Field pea （Pisum sativum var. arvense L.） is an important legume crop around the world. It produces grains with high protein content and can improve the amount of available nitrogen in the soil. Aphanomyces root rot...Field pea （Pisum sativum var. arvense L.） is an important legume crop around the world. It produces grains with high protein content and can improve the amount of available nitrogen in the soil. Aphanomyces root rot （ARR）, caused by the soil-borne oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs. （A. euteiches）, is a major threat to pea production in many pea-growing regions including Canada; it can cause severe root damage, wilting, and considerable yield losses under wet soil conditions. Traditional disease management strategies, such as crop rotations and seed treatments, cannot fully prevent ARR under conditions conducive for the disease, due to the longevity of the pathogen oospores, which can infect field pea plants at any growth stage. The development of pea cultivars with partial resistance or tolerance to ARR may be a promising approach to analyze the variability and physiologic specialization ofA. euteiches in field pea and to improve the management of this disease. As such, the detection of quantitative trait loci （QTL） for resistance is essential to field pea-breeding programs. In this paper, the pathogenic characteristics of A. euteiches are reviewed along with various ARR management strategies and the QTL associated with partial resistance to ARR.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the apparent （AME） ＆ true （TMEn） metabolizable energy as well as the crude protein （CP） ＆ amino acid （AA） total tract （by excreta collection） digestibility （bioavail...The aim of this study was to determine the apparent （AME） ＆ true （TMEn） metabolizable energy as well as the crude protein （CP） ＆ amino acid （AA） total tract （by excreta collection） digestibility （bioavailability） of field pea seeds （FPS） of the Greek cultivar ＂Olympos＂. Forty eight broilers were placed in individual cages and randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments. Birds consumed 80 g/d of either a typical commercial diet or the same diet in which 100, 200 or 300 g/kg had been substituted by ground FPS. The experiment lasted 15 d. Apparent and true CP bioavailability of FPS were significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05） only at the inclusion rate of 300 g/kg. AA bioavailability remained at high levels （-0.80）, with the exception of methionine and valine and was similar to CP mean. The mean AME and TMEn values of FPS were estimated equal to 10.8 and 11.0 MJ ME/kg, respectively.展开更多
Aphanomyces root rot(ARR) of field pea(Pisum sativum), caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, can cause severe root damage, wilting, and large yield losses under wet soil conditions. To identify ways to manage this disease,...Aphanomyces root rot(ARR) of field pea(Pisum sativum), caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, can cause severe root damage, wilting, and large yield losses under wet soil conditions. To identify ways to manage this disease, the effect of A. euteiches inoculum density on field pea was studied under greenhouse and field conditions in 2015 and 2016. Increases in inoculum density reduced seedling emergence, root nodulation, and plant vigor, and resulted in increased root rot severity in both field and greenhouse tests. Seed treatments with the fungicides Apron Advance(thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl) + Vibrance(difenoconazole + metalaxylM + sedaxane), INTEGO Solo(ethaboxam), BAS 516F(boscalid + pyraclostrobin), BAS 720F(metalaxyl + pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad), and BAS 516F + BAS 720F(3:1) were evaluated for their efficacy against ARR. All seed treatments except Apron Advance + Vibrance reduced root rot severity under controlled conditions. BAS 516F, BAS 720F and INTEGO Solo improved plant vigor and all treatments reduced seedling blight to varying degrees under greenhouse conditions, but not in the field. A collection of 22 pea genotypes was evaluated for resistance to root rot in field plot experiments. Line 00–2067 showed the least severe root rot symptoms,whereas ‘Spring D' showed the lowest reduction in yield. The results suggest that there may be an opportunity to combine partial host resistance and fungicidal seed treatments to adequately manage ARR of field pea.展开更多
Inositol phosphates are the main form of phosphorous (P) storage in legume seeds. Mutants low in inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), also known as phytic acid (PA), have been developed to increase iron (Fe) bioavailability ...Inositol phosphates are the main form of phosphorous (P) storage in legume seeds. Mutants low in inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), also known as phytic acid (PA), have been developed to increase iron (Fe) bioavailability and reduce P waste to the environment. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) inositol-P form changes during germination, and 2) the effect of P fertilizer application on seed PA, total P, and Fe concentration of three field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars and two low-PA lines grown under greenhouse conditions. Low-PA field pea lines clearly had lower PA (1.3 - 1.4 mg·g-1) than cultivars (3.1 - 3.7 mg·g-1). Phytic acid concentration in both cultivars and low-PA lines decreased during germination, but tended to increase seven days after germination. Levels of inositol-3-phosphate-phosphate (IP3-P;0.6 mg·g-1) and inorganic P (1.8 - 2.0 mg·g-1) were higher in low-PA lines than in the field pea cultivars. Reduction of PA in low-PA line seeds may reduce seed Fe and total P concentrations, as levels in the low-PA lines (37 - 42 mg·kg-1 Fe;4003 - 4473 mg·kg-1 total P) were typically less than in field pea cultivars (37 - 55 mg·kg-1 Fe;3208 - 4985 mg·kg-1 total P) at different P fertilizer rates. Overall, IP3 is the major form of P present in low-PA field pea lines during germination;however IP6 is the major form of P present in field pea cultivars. Therefore, low-PA field pea lines could be a potential solution to increase Fe bioavailability, feed P utilization, and reduce P waste to the environment.展开更多
Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to repla...Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to replace SBM may be feasible while maintaining broiler performance.A 3×2 full factorial designed experiment was conducted to include three levels of SBM inclusions(conventional,medium,and low/nil)and with supplementation of field peas or not(50,80,100,and 120 g/kg in the starter,grower,finisher,and withdrawal phases,respectively).The variation of SBM inclusions in the diets led to changes in NBAA inclusions and total dietary crude protein.Each diet was offered to 10 replicates of 5 birds per bioassay cage,totaling 300 straight-run,Ross 308 broilers,from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.From 0 to 10 days post-hatch,medium inclusion of SBM reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR)compared to conventional SBM inclusions(1.171 versus 1.129,P=0.044).From 0 to 24 days post-hatch,pea inclusions improved the body weight gain by 2.08%(1371 versus 1343 g/bird;P=0.038)and reduced FCR from 1.297 to 1.276(P<0.001)regardless of dietary SBM inclusion levels.Similarly,from 0 to 35 days post-hatch,pea inclusion increased body weight gain from 2632 to 2731 g/bird(P=0.001)and reduced FCR from 1.405 to 1.369(P<0.001).Overall from 0 to 42 days,field peas inclusion improved body weight gain by 2.87%(3421 versus 3519 g/bird,P=0.025),and reduced FCR by 3.1 points(1.518 versus 1.487,P=0.024)regardless of SBM inclusion levels from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.Dietary treatment did not influence carcass yield and energy utilisation(P>0.05).From 27 to 29 days,broiler chickens offered diets containing the standard SBM inclusion generated the lowest total tract nitrogen retention regardless of pea inclusion rates(P=0.001).Reducing SBM inclusions,which corresponded with a reduction in dietary crude protein,increased apparent distal jejunal and ileal protein(N)digestibility coefficients(P<0.05)and total tract nitrogen retention(P=0.001),regardless of field pea inclusion.Diets containing the least SBM had increased apparent distal ileal digestibility coefficients of valine,glycine and proline(7.07%)compared to the conventional diets(P<0.05).In conclusion,replacing SBM with 5%-12%field peas and NBAAs in wheat-based broiler diets to achieve a 20 g/kg dietary CP reduction did not compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.The mechanism by which peas enhanced growth performance is unclear,as the inclusion of peas in the present study did not alter the starch digestion rate.展开更多
基金funding support received from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canadathe Saskatchewan Pulse Growers Association+1 种基金the Manitoba Pulse and Soybean Growers through the Growing Forward 2the Pest Management and Surveillance Implementation Program
文摘Field pea （Pisum sativum var. arvense L.） is an important legume crop around the world. It produces grains with high protein content and can improve the amount of available nitrogen in the soil. Aphanomyces root rot （ARR）, caused by the soil-borne oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs. （A. euteiches）, is a major threat to pea production in many pea-growing regions including Canada; it can cause severe root damage, wilting, and considerable yield losses under wet soil conditions. Traditional disease management strategies, such as crop rotations and seed treatments, cannot fully prevent ARR under conditions conducive for the disease, due to the longevity of the pathogen oospores, which can infect field pea plants at any growth stage. The development of pea cultivars with partial resistance or tolerance to ARR may be a promising approach to analyze the variability and physiologic specialization ofA. euteiches in field pea and to improve the management of this disease. As such, the detection of quantitative trait loci （QTL） for resistance is essential to field pea-breeding programs. In this paper, the pathogenic characteristics of A. euteiches are reviewed along with various ARR management strategies and the QTL associated with partial resistance to ARR.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the apparent （AME） ＆ true （TMEn） metabolizable energy as well as the crude protein （CP） ＆ amino acid （AA） total tract （by excreta collection） digestibility （bioavailability） of field pea seeds （FPS） of the Greek cultivar ＂Olympos＂. Forty eight broilers were placed in individual cages and randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments. Birds consumed 80 g/d of either a typical commercial diet or the same diet in which 100, 200 or 300 g/kg had been substituted by ground FPS. The experiment lasted 15 d. Apparent and true CP bioavailability of FPS were significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05） only at the inclusion rate of 300 g/kg. AA bioavailability remained at high levels （-0.80）, with the exception of methionine and valine and was similar to CP mean. The mean AME and TMEn values of FPS were estimated equal to 10.8 and 11.0 MJ ME/kg, respectively.
基金Funding support from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Saskatchewan Pulse Growersthe Manitoba Pulse and Soybean Growers through the Growing Forward 2 Program
文摘Aphanomyces root rot(ARR) of field pea(Pisum sativum), caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, can cause severe root damage, wilting, and large yield losses under wet soil conditions. To identify ways to manage this disease, the effect of A. euteiches inoculum density on field pea was studied under greenhouse and field conditions in 2015 and 2016. Increases in inoculum density reduced seedling emergence, root nodulation, and plant vigor, and resulted in increased root rot severity in both field and greenhouse tests. Seed treatments with the fungicides Apron Advance(thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl) + Vibrance(difenoconazole + metalaxylM + sedaxane), INTEGO Solo(ethaboxam), BAS 516F(boscalid + pyraclostrobin), BAS 720F(metalaxyl + pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad), and BAS 516F + BAS 720F(3:1) were evaluated for their efficacy against ARR. All seed treatments except Apron Advance + Vibrance reduced root rot severity under controlled conditions. BAS 516F, BAS 720F and INTEGO Solo improved plant vigor and all treatments reduced seedling blight to varying degrees under greenhouse conditions, but not in the field. A collection of 22 pea genotypes was evaluated for resistance to root rot in field plot experiments. Line 00–2067 showed the least severe root rot symptoms,whereas ‘Spring D' showed the lowest reduction in yield. The results suggest that there may be an opportunity to combine partial host resistance and fungicidal seed treatments to adequately manage ARR of field pea.
文摘Inositol phosphates are the main form of phosphorous (P) storage in legume seeds. Mutants low in inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), also known as phytic acid (PA), have been developed to increase iron (Fe) bioavailability and reduce P waste to the environment. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) inositol-P form changes during germination, and 2) the effect of P fertilizer application on seed PA, total P, and Fe concentration of three field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars and two low-PA lines grown under greenhouse conditions. Low-PA field pea lines clearly had lower PA (1.3 - 1.4 mg·g-1) than cultivars (3.1 - 3.7 mg·g-1). Phytic acid concentration in both cultivars and low-PA lines decreased during germination, but tended to increase seven days after germination. Levels of inositol-3-phosphate-phosphate (IP3-P;0.6 mg·g-1) and inorganic P (1.8 - 2.0 mg·g-1) were higher in low-PA lines than in the field pea cultivars. Reduction of PA in low-PA line seeds may reduce seed Fe and total P concentrations, as levels in the low-PA lines (37 - 42 mg·kg-1 Fe;4003 - 4473 mg·kg-1 total P) were typically less than in field pea cultivars (37 - 55 mg·kg-1 Fe;3208 - 4985 mg·kg-1 total P) at different P fertilizer rates. Overall, IP3 is the major form of P present in low-PA field pea lines during germination;however IP6 is the major form of P present in field pea cultivars. Therefore, low-PA field pea lines could be a potential solution to increase Fe bioavailability, feed P utilization, and reduce P waste to the environment.
基金the AgriFutures Chicken Meat Consortium-Nutrition,Gut Health and Environment project(PRO-016111)with the AgriFutures Chicken Meat Program.
文摘Replacing soybean meal(SBM)in broiler diets with only other plant-based protein-rich ingredients or only non-bound amino acids(NBAA)may compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.However,combining both to replace SBM may be feasible while maintaining broiler performance.A 3×2 full factorial designed experiment was conducted to include three levels of SBM inclusions(conventional,medium,and low/nil)and with supplementation of field peas or not(50,80,100,and 120 g/kg in the starter,grower,finisher,and withdrawal phases,respectively).The variation of SBM inclusions in the diets led to changes in NBAA inclusions and total dietary crude protein.Each diet was offered to 10 replicates of 5 birds per bioassay cage,totaling 300 straight-run,Ross 308 broilers,from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.From 0 to 10 days post-hatch,medium inclusion of SBM reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR)compared to conventional SBM inclusions(1.171 versus 1.129,P=0.044).From 0 to 24 days post-hatch,pea inclusions improved the body weight gain by 2.08%(1371 versus 1343 g/bird;P=0.038)and reduced FCR from 1.297 to 1.276(P<0.001)regardless of dietary SBM inclusion levels.Similarly,from 0 to 35 days post-hatch,pea inclusion increased body weight gain from 2632 to 2731 g/bird(P=0.001)and reduced FCR from 1.405 to 1.369(P<0.001).Overall from 0 to 42 days,field peas inclusion improved body weight gain by 2.87%(3421 versus 3519 g/bird,P=0.025),and reduced FCR by 3.1 points(1.518 versus 1.487,P=0.024)regardless of SBM inclusion levels from 0 to 42 days post-hatch.Dietary treatment did not influence carcass yield and energy utilisation(P>0.05).From 27 to 29 days,broiler chickens offered diets containing the standard SBM inclusion generated the lowest total tract nitrogen retention regardless of pea inclusion rates(P=0.001).Reducing SBM inclusions,which corresponded with a reduction in dietary crude protein,increased apparent distal jejunal and ileal protein(N)digestibility coefficients(P<0.05)and total tract nitrogen retention(P=0.001),regardless of field pea inclusion.Diets containing the least SBM had increased apparent distal ileal digestibility coefficients of valine,glycine and proline(7.07%)compared to the conventional diets(P<0.05).In conclusion,replacing SBM with 5%-12%field peas and NBAAs in wheat-based broiler diets to achieve a 20 g/kg dietary CP reduction did not compromise growth performance in broiler chickens.The mechanism by which peas enhanced growth performance is unclear,as the inclusion of peas in the present study did not alter the starch digestion rate.
基金中澳合作项目ACIAR"Improving the productivity and sustainability of rainfed farmingsystems for western Loess Plateau of Gansu Province"(LWR2/1999/094)甘肃省农牧厅项目"甘肃省秸秆覆盖少免耕示范推广"(034048)中国农村技术开发中心项目"西部侵蚀区保护性耕作技术研究与示范"(0390993)
