmental conditions for mesocyclone tornadoes are well documented,several critical questions remain unresolved:the role of low-level atmospheric humidity under cold vortex conditions,the influence of convective available potential energy in tropical cyclone tornadoes,and the environmental prerequisites for tornado outbreak events.The formation of mesocyclone tornadoes involves multiple stages:development of mesocyclones,generation and organization of near-surface vortex patches,subsequent intensification,and the critical influence of surface friction leading to the development of tornado vortex boundary layers and corner flow regions.Topography exerts complex effects on tornado behavior,typically causing weakening during uphill movement and intensification during descent.Tornado dissipation mechanisms vary,with any disruption to sustaining factors potentially leading to vortex demise.Common tornado intensity scales include the Fujita(F),Enhanced Fujita(EF),and TORRO(T)scales.The T-scale features the most detailed categorization(11levels),while the EF-scale remains the most widely adopted standard internationally.China's national tornado intensity classification system aligns directly with the EF-scale.Significant advancements have been made in severe wind damage survey methods and procedures,with extensive tornado case data now available in China.However,the complex disaster mechanisms of tornadoes introduce substantial uncertainty in intensity assessment.Continued improvements are needed in high-resolution observations,damage survey techniques,physical mechanism studies,and forecasting/warning capabilities to enhance tornado preparedness and mitigation efforts.展开更多
A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were sei...A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.展开更多
Although studies argue that invasive species can cause biotic differentiation, some cases show that biological invasions actually decrease biodiversity through biotic homogenization. The concept of biotic homogenizati...Although studies argue that invasive species can cause biotic differentiation, some cases show that biological invasions actually decrease biodiversity through biotic homogenization. The concept of biotic homogenization through the invasion of a certain serious invasive plant species merit more studies. Hence, we used field surveys to quantitatively compare invasive populations of Solidago canadensis （SC） in China with the control sites （adjacent sites to SC present sites yet without the species） and SC native populations in the USA. We found that plant communities in SC invaded habitats shared similarities with those in SC native ranges. Bray-Curtis similarity clearly showed that the composition of plant communities in SC invaded habitats were similar to those in SC native ranges. Both in the native and introduced range, plant communities with SC present were characterized by SC being dominant, significantly lower species richness, or-diversity and p-diversity, as well as a decrease in the correlation coefficient between geographic distance and floristic similarities. SC favors fertile and moist loam habitat, while it dominated in various habitats in China, where more than 20 different dominants should have occurred. In conclusion, serious invasive species can quickly remodel and homogenize diverse communities by dominating them.展开更多
Recent advances in information and communication technologies, such as mobile Internet and smart- phones, have created new paradigms for participatory environment monitoring. The ubiquitous mobile phones with capabili...Recent advances in information and communication technologies, such as mobile Internet and smart- phones, have created new paradigms for participatory environment monitoring. The ubiquitous mobile phones with capabilities such as a global positioning system, camera, and network access, offer opportunities to estab- lish distributed monitoring networks that can perform a wide range of measurements for a landscape. This study examined the potential of mobile phone-based community monitoring of fall webworm （Hyphantria cunea Drury）. We built a prototype of a participatory fall webworm monitoring System based on mobile devices that stream- lined data collection, transmission, and visualization. We also assessed the accuracy and reliability of the data collected by the local community. The system performance was evaluated at the Ziya commune of Tianjin municipality in northern China, where fall webworm infestation has occurred. The local community provided data with accuracy comparable to expert measurements （Willmott＇s index of agreement 〉0.85）. Measurements by the local community effectively complemented remote sensing images in both temporal and spatial resolution.展开更多
The Ludian County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China was struck by an Ms6.5 earthquake on August 3, 2014, which was another destructive event following the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Ms7.1 Yushu earthqua...The Ludian County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China was struck by an Ms6.5 earthquake on August 3, 2014, which was another destructive event following the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Ms7.1 Yushu earthquake in 2010, and Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake in 2013. National Strong-Motion Observation Network System of China collected 74 strong motion recordings, which the maximum peak ground acceleration recorded by the 053LLT station in Longtoushan Town was 949 cm/s2 in E-W component. The observed PGAs and spectral ordinates were compared with ground-motion prediction equation in China and the NGA-West2 developed by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Researcher Center. This earthquake is considered as the first case for testing applicability of NGA-West2 in China. Results indicate that the observed PGAs and the 5 % damped pseudo-response spectral accelerations are significantly lower than the pre- dicted ones. The field survey around some typical strong motion stations verified that the earthquake damage was consistent with the official isoseismal by China Earthquake Administration.展开更多
Outdoor thermal comfort has always been a major issue due to its irreplaceable role in maintaining good health and energy use. Thus,quantitative analysis of outdoor thermal comfort and discussions on influential facto...Outdoor thermal comfort has always been a major issue due to its irreplaceable role in maintaining good health and energy use. Thus,quantitative analysis of outdoor thermal comfort and discussions on influential factors seem very necessary to achieve the climate-conscious urban design. Therefore,an outdoor thermal comfort questionnaire survey and the simultaneous field measurement were conducted in six different places during the hot and humid summertime in Shenzhen. The results show that the overall weather conditions during the investigation can be expressed with high temperature and high humidity with strong solar radiation. The micro-meteorological parameters of six test sites vary greatly due to their different regional spatial layouts.Moderate range of air temperature( Ta) is between 28 to 30 ℃ while that of relative humidity( RH) mainly concentrates in 60%-70% with the thermal sensation votes. The main influential factors impacting outdoor thermal comfort are obtained and Tahas the greatest effect. The overall thermal comfortable ranges in Shenzhen are expressed by the range of 28. 14-32. 83 ℃ of PET and 24. 74-30. 45 ℃ of SET*. With the correlation analysis between the characteristic parameters of regional spatial layout and thermal climate and thermal comfort,it reveals that increasing the coverage ratio of water and green space( S) helps lower Taand increase RH. The global solar radiation( G) has a significant negative correlation with the height of buildings( H) and a positive correlation with sky view factor( SVF). Overall,reasonable configuration of the regional spatial layout contributes to providing a thermal comfortable environment.展开更多
基金Scientific Research Funding of IEM under Grant No.2021EEEVL0211Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province under Grant No.JQ2021E006National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52208185。
文摘The 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake caused severe damage to a high-speed railway bridge,which was designed for high-speed trains running at speeds of above 250 km/h and is located right next to the fault.Bridges of this type have been widely used for rapidly constructing the high-speed railway network,but few bridges have been tested by near-fault devastating earthquakes.The potential severe impact of the earthquake on the high-speed railway is not only the safety of the infrastructure,trains and passengers,but also economic loss due to interrupted railway use.Therefore,a field survey was carried out immediately after the earthquake to collect time-sensitive data.The damage to the bridge was carefully investigated,and quantitative analyses were conducted to better understand the mechanism of the bridge failure.It was found that seismic action perpendicular to the bridge’s longitudinal direction caused severe damage to the girders and rails,while none of the piers showed obvious deformation or cracking.The maximum values of transverse displacement,out-of-plane rotation and twisting angle of girders reached 212.6 cm,3.1 degrees and 19.9 degrees,respectively,causing severe damage to the bearing supports and anti-seismic retaining blocks.These observations provide a basis for improving the seismic design of high-speed railway bridges located in near-fault areas.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50838003)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAJ02A06)
文摘This paper introduces a field measurement of an indoor thermal environment in rural housing in suburban Beijing from December 2008 to March 2009.The indoor environment parameters such as air temperature,mean radiant temperature（MRT）,airflow velocity and relative humidity are measured.A questionnaire survey of the occupants＇ thermal sensations in these surveyed houses is conducted and their daily activities and clothing conditions are recorded.The results show that the thermal neutral temperature of rural housing is 18.4 ℃,and the lower limit of acceptable temperature range can be extended to 10.9 ℃.The comfortable indoor temperature is affected by the occupants＇ clothing and lifestyle.Therefore,the indoor temperature standards of space heating for suburban housing cannot be simply duplicated from that for urban housing.Compared with occupants in suburban Beijing,it is found that the occupants in rural Hunan province feel colder at the same operative temperature due to the high relative humidity in Hunan province.
基金supported by Science Foundation of Institute of Engineering Mechanics,CEA under Grant No.2013C03National Natural Science Fund Nos.51308515 and 51278473Nonprofit Industry Research Project of CEA under Grant No.201208014
文摘The Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013 is another destructive event in China since the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and Ms7.1 Yushu earth- quake in 2010. A large number of strong motion recordings were accumulated by the National Strong Motion Obser- vation Network System of China. The maximum peak ground acceleration （PGA） at Station 51BXD in Baoxing Country is recorded as -1,005.3 cm/s2, which is even larger than the maximum one in the Wenchuan earthquake. A field survey around three typical strong motion stations confirms that the earthquake damage is consistent with the issued map of macroseismic intensity. For the oscillation period 0.3-1.0 s which is the common natural period range of the Chinese civil building, a comparison shows that the observed response spectrums are considerably smaller than the designed values in the Chinese code and this could be one of the reasons that the macroseismic intensity is lower than what we expected despite the high amplitude of PGAs. The Housner spectral intensities from 16 stations are also basically correlated with their macroseismic intensities, and the empirical distribution of spectral intensities from Lushan and Wenchuan Earthquakes under the Chinese scale is almost identical with those under the European scale.
文摘This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data show<span>s</span><span> that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C and 100<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, cloud point of 29<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, flash point of 200<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>C, aniline point of 105<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid val<span>ue of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty <span>acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value o</span></span></span><span><span><span>f 2.10</span><span> mg</span></span></span><span> </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/g</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.</span></span></span>
文摘Introduction and aims: Although glomerulonephritis is rare in the general population it is the second most important cause for end-stage renal failure. The therapy of glomerulonephritis is guided by a limited number of individual clinical trials and treatment recommendations are based on meta-analysis and Cochrane Systematic Reviews. The impact of such therapy standards on the prognosis of glomerulonephritis is not known. Methods: Between October 2002 and December 2008 patients with abnormal urine findings and/or decreasing renal function of unknown cause were referred for renal biopsy. In a collaboration of out-patient nephrologists with a major teaching hospital, all patients received treatment recommendations according to evidence-based therapy guidelines based on Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Patient charts were systematically reviewed and patients were re-examined for follow-up until November 2009. Cox Regression analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors. Results: Two hundred patients with primary or secondary glomerulonephritis were identified. Complete follow-up data were available from 196 patients with 324 therapeutic interventions. The mean follow-up was 2.8 ± 2.0 years. Among all patients, 37% remained unchanged ill, 13% died, 17% had progressing renal disease, while 19% had a complete and 14% a partial remission. Proteinuria declined in primary glomerulonephritis (5.0 ± 5.4 g/d to 2.1 ± 3.4 g/d, p Conclusions: In a multivariate model of standardised glomerulonephritis therapy the presence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis was associated with death or progresssive renal disease, while prednisolone-based therapy regimens and intensified nephrological follow-up resulted in a significant delay of endstage-renal failure. This result should direct future health care policies because glomerulonephritis accounts for nearly 20% of the dialysis population.
基金supported by The Earthquake Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province (Grant Number DZ20190422046).
文摘Solar quiet daily variation(Sq)are dependent on local time.Herein,we applied the moving superposition method to separate the Sq component of correction observatory data and performed a time diff erence correction on the Sq component according to the longitudinal diff erence between the correction observatory and the field station while maintaining the time of other data components.The data were then reconstructed and used for diurnal-variation correction to improve the accuracy of the daily variations correction resu;lts The moving superposition method employs data of“nonmagnetic disturbance days”obtained 15 d before and after to perform the superposing average calculation on a daily basis,aiming to obtain the Sq of continuous morphological changes.The effect of longitude correction was tested using the observatory record and field survey data.The average correction distance of the test observatories was 2114 km,and the correction accuracies of the H(horizontal component of geomagnetic field),D(geomagnetic declination),and Z(vertical component of geomagnetic field)were improved by 28.4%,45.0%,and 21.7%,respectively;the average correction distance of the field stations was 2130 km,and the correction accuracies of the F(geomagnetic total intensity),D,I(geomagnetic inclination)components were improved by 35.2%,26.7%,and 13.9%,respectively.The test results also demonstrated that the longitude correction eff ect was greater with an increased correction distance.
基金supported by the“CUG Scholar”Scientific Research Funds at China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)(No.2021230)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41922025,42204062)。
文摘INTRODUCTION.On January 7,2025,at 9:05 AM BJT,a MS6.8 earthquake(CENC epicenter:28.50°N,87.45°E)struck Dingri County,Xizang Province(hereinafter referred to as the Dingri mainshock).The inferred moment magnitude,based on regional/teleseismic waveform inversion and back-projection,is approximately MW7.1.Focal mechanism solutions,aftershock distribution,and field surveys indicate that the Dingri mainshock was a normal-faulting event,with a nearly north-south strike and a westward-dipping fault plane.
基金Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration under Grant No.2024C26the Earthquake Science and Technology Spark Program under Grant No.XH24038YB。
文摘On March 28,2025,an M_(w) 7.7 earthquake struck Myanmar,causing extensive damage to engineering facilities,causing thousands of casualties.In addition,at 2 km-by-2 km square,Mandalay Royal Palace,famous as an important historical and cultural relic facility,also suffered significant damage.A detailed field investigation took place after the earthquake,with subsequent analysis of post-earthquake high-resolution remote sensing images.It was found that damage was concentrated primarily to the four exterior walls of the palace.Specifically,many parts of the walls broke off or collapsed,and some of the palace gates and watchtowers on the walls were destroyed or even collapsed.The collapse rate of the palace gates was significantly higher than that of the watchtowers and palace walls,and the degree of damage to the north and south sides of the palace walls was significantly higher than that of the east or west sides.This special spatial damage distribution may be related to the strike-slip movement of the Sagaing fault.The research results not only serve as a valuable reference for understanding the ground motion characteristics of this destructive earthquake but also help learn lessons to better protect cultural relics against the effects of future earthquakes.
文摘A precise map of the dispersion of the groundwater potential across each watershed can help decision-makers to exert optimal water management in each region.In this research,the potential of groundwater resources in both the Zanjanrood Catchment and the Tarom Region,located in the northwest of Iran,has been studied.Seven effective criteria including slope,land-use,drainage density,spring density,lithology,lineament density,and rainfall are considered.Criteria were first weighted using the Analytical Hierarchical Process(AHP)method and then overlaid by the Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to Ideal(TOPSIS)model.Finally,the spatial zoning map of groundwater potential was obtained in four categories.A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the influence of each criterion on the obtained map.The model was verified using both the spatial distribution of the high-discharged production wells and the geophysical-based geoelectric field surveys.The results indicate that the high-discharged wells(>40 l/s)in both regions are dispersed predominantly in the very good zone and,in several cases,in the good zone.Besides,the results from the two-dimensional models of resistivity and induced polarization of geoelectrical field survey are inappropriate agreement with those from the TOPSIS method.Notably,there is no suitable potential zone of groundwater in the surrounding highlands to be used in the future for drinking purposes since the highlands water supply is a strategic supply for drinking.The strategies employed in this study,the results of GIS modeling,and the geoelectrical analysis can be considered for sustainable development of similar arid and semi-arid areas since groundwater is considered as the main supplier of water in such regions.
基金supported by the Special Fund for National Health Scientific Research in the Public Interest by the Ministry of Health of China (No.200802023)
文摘Objective Our objective was to systematically evaluate chemotherapy-based control of ascariasis and hookworm infection and make predictions of the effectiveness of repeated mass treatment at different levels of coverage in highly endemic areas of China. Methods Field surveys were carried out to acquire the ascariasis and hookworm prevalence and intensity （mean worm burden） at baseline, one month and one year later. We calculated model parameters based on the survey data, then incorporated them into a quantitative framework to predict the prevalence and intensity one year later. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the influence of the chemotherapy measures on prevalence and intensity, and model simulations were performed to evaluate the feasibility of achieving the proposed transmission control criteria under different chemotherapy measures. Results The predicted prevalence and intensity one year from baseline were within the 95% confidence interval of actual values. As treatment frequency or coverage increased, the prevalence and intensity decreased. Model simulations show that many rounds of treatment are needed to maintain the prevalence at a low level in highly endemic areas of China. Conclusion We should select different combinations of treatment frequency, coverage and drug efficacy according to available resources and practical attainable conditions. Mathematical modeling could be used to help optimize the chemotherapeutic scheme aiming at specific parasitic species and areas, and to direct the establishment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis control criteria in China.
文摘Urban development has progressed with economic growth in various parts of Japan.However,there are concerns for the future with respect to severe population decline,aging population,and population concentration in metropolitan areas.Therefore,it is required for effective urban development in localities for sustainability.One of the practical measures is to focus on pedestrians’activity in the area.It brings revitalizing the local economy,enhancing the region's attractiveness,and bringing about fiscal consolidation.Thus,it is required to understand walking characteristics based on the actual pedestrian activity in the walking space.However,a method for grasping pedestrian activity,including pedestrians'exploratory behavior such as free-purpose behavior,rambling activity in a narrow area has not been established.The study proposes a survey proportional distribution origin-destination survey method focused on the proportion of pedestrians’route selection and the distribution of pedestrians at the time in the area,and evaluation method for urban space using PdOD method.
文摘Due to the continuous development of science and technology, the role of UAV remote sensing technology in surveying and mapping is very prominent, and its technology has made rapid progress. UAV can use the corresponding software for effective image processing, and also equipped with a variety of sensor equipment to quickly obtain relevant measurement and mapping information, so as to provide the corresponding accurate measurement results. Short cycle, flexible, fast, reliable information, high efficiency, strong adaptability and reliable quality are the advantages of UAV.
基金The Research Project of China Yangtze River Three Gorges Group Limited under contract No.201903173the Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute of China under contract No.325000。
文摘As our understanding of ecology deepens and modeling techniques advance,species distribution models have grown increasingly sophisticated,enhancing both their fitting and predictive capabilities.However,the dependability of predictive accuracy remains a critical issue,as the precision of these predictions largely hinges on the quality of the base data.We developed models using both field survey and remote sensing data from 2016 to 2020 to evaluate the impact of different data sources on the accuracy of predictions for Scomber japonicus distributions.Our research findings indicate that the variability of water temperature and salinity data from field suvery is significantly greater than that from remote sensing data.Within the same season,we found that the relationship between the abundance of S.japonicus and environmental factors varied significantly depending on the data source.Models using field survey data were able to more accurately reflect the complex relationships between resource distribution and environmental factors.Additionally,in terms of model predictive performance,models based on field survey data demonstrated greater accuracy in predicting the abundance of S.japonicus compared to those based on remote sensing data,allowing for more accurate mastery of their spatial distribution characteristics.This study highlights the significant impact of data sources on the accuracy of species distribution models and offers valuable insights for fisheries resources management.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2342204)Key Innovation Team for Severe Convective Weather of the CMA(CMA2022ZD07)。
文摘Tornado disasters are intense and have been attracting significant social attention.This article reviews recent research progress on tornado mechanisms,intensity scales,and damage survey methodologies.It examines key aspects such as processes of tornadic vortex formation and dissipation,challenges in field survey and intensity estimation,and so on,and provides outlook for future research.While the favorable environmental conditions for mesocyclone tornadoes are well documented,several critical questions remain unresolved:the role of low-level atmospheric humidity under cold vortex conditions,the influence of convective available potential energy in tropical cyclone tornadoes,and the environmental prerequisites for tornado outbreak events.The formation of mesocyclone tornadoes involves multiple stages:development of mesocyclones,generation and organization of near-surface vortex patches,subsequent intensification,and the critical influence of surface friction leading to the development of tornado vortex boundary layers and corner flow regions.Topography exerts complex effects on tornado behavior,typically causing weakening during uphill movement and intensification during descent.Tornado dissipation mechanisms vary,with any disruption to sustaining factors potentially leading to vortex demise.Common tornado intensity scales include the Fujita(F),Enhanced Fujita(EF),and TORRO(T)scales.The T-scale features the most detailed categorization(11levels),while the EF-scale remains the most widely adopted standard internationally.China's national tornado intensity classification system aligns directly with the EF-scale.Significant advancements have been made in severe wind damage survey methods and procedures,with extensive tornado case data now available in China.However,the complex disaster mechanisms of tornadoes introduce substantial uncertainty in intensity assessment.Continued improvements are needed in high-resolution observations,damage survey techniques,physical mechanism studies,and forecasting/warning capabilities to enhance tornado preparedness and mitigation efforts.
文摘A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.
基金supported by the National Basic Research and Development Program of China (2009CB1192)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070482)the 111 Project from the Ministry of Education of P. R. China (B07030)
文摘Although studies argue that invasive species can cause biotic differentiation, some cases show that biological invasions actually decrease biodiversity through biotic homogenization. The concept of biotic homogenization through the invasion of a certain serious invasive plant species merit more studies. Hence, we used field surveys to quantitatively compare invasive populations of Solidago canadensis （SC） in China with the control sites （adjacent sites to SC present sites yet without the species） and SC native populations in the USA. We found that plant communities in SC invaded habitats shared similarities with those in SC native ranges. Bray-Curtis similarity clearly showed that the composition of plant communities in SC invaded habitats were similar to those in SC native ranges. Both in the native and introduced range, plant communities with SC present were characterized by SC being dominant, significantly lower species richness, or-diversity and p-diversity, as well as a decrease in the correlation coefficient between geographic distance and floristic similarities. SC favors fertile and moist loam habitat, while it dominated in various habitats in China, where more than 20 different dominants should have occurred. In conclusion, serious invasive species can quickly remodel and homogenize diverse communities by dominating them.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Projects of China(21-Y30B05-9001-13/15)
文摘Recent advances in information and communication technologies, such as mobile Internet and smart- phones, have created new paradigms for participatory environment monitoring. The ubiquitous mobile phones with capabilities such as a global positioning system, camera, and network access, offer opportunities to estab- lish distributed monitoring networks that can perform a wide range of measurements for a landscape. This study examined the potential of mobile phone-based community monitoring of fall webworm （Hyphantria cunea Drury）. We built a prototype of a participatory fall webworm monitoring System based on mobile devices that stream- lined data collection, transmission, and visualization. We also assessed the accuracy and reliability of the data collected by the local community. The system performance was evaluated at the Ziya commune of Tianjin municipality in northern China, where fall webworm infestation has occurred. The local community provided data with accuracy comparable to expert measurements （Willmott＇s index of agreement 〉0.85）. Measurements by the local community effectively complemented remote sensing images in both temporal and spatial resolution.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (CEA) under Grant No. 2014B06the National Natural Science Foundation of China Nos. 51308515 and 51278473
文摘The Ludian County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China was struck by an Ms6.5 earthquake on August 3, 2014, which was another destructive event following the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Ms7.1 Yushu earthquake in 2010, and Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake in 2013. National Strong-Motion Observation Network System of China collected 74 strong motion recordings, which the maximum peak ground acceleration recorded by the 053LLT station in Longtoushan Town was 949 cm/s2 in E-W component. The observed PGAs and spectral ordinates were compared with ground-motion prediction equation in China and the NGA-West2 developed by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Researcher Center. This earthquake is considered as the first case for testing applicability of NGA-West2 in China. Results indicate that the observed PGAs and the 5 % damped pseudo-response spectral accelerations are significantly lower than the pre- dicted ones. The field survey around some typical strong motion stations verified that the earthquake damage was consistent with the official isoseismal by China Earthquake Administration.
基金Sponsored by Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Resource and Environment(Grant No.2010TS04)
文摘Outdoor thermal comfort has always been a major issue due to its irreplaceable role in maintaining good health and energy use. Thus,quantitative analysis of outdoor thermal comfort and discussions on influential factors seem very necessary to achieve the climate-conscious urban design. Therefore,an outdoor thermal comfort questionnaire survey and the simultaneous field measurement were conducted in six different places during the hot and humid summertime in Shenzhen. The results show that the overall weather conditions during the investigation can be expressed with high temperature and high humidity with strong solar radiation. The micro-meteorological parameters of six test sites vary greatly due to their different regional spatial layouts.Moderate range of air temperature( Ta) is between 28 to 30 ℃ while that of relative humidity( RH) mainly concentrates in 60%-70% with the thermal sensation votes. The main influential factors impacting outdoor thermal comfort are obtained and Tahas the greatest effect. The overall thermal comfortable ranges in Shenzhen are expressed by the range of 28. 14-32. 83 ℃ of PET and 24. 74-30. 45 ℃ of SET*. With the correlation analysis between the characteristic parameters of regional spatial layout and thermal climate and thermal comfort,it reveals that increasing the coverage ratio of water and green space( S) helps lower Taand increase RH. The global solar radiation( G) has a significant negative correlation with the height of buildings( H) and a positive correlation with sky view factor( SVF). Overall,reasonable configuration of the regional spatial layout contributes to providing a thermal comfortable environment.
