The sex pheromone blend of a China strain of the black cutworm moth Agrotis ypsilon （Rottemberg） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） was investigated. Chemical analysis of pheromone gland extracts of 3-day-old females showe...The sex pheromone blend of a China strain of the black cutworm moth Agrotis ypsilon （Rottemberg） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） was investigated. Chemical analysis of pheromone gland extracts of 3-day-old females showed that individual isolated glands contained only very small amounts of pheromone. The high-resolution gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry （GC-MS） analysis showed the presence of Cis-7-dodecenyl acetate （Z7-12：Ac, A）, Cis-9-tetradecenyl acetate （Z9-14：Ac, B）, Cis- 11-hexadecenyl acetate （Z 11 - 16 ：Ac, C）, Cis-8-dodecenyl acetate （Z8-12：Ac, E） and Cis-5-decenyl acetate （Z5-10：Ac, D） in biologically active pheromone gland extracts. An extract of one gland from a day 3 female gave the following values for the gland components： 0.245±0.098ng for Z7-12：Ac, 0.080±0.031ng for Z9-14：Ac, 0.089±0.033ng for Z11-16：Ac, 0.085±0.031ng for Z5-10：Ac, 0.105±0.065ng for Z8-12：Ac per female. The percentages of Z7-12：Ac, Z9-14：Ac, Z11-16：Ac, Z5-10：Ac and ZS-12：Ac in pheromone gland extracts from individual females were （meaniSE） 40.451±13.66, 13.176±5.279, 14.943±5.142, 14.392±6.10 and 17.225±9.792 respectively, and the percentages of Z7-12：Ac, Z9-14：Ac and Z11-16：Ac were 58.75±9.429, 18.91±7.539 and 22.34±7.209. Field trials indicated that each single component of sex pheromone was non-effective and captured no males. The lures baited with duality compound of AB （3 ： 1） had a certain attraction to males, the mean captured number was 2.6. The attraction ability of the lures baited with ternary compound of ABC （3 ： 1 ：1） to males added significantly, the mean captured number per trap was 7.40, which was 2.8 times of duality compound of AB （3 ： 1）. The contents of sex pheromone could obviously affect its capture ability to males, the mean captured number was the highest at the dosage of 200 μg.展开更多
The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for many years as biological agent for codling moth control in apple orchards. Resistance to the Mexican strain of CpGV was detected in orchards in Germany, France...The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for many years as biological agent for codling moth control in apple orchards. Resistance to the Mexican strain of CpGV was detected in orchards in Germany, France and Italy. A laboratory insect colony was started from insects collected in a French resistant orchard. It was named RGV. Various virus isolates were identified as active against this resistant insect colony. Field tests were carried out in 2007 to test if the two virus isolates CpGV-I12 and NPP-R1 were effective in the field. Although these virus isolates were not able to reduce insect caused fruit damages, they significantly reduced the overwintering insect populations. NPP-R1 was subjected to eight passages on RGV larvae (NPP-R1.8) that improved its biological activity on RGV larvae. 2008 field trials were set up to test this improved virus strain, compared to CpGV-I12 and Madex plus active on RGV. These tests confirmed the ability to control both in susceptible and resistant insect populations.展开更多
Wood is an abundant and renewable feedstock for the production of pulp,fuels,and biobased materials.However,wood is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into cellulose and simple sugars,mainly because of the presence of...Wood is an abundant and renewable feedstock for the production of pulp,fuels,and biobased materials.However,wood is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into cellulose and simple sugars,mainly because of the presence of lignin,an aromatic polymer that shields cell-wall polysaccharides.Hence,numerous research efforts have focused on engineering lignin amount and composition to improve wood processability.Here,we focus on results that have been obtained by engineering the lignin biosynthesis and branching pathways in forest trees to reduce cell-wall recalcitrance,including the introduction of exotic lignin monomers.In addition,we draw general conclusions from over 20 years of field trial research with trees engineered to produce less or altered lignin.We discuss possible causes and solutions for the yield penalty that is often associated with lignin engineering in trees.Finally,we discuss how conventional and new breeding strategies can be combined to develop elite clones with desired lignin properties.We conclude this review with priorities for the development of commercially relevant lignin-engineered trees.展开更多
The fast deployment and penetration of 4G has cultivated human behaviors on mobile data consumption, leading to explosive growth in mobile traffic and stimulating new requirements on the capabilities of mobile network...The fast deployment and penetration of 4G has cultivated human behaviors on mobile data consumption, leading to explosive growth in mobile traffic and stimulating new requirements on the capabilities of mobile networks. To meet the requirements of mobile networks toward year 2020, the next genera- tion of mobile networks （termed as IMT-2020, or 5G） is designed to support 100 Mbps-1 Gbps user-experienced data rate, 1 ms radio transmission latency, and 1 million connec- tions per square kilometer. Recalling the vision and requirements of 5G targeting for commer- cial launch in 2020, this article overviews the key features of 5G and compares with those of 4G, and reports the world first field trials conducted to validate the key performance of 5G radio interface in 3.SGHz band. The trial results show that a 1 ms transmission latency and 1 Gbps data rate are achievable.展开更多
In this paper, we describe successful joint experiments with Deutsche Telecom on long-haul transmission of 100G and beyond over standard single mode fiber （SSMF） and with in-line EDFA-only amplification. The transmi...In this paper, we describe successful joint experiments with Deutsche Telecom on long-haul transmission of 100G and beyond over standard single mode fiber （SSMF） and with in-line EDFA-only amplification. The transmission link consists of 8 nodes and 950 km installed SSMF in DT＇ s optical infrastructure. Laboratory SSMF was added for extended optical reach. The first field experiment involved transmission of 8 x 216.8 Gbit/s Nyquist-WDM signals over 1750 km with 21.6 dB average loss per span. Each channel, modulated by a 54.2 Gbaud PDM-CSRZ-QPSK signal, is on a 50 GHz grid, which produces a net spectral efficiency （SE） of 4 bit/s/Hz. We also describe mixed-data-rate transmission coexisting with 1T, 400G, and 100G channels. The 400G channel uses four independent subcarriers modulated by 28 Gbaud PDM-QPSK signals. This yields a net SE of 4 bit/s/Hz, and 13 optically generated subcarriers from a single optical source are used in the 1T channel with 25 Gbaud PDM-QPSK modulation. The 100G signal uses real-time coherent PDM-QPSK transponder with 15% overhead of soft-decision forward-error correction （SD-FEC）. The digital post filter and 1 -bit maximum-likelihood sequence estimation （MLSE） are introduced at the receiver DSP to suppress noise, linear crosstalk, and filtering effects. Our results show that future 400G and 1T channels that use Nyquist WDM can transmit over long-haul distances with higher SE and using the same QPSK format.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to study the field fficacy of several fumgicide against rice sheath bligh(Rhicoetonia solm).[Method]Field efficacy trial was performed with three novel fungicides,75%tebuconazole.azxytrobin WG...[Objective]The paper was to study the field fficacy of several fumgicide against rice sheath bligh(Rhicoetonia solm).[Method]Field efficacy trial was performed with three novel fungicides,75%tebuconazole.azxytrobin WG,75%tifloxystrobion-tebuconazole WG and 24%6 thi-fluzamide sC,while 30%difenoconazole-propiconazole EC and 10%jingangmyein AS,which had been Long circulated in production,were uwsed as contrl agents.[Result]The three novel fungicides had better control ffe on sheath blight than the control agents;75%tebuconazole.azoxys-trobin WG at the dase of 20 g/667 m2 received the best contrl efect,and the control efect was still 87.72%at 20 d post administration,and the yield increase efect was remarkable.The control efects of 75%tiloxystrobin-tebuconazole wG and 24%thifluzamide SC were 85.67%and 87.36%,repectively.[Conclusion]75%tebuconazole.azxoxystrobin wG,75%tifloxystrobin tebuconazole WC and 24%thiluamide SC could be promted as rotation fungicides to control rice sheath blight.展开更多
Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is one of the most concerns in peanut production in China.Applying nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains,based on competitive exclusion,has been proved to be a promising strate...Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is one of the most concerns in peanut production in China.Applying nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains,based on competitive exclusion,has been proved to be a promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin contamination in pre-harvest peanuts.Two non-aflatoxigenic A.flavus strains collected in China,which have been proved effectively reducing aflatoxin in the laboratory,were mixed with high aflatoxin producer to the soil in peanut growing season.The two non-aflatoxigenic strains significantly(P<0.05)reduced aflatoxin contamination in peanut kernels under both normal and drought stresses in two fields.Compared to control,the total aflatoxin(sum of aflatoxin B1 and B2)was reduced 26.7–99.12%in field 1,and 84.96–99.33%in field 2.The aflatoxin was reduced 84.96–99.33%under drought stress in two fields.The present study indicated the non-aflatoxigenic A.flavus strains could be potential biocontrol agents for reducing aflatoxin contamination under field condition.展开更多
The increasing conversion of agricultural land to organic farming requires the development of specifically adapted cultivars.So far,in tomato there is lack of research for selection of germplasm suitable for sustainab...The increasing conversion of agricultural land to organic farming requires the development of specifically adapted cultivars.So far,in tomato there is lack of research for selection of germplasm suitable for sustainable agroecosystems.In this study,we investigated the genotypic and environmental factors affecting the variation of plant,fruits,and root traits in 39 tomato genotypes grown under organic farming conditions.Four independent experiments were conducted in Italy and Spain across two consecutive seasons in 2019 and 2020.For all traits,the factorial linear regression model to estimate the main effects of genotype(G),location(L),year of cultivation(Y)and their interactions,revealed highly significant(P<0.001)variations,with the G factor being largely predominant for most traits.The implementation of the“which-won-where”,“mean performance versus stability”and“discriminative vs representativeness”patterns in the GGE(Genotype plus Genotype by Environment interaction)analysis,allowed the identification of superior cultivars with high stability across the testing environments.Genomic characterization with 30890 high quality SNPs from dd RADseq genotyping analysis,revealed that a specific cluster of cherry tomato accessions were low performing in terms of yield and fruit weight,on the contrary,showed a high content of soluble solids,which in agreement with GGE analysis.Results of this study provide a framework for the potential use of this locally adapted tomato germplasm to address the needs of more sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Space-division multiplexing(SDM)utilizing uncoupled multi-core fibers(MCF)is considered a promising candidate for nextgeneration high-speed optical transmission systems due to its huge capacity and low inter-core cros...Space-division multiplexing(SDM)utilizing uncoupled multi-core fibers(MCF)is considered a promising candidate for nextgeneration high-speed optical transmission systems due to its huge capacity and low inter-core crosstalk.In this paper,we demonstrate a realtime high-speed SDM transmission system over a field-deployed 7-core MCF cable using commercial 400 Gbit/s backbone optical transport network(OTN)transceivers and a network management system.The transceivers employ a high noise-tolerant quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK)modulation format with a 130 Gbaud rate,enabled by optoelectronic multi-chip module(OE-MCM)packaging.The network management system can effectively manage and monitor the performance of the 7-core SDM OTN system and promptly report failure events through alarms.Our field trial demonstrates the compatibility of uncoupled MCF with high-speed OTN transmission equipment and network management systems,supporting its future deployment in next-generation high-speed terrestrial cable transmission networks.展开更多
Hybrid-driven underwater glider is a new type of tmmanned underwater vehicle, which combines the advantages of autonomous underwater vehicles and traditional underwater gliders. The autonomous underwater vehicles have...Hybrid-driven underwater glider is a new type of tmmanned underwater vehicle, which combines the advantages of autonomous underwater vehicles and traditional underwater gliders. The autonomous underwater vehicles have good maneuverability and can travel with a high speed, while the traditional underwater gliders are highlighted by low power consumption, long voyage, long endurance and good stealth characteristics. The hybrid-driven underwater gliders can realize variable motion profiles by their own buoyancy-driven and propeller propulsion systems. Stability of the mechanical system determines the performance of the system. In this paper, the Petrel-II hybrid-driven underwater glider developed by Tianjin University is selected as the research object and the stability of hybrid-driven underwater glider unitedly controlled by buoyancy and propeller has been targeted and evidenced. The dimensionless equations of the hybrid-driven underwater glider are obtained when the propeller is working. Then, the steady speed and steady glide path angle under steady-state motion have also been achieved. The steady-state operating conditions can be calculated when the hybrid-driven underwater glider reaches the desired steady-state motion. And the steady- state operating conditions are relatively conservative at the lower bound of the velocity range compared with the range of the velocity derived from the method of the composite Lyapunov function. By calculating the hydrodynamic coefficients of the Petrel-II hybrid-driven underwater glider, the simulation analysis has been conducted. In addition, the results of the field trials conducted in the South China Sea and the Danjiangkou Reservoir of China have been presented to illustrate the validity of the analysis and simulations.and to show the feasibility of the method of the composite Lyapunov function which verifies the stability of the Petrel-II hybrid-driven underwater glider.展开更多
The response of grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index of maize to the application of commercial organic ameliorants was inconsistent and poor. Hence it was hypothesized that the supply of N and P to maize plant...The response of grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index of maize to the application of commercial organic ameliorants was inconsistent and poor. Hence it was hypothesized that the supply of N and P to maize plants was inadequate during vegetative growth, resulting in low concentrations of the two nutrients in maize biomass. The effects of nine ameliorants on the N and P concentrations of maize plants at ninth leaf (V9) and silking (R1) stages of maize were studied over three years at Bothaville (8% clay), Ottosdal (12% clay) and Potchefstroom (34% clay). All ameliorants were applied as prescribed by manufacturers. The N and P concentrations in maize biomass of the ameliorants at V9 and R1 were lower, comparable or higher, showing that the inconsistent and poor response of yield parameters can not be ascribed to inadequate uptake of N and P. A matter of concern that justifies thorough investigation, is the prescribed use of Crop care and Growmor with partial and of Montys and Promis with no NPK fertilization, an unsustainable practice over the long term. Characterization of the active ingredient(s) of the ameliorants is deemed also of importance for better insight.展开更多
The growth of high biomass crops facilitated by optimal of agronomic practices has been considered as an alternative to phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. A field trial was carded out to evaluate ...The growth of high biomass crops facilitated by optimal of agronomic practices has been considered as an alternative to phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. A field trial was carded out to evaluate the phytoextraction efficiency of heavy metals by three varieties of sweet sorghum （Sorghum biocolor L.）, a high biomass energy plant. Ethylene diamine tetraacetate （EDTA）, ammonium nitrate （NH4NO3） and ammonium sulphate （（NH4）2SO4） were tested for their abilities to enhance the removal of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu by sweet sorghum from a contaminated agricultural soil. Sorghum plants always achieved the greatest removal of Pb by leaves and the greatest removal of Cd, Zn and Cu by stems. There was no significant difference among the Keller, Rio and Mray varieties of sweet sorghums in accumulating heavy metals. EDTA treatment was more efficient than ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in promoting Pb accumulation in sweet sorghum from the contaminated agricultural soil. The application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased the accumulation of both Zn and Cd in roots of sorghum plants. Results from this study suggest that cropping of sorghum plants facilitated by agronomic practices may be a sustainable technique for partial decontamination of heavy metal contaminated soils.展开更多
To optimize the technological parameter of underground coal gasification （UCG）, the experimental results of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enrichment steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasificat...To optimize the technological parameter of underground coal gasification （UCG）, the experimental results of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enrichment steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification were studied contrastively based on field trial at the Huating UCG project. The results indicate that the average low heat value of gas from air experiment is the lowest （4.1 MJ/Nm3） and the water gas from two-stage gasification experiment is the highest （10.72 MJ/Nm3）. The gas productivity of air gasification is the highest and the pure oxygen steam gasification is the lowest. The gasification efficiency of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enriched steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification is listed in ascending order, ranging from 69.88% to 84.81%. Described a contract study on results of a field test using steam and various levels of oxygen enrichment of 21%, 32%, 42% and 100%. The results show that, with the increasing of O2 content in gasifying agents, the gas caloricity rises, and the optimal O2 concentration range to increase the gas caloricity is 30%-40%. Meanwhile, the consumption of O2 and steam increase, and the air consumption and steam decomposition efficiency fall.展开更多
For decades, the search for potential signs of Martian life has attracted strong international interest and has led to significant planning and scientific implementation. Clearly, in order to detect potential life sig...For decades, the search for potential signs of Martian life has attracted strong international interest and has led to significant planning and scientific implementation. Clearly, in order to detect potential life signals beyond Earth, fundamental questions, such as how to define such terms as “life” and “biosignature”, have been given considerable attention. Due to the high costs of direct exploration of Mars, Mars-like regions on Earth have been invaluable targets for astrobiological research, places where scientists could practice the search for “biosignatures” and refine ways to detect them. This review summarizes scientific instrumental techniques that have resulted from this work. Instruments must necessarily be our “eyes” and “hands” as we attempt to identify and quantify biosignatures on Mars.Scientific devices that can be applied in astrobiology include mass spectrometers and electromagnetic-spectrum-based spectrometers,redox potential indicators, circular dichroism polarimeters, in situ nucleic acid sequencers, life isolation/cultivation systems, and imagers.These devices and how to interpret the data they collect have been tested in Mars-analog extreme environments on Earth to validate their practicality on Mars. To anticipate the challenges of instrumental detection of biosignatures through the full evolutionary history of Mars, Terrestrial Mars analogs are divided into four major categories according to their similarities to different Martian geological periods(the Early-Middle Noachian Period, the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian Period, the Late Hesperian-Early Amazonian Period, and the Middle-Late Amazonian Period). Future missions are suggested that would focus more intensively on Mars’ Southern Hemisphere, once landing issues there are solved by advances in spacecraft engineering, since exploration of these early terrains will permit investigations covering a wider continuum of the shifting habitability of Mars through its geological history. Finally, this paper reviews practical applications of the range of scientific instruments listed above, based on the four categories of Mars analogs here on Earth. We review the selection of instruments suitable for autonomous robotic rover tests in these Mars analogs. From considerations of engineering efficiency,a Mars rover ought to be equipped with as few instrument assemblies as possible. Therefore, once candidate landing regions on Mars are defined, portable suites of instruments should be smartly devised on the basis of the known geological, geochemical, geomorphological,and chronological characteristics of each Martian landing region. Of course, if Mars sample-return missions are successful, such samples will allow experiments in laboratories on Earth that can be far more comprehensive and affordable than is likely to be practicable on Mars.To exclude false positive and false negative conclusions in the search for extraterrestrial life, multiple diverse and complementary analytical techniques must be combined, replicated, and carefully interpreted. The question of whether signatures of life can be detected on Mars is of the greatest importance. Answering that question is extremely challenging but appears to have become manageable.展开更多
Urea is the most common nitrogen(N)fertilizer used in the tropics but it has the risk of high gaseous nitrogen(N)losses.Use of nitrification inhibitor has been suggested as a potential mitigation measure for gaseous N...Urea is the most common nitrogen(N)fertilizer used in the tropics but it has the risk of high gaseous nitrogen(N)losses.Use of nitrification inhibitor has been suggested as a potential mitigation measure for gaseous N losses in N fertilizer-applied fields.In a field trial on a tropical Andosol pastureland in Costa Rica,gaseous emissions of ammonia(NH_(3))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)and grass yield were quantified from plots treated with urea(U;41.7 kg N ha^(-1)application^(-1))and urea plus the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin(U+NI;41.7 kg N ha^(-1)application^(-1)and 350 g of nitrapyrin for each 100 kg of N applied)and control plots(without U and NI)over a six-month period(rainy season).Volatilization of NH_(3)(August to November)in U(7.4%±1.3%of N applied)and U+NI(8.1%±0.9%of N applied)were not significantly different(P>0.05).Emissions of N_(2)O in U and U+NI from June to November were significantly different(P<0.05)only in October,when N_(2)O emission in U+NI was higher than that in U.Yield and crude protein production of grass were significantly higher(P<0.05)in U and U+NI than in the control plots,but they were not significantly different between U and U+NI.There was no significant difference in yield-scaled N_(2)O emission between U(0.31±0.10 g N kg^(-1)dry matter)and U+NI(0.47±0.10 g N kg^(-1)dry matter).The results suggest that nitrapyrin is not a viable mitigation option for gaseous N losses under typical N fertilizer application practices of pasturelands at the study site.展开更多
To study the effects of seed metering on seeding performance under different motion parameters,a simulation model for a spoonwheel type seeder was established.A seed meter was tested by using EDEM(Engineering Discrete...To study the effects of seed metering on seeding performance under different motion parameters,a simulation model for a spoonwheel type seeder was established.A seed meter was tested by using EDEM(Engineering Discrete Element Method)software to simulate its working process at different speeds and tilt angles.The trajectories of individual cottonseeds in the seed-metering device were obtained,concurrently,the stress trend in the grain group was determined as a function of time.The simulation results suggest that at larger speeds,the metering index of the seed meter gradually decreases,while the index and the missing index gradually increase.As the tilt angle increased,the multiples index and missing index gradually decreased,while the multiples index gradually increased.When the seed meter speed reached 50 r/min and the tilt angle was 15°,the seed meter had a relatively good working performance with a seed spacing acceptance index of 92.59%,a multiples index of 1.85%,and a missing rate index of 5.56%.The seed meter was tested on a bench by using a JPS-12 performance-tester bench.At the aforementioned speed and angle,the coefficient of variation for the cottonseed spacing was 2.1%.The field trial results indicated that the multiples and the missing rates were higher than those for the tester bench but still met a passing rate of more than 90%.The coefficient of variation for the seed spacing was less than 10%,suggesting that the design could be used for field sowing.The resulting seeding uniformity was higher under these conditions,which indicates that the seed meter has a better working performance and the bench has a good seeding effect.展开更多
TTie Ultisols in the Rana de Canamero area in Southwest Spain showed aluminum(Al)phytotoxicity,and the clearance of natural vegetation and decades of intensive conventional agriculture caused the deplation of soil org...TTie Ultisols in the Rana de Canamero area in Southwest Spain showed aluminum(Al)phytotoxicity,and the clearance of natural vegetation and decades of intensive conventional agriculture caused the deplation of soil organic matter(SOM).Therefore,we studied the long-term effects of no tillage and liming using sugar beet foam(SF)and red gypsum(RG),alone or in combination,on the restoration of Ultisols affected by acidification,Al phytotoxicity,and SOM depletion.We measured the main soil chemical properties,soil microbial biomass,soil enzyme activities involved in carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,and sulfur mineralization,and the emission of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).The results indicated that liming effectively neutralized the soil acidity in the long term and,in combination with no tillage,significantly increased soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities.Twenty-three VOCs were detected using the proton transfer reaction-time of flight(PTR-ToF)technique,and both liming and tillage changed the VOC emission patterns.The greatest difference in VOC emission pattern was observed between no-tilled un-amended soils and tilled lime-amended soils,suggesting the activation of different metabolic pathways within the microbial communities of soils under different management.Differences in VOC emission patterns could be attributed to the decomposition of carbohydrates,which were also sustained by the higher enzyme activities in the lime-amended soils.展开更多
The Swedish Wet compaction method allows soil compaction at higher water content than conventional Dry compaction methods and can be used to advantage when difficulties arise in keeping to a certain Dry compaction wat...The Swedish Wet compaction method allows soil compaction at higher water content than conventional Dry compaction methods and can be used to advantage when difficulties arise in keeping to a certain Dry compaction water content. Wet compaction was frequently applied for dam core soils of glacial till (moraine) up until late 1970s, and despite several advantages it is since no longer used in engineering practice. During the reconstruction of Burvattnet Main Dam in Sweden, the lack of dry core soil together with severe weather conditions made Dry compaction almost impossible. On the basis of laboratory compaction tests performed in compliance with the standard from the 1950s, and field compaction trials on site, this paper describes the steps taken to revisit the Wet compaction method, which made it possible to continue the filling works in keeping with the timeline of the project.展开更多
The Chinese Neurology and Psychiatry Association conducted a national field trial of its Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) involov-ing 26 provinces and municipalities, 80 psyc...The Chinese Neurology and Psychiatry Association conducted a national field trial of its Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) involov-ing 26 provinces and municipalities, 80 psychiatric institutes, and 224 professionals. The results were as follows: (1)95.2% of researchers considered the comprehensibility of the CCMD-2 diagnstic criteria good. Within the ten major categories, comprehensibility ranged from 85.7% to 100%. (2) Of those surveyed concerning the acceptibility of the CCCMD-2 diagnostic criteria, 85.9% considered them acceptable. In individual classifications, the rate ranged from 74.1% to 95.2%. (3) 1498 cases were tested. The overall applicability rate which indicated the consistency between the CCMD-2 result and the actual clinical diagnoses was found to be 87.6%, (averaging Kappa = 0.82,P<0.01), better than those obtained from non-Chinese systems of diagnosis.展开更多
Transmission of 40Gbit/s NRZ signal was successfully demonstrated over 219km of installed SMF in KT's Daejeon area network. After transmission, the measured power penalty was 0.5dB for all the tributary channels.
基金Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Province (2006-2048)
文摘The sex pheromone blend of a China strain of the black cutworm moth Agrotis ypsilon （Rottemberg） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） was investigated. Chemical analysis of pheromone gland extracts of 3-day-old females showed that individual isolated glands contained only very small amounts of pheromone. The high-resolution gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry （GC-MS） analysis showed the presence of Cis-7-dodecenyl acetate （Z7-12：Ac, A）, Cis-9-tetradecenyl acetate （Z9-14：Ac, B）, Cis- 11-hexadecenyl acetate （Z 11 - 16 ：Ac, C）, Cis-8-dodecenyl acetate （Z8-12：Ac, E） and Cis-5-decenyl acetate （Z5-10：Ac, D） in biologically active pheromone gland extracts. An extract of one gland from a day 3 female gave the following values for the gland components： 0.245±0.098ng for Z7-12：Ac, 0.080±0.031ng for Z9-14：Ac, 0.089±0.033ng for Z11-16：Ac, 0.085±0.031ng for Z5-10：Ac, 0.105±0.065ng for Z8-12：Ac per female. The percentages of Z7-12：Ac, Z9-14：Ac, Z11-16：Ac, Z5-10：Ac and ZS-12：Ac in pheromone gland extracts from individual females were （meaniSE） 40.451±13.66, 13.176±5.279, 14.943±5.142, 14.392±6.10 and 17.225±9.792 respectively, and the percentages of Z7-12：Ac, Z9-14：Ac and Z11-16：Ac were 58.75±9.429, 18.91±7.539 and 22.34±7.209. Field trials indicated that each single component of sex pheromone was non-effective and captured no males. The lures baited with duality compound of AB （3 ： 1） had a certain attraction to males, the mean captured number was 2.6. The attraction ability of the lures baited with ternary compound of ABC （3 ： 1 ：1） to males added significantly, the mean captured number per trap was 7.40, which was 2.8 times of duality compound of AB （3 ： 1）. The contents of sex pheromone could obviously affect its capture ability to males, the mean captured number was the highest at the dosage of 200 μg.
基金supported by the French Research Agency (ANR-06-RIB-003-02) and by NPP
文摘The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for many years as biological agent for codling moth control in apple orchards. Resistance to the Mexican strain of CpGV was detected in orchards in Germany, France and Italy. A laboratory insect colony was started from insects collected in a French resistant orchard. It was named RGV. Various virus isolates were identified as active against this resistant insect colony. Field tests were carried out in 2007 to test if the two virus isolates CpGV-I12 and NPP-R1 were effective in the field. Although these virus isolates were not able to reduce insect caused fruit damages, they significantly reduced the overwintering insect populations. NPP-R1 was subjected to eight passages on RGV larvae (NPP-R1.8) that improved its biological activity on RGV larvae. 2008 field trials were set up to test this improved virus strain, compared to CpGV-I12 and Madex plus active on RGV. These tests confirmed the ability to control both in susceptible and resistant insect populations.
基金We thank Annick Bleys for preparing this manuscript for submission.B.D.M.is indebted to Research Foundation Flanders(FWOgrant G020618N)the Energy Transition Fund(ETF)projects AD-LIBIO and ADV_BIO for a postdoctoral fellowship.T.M.is indebted to the ETF project AD-LIBIO for a postdoctoral fellowship.W.B.is additionally indebted to the interuniversity iBOF project Next-BioRef.
文摘Wood is an abundant and renewable feedstock for the production of pulp,fuels,and biobased materials.However,wood is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into cellulose and simple sugars,mainly because of the presence of lignin,an aromatic polymer that shields cell-wall polysaccharides.Hence,numerous research efforts have focused on engineering lignin amount and composition to improve wood processability.Here,we focus on results that have been obtained by engineering the lignin biosynthesis and branching pathways in forest trees to reduce cell-wall recalcitrance,including the introduction of exotic lignin monomers.In addition,we draw general conclusions from over 20 years of field trial research with trees engineered to produce less or altered lignin.We discuss possible causes and solutions for the yield penalty that is often associated with lignin engineering in trees.Finally,we discuss how conventional and new breeding strategies can be combined to develop elite clones with desired lignin properties.We conclude this review with priorities for the development of commercially relevant lignin-engineered trees.
基金supported in part by national Key Project (2016ZX03001021)
文摘The fast deployment and penetration of 4G has cultivated human behaviors on mobile data consumption, leading to explosive growth in mobile traffic and stimulating new requirements on the capabilities of mobile networks. To meet the requirements of mobile networks toward year 2020, the next genera- tion of mobile networks （termed as IMT-2020, or 5G） is designed to support 100 Mbps-1 Gbps user-experienced data rate, 1 ms radio transmission latency, and 1 million connec- tions per square kilometer. Recalling the vision and requirements of 5G targeting for commer- cial launch in 2020, this article overviews the key features of 5G and compares with those of 4G, and reports the world first field trials conducted to validate the key performance of 5G radio interface in 3.SGHz band. The trial results show that a 1 ms transmission latency and 1 Gbps data rate are achievable.
文摘In this paper, we describe successful joint experiments with Deutsche Telecom on long-haul transmission of 100G and beyond over standard single mode fiber （SSMF） and with in-line EDFA-only amplification. The transmission link consists of 8 nodes and 950 km installed SSMF in DT＇ s optical infrastructure. Laboratory SSMF was added for extended optical reach. The first field experiment involved transmission of 8 x 216.8 Gbit/s Nyquist-WDM signals over 1750 km with 21.6 dB average loss per span. Each channel, modulated by a 54.2 Gbaud PDM-CSRZ-QPSK signal, is on a 50 GHz grid, which produces a net spectral efficiency （SE） of 4 bit/s/Hz. We also describe mixed-data-rate transmission coexisting with 1T, 400G, and 100G channels. The 400G channel uses four independent subcarriers modulated by 28 Gbaud PDM-QPSK signals. This yields a net SE of 4 bit/s/Hz, and 13 optically generated subcarriers from a single optical source are used in the 1T channel with 25 Gbaud PDM-QPSK modulation. The 100G signal uses real-time coherent PDM-QPSK transponder with 15% overhead of soft-decision forward-error correction （SD-FEC）. The digital post filter and 1 -bit maximum-likelihood sequence estimation （MLSE） are introduced at the receiver DSP to suppress noise, linear crosstalk, and filtering effects. Our results show that future 400G and 1T channels that use Nyquist WDM can transmit over long-haul distances with higher SE and using the same QPSK format.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0100100)&GDAAS Science and Technology Project of Guangdong(2019KJ105).
文摘[Objective]The paper was to study the field fficacy of several fumgicide against rice sheath bligh(Rhicoetonia solm).[Method]Field efficacy trial was performed with three novel fungicides,75%tebuconazole.azxytrobin WG,75%tifloxystrobion-tebuconazole WG and 24%6 thi-fluzamide sC,while 30%difenoconazole-propiconazole EC and 10%jingangmyein AS,which had been Long circulated in production,were uwsed as contrl agents.[Result]The three novel fungicides had better control ffe on sheath blight than the control agents;75%tebuconazole.azoxys-trobin WG at the dase of 20 g/667 m2 received the best contrl efect,and the control efect was still 87.72%at 20 d post administration,and the yield increase efect was remarkable.The control efects of 75%tiloxystrobin-tebuconazole wG and 24%thifluzamide SC were 85.67%and 87.36%,repectively.[Conclusion]75%tebuconazole.azxoxystrobin wG,75%tifloxystrobin tebuconazole WC and 24%thiluamide SC could be promted as rotation fungicides to control rice sheath blight.
基金This research was supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(2021-2060302-061-019)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32001510 and 31461143022)+1 种基金China Agricultural Research System(CARS-13)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2021-2060302-049-031).
文摘Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is one of the most concerns in peanut production in China.Applying nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains,based on competitive exclusion,has been proved to be a promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin contamination in pre-harvest peanuts.Two non-aflatoxigenic A.flavus strains collected in China,which have been proved effectively reducing aflatoxin in the laboratory,were mixed with high aflatoxin producer to the soil in peanut growing season.The two non-aflatoxigenic strains significantly(P<0.05)reduced aflatoxin contamination in peanut kernels under both normal and drought stresses in two fields.Compared to control,the total aflatoxin(sum of aflatoxin B1 and B2)was reduced 26.7–99.12%in field 1,and 84.96–99.33%in field 2.The aflatoxin was reduced 84.96–99.33%under drought stress in two fields.The present study indicated the non-aflatoxigenic A.flavus strains could be potential biocontrol agents for reducing aflatoxin contamination under field condition.
基金supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant No.774244(Breeding for resilient,efficient and sustainable organic vegetable productionBRESOV)by‘RGV-FAO'project funded by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture,Food Sovereignty and Forests。
文摘The increasing conversion of agricultural land to organic farming requires the development of specifically adapted cultivars.So far,in tomato there is lack of research for selection of germplasm suitable for sustainable agroecosystems.In this study,we investigated the genotypic and environmental factors affecting the variation of plant,fruits,and root traits in 39 tomato genotypes grown under organic farming conditions.Four independent experiments were conducted in Italy and Spain across two consecutive seasons in 2019 and 2020.For all traits,the factorial linear regression model to estimate the main effects of genotype(G),location(L),year of cultivation(Y)and their interactions,revealed highly significant(P<0.001)variations,with the G factor being largely predominant for most traits.The implementation of the“which-won-where”,“mean performance versus stability”and“discriminative vs representativeness”patterns in the GGE(Genotype plus Genotype by Environment interaction)analysis,allowed the identification of superior cultivars with high stability across the testing environments.Genomic characterization with 30890 high quality SNPs from dd RADseq genotyping analysis,revealed that a specific cluster of cherry tomato accessions were low performing in terms of yield and fruit weight,on the contrary,showed a high content of soluble solids,which in agreement with GGE analysis.Results of this study provide a framework for the potential use of this locally adapted tomato germplasm to address the needs of more sustainable agriculture.
文摘Space-division multiplexing(SDM)utilizing uncoupled multi-core fibers(MCF)is considered a promising candidate for nextgeneration high-speed optical transmission systems due to its huge capacity and low inter-core crosstalk.In this paper,we demonstrate a realtime high-speed SDM transmission system over a field-deployed 7-core MCF cable using commercial 400 Gbit/s backbone optical transport network(OTN)transceivers and a network management system.The transceivers employ a high noise-tolerant quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK)modulation format with a 130 Gbaud rate,enabled by optoelectronic multi-chip module(OE-MCM)packaging.The network management system can effectively manage and monitor the performance of the 7-core SDM OTN system and promptly report failure events through alarms.Our field trial demonstrates the compatibility of uncoupled MCF with high-speed OTN transmission equipment and network management systems,supporting its future deployment in next-generation high-speed terrestrial cable transmission networks.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51475319 and 51722508)the National Key R&D Plan(Grant No.2016YFC0301100)Aoshan Talents Program of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
文摘Hybrid-driven underwater glider is a new type of tmmanned underwater vehicle, which combines the advantages of autonomous underwater vehicles and traditional underwater gliders. The autonomous underwater vehicles have good maneuverability and can travel with a high speed, while the traditional underwater gliders are highlighted by low power consumption, long voyage, long endurance and good stealth characteristics. The hybrid-driven underwater gliders can realize variable motion profiles by their own buoyancy-driven and propeller propulsion systems. Stability of the mechanical system determines the performance of the system. In this paper, the Petrel-II hybrid-driven underwater glider developed by Tianjin University is selected as the research object and the stability of hybrid-driven underwater glider unitedly controlled by buoyancy and propeller has been targeted and evidenced. The dimensionless equations of the hybrid-driven underwater glider are obtained when the propeller is working. Then, the steady speed and steady glide path angle under steady-state motion have also been achieved. The steady-state operating conditions can be calculated when the hybrid-driven underwater glider reaches the desired steady-state motion. And the steady- state operating conditions are relatively conservative at the lower bound of the velocity range compared with the range of the velocity derived from the method of the composite Lyapunov function. By calculating the hydrodynamic coefficients of the Petrel-II hybrid-driven underwater glider, the simulation analysis has been conducted. In addition, the results of the field trials conducted in the South China Sea and the Danjiangkou Reservoir of China have been presented to illustrate the validity of the analysis and simulations.and to show the feasibility of the method of the composite Lyapunov function which verifies the stability of the Petrel-II hybrid-driven underwater glider.
文摘The response of grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index of maize to the application of commercial organic ameliorants was inconsistent and poor. Hence it was hypothesized that the supply of N and P to maize plants was inadequate during vegetative growth, resulting in low concentrations of the two nutrients in maize biomass. The effects of nine ameliorants on the N and P concentrations of maize plants at ninth leaf (V9) and silking (R1) stages of maize were studied over three years at Bothaville (8% clay), Ottosdal (12% clay) and Potchefstroom (34% clay). All ameliorants were applied as prescribed by manufacturers. The N and P concentrations in maize biomass of the ameliorants at V9 and R1 were lower, comparable or higher, showing that the inconsistent and poor response of yield parameters can not be ascribed to inadequate uptake of N and P. A matter of concern that justifies thorough investigation, is the prescribed use of Crop care and Growmor with partial and of Montys and Promis with no NPK fertilization, an unsustainable practice over the long term. Characterization of the active ingredient(s) of the ameliorants is deemed also of importance for better insight.
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Re-search and Development Program (863) of China (No2007AA061001 and 2006AA06Z359)the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China (No 40471117 and 30670393)the Planned Science and Technolo-gy Research Programs of Guangdong Province (No2006A36703004)
文摘The growth of high biomass crops facilitated by optimal of agronomic practices has been considered as an alternative to phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. A field trial was carded out to evaluate the phytoextraction efficiency of heavy metals by three varieties of sweet sorghum （Sorghum biocolor L.）, a high biomass energy plant. Ethylene diamine tetraacetate （EDTA）, ammonium nitrate （NH4NO3） and ammonium sulphate （（NH4）2SO4） were tested for their abilities to enhance the removal of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu by sweet sorghum from a contaminated agricultural soil. Sorghum plants always achieved the greatest removal of Pb by leaves and the greatest removal of Cd, Zn and Cu by stems. There was no significant difference among the Keller, Rio and Mray varieties of sweet sorghums in accumulating heavy metals. EDTA treatment was more efficient than ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in promoting Pb accumulation in sweet sorghum from the contaminated agricultural soil. The application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased the accumulation of both Zn and Cd in roots of sorghum plants. Results from this study suggest that cropping of sorghum plants facilitated by agronomic practices may be a sustainable technique for partial decontamination of heavy metal contaminated soils.
文摘To optimize the technological parameter of underground coal gasification （UCG）, the experimental results of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enrichment steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification were studied contrastively based on field trial at the Huating UCG project. The results indicate that the average low heat value of gas from air experiment is the lowest （4.1 MJ/Nm3） and the water gas from two-stage gasification experiment is the highest （10.72 MJ/Nm3）. The gas productivity of air gasification is the highest and the pure oxygen steam gasification is the lowest. The gasification efficiency of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enriched steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification is listed in ascending order, ranging from 69.88% to 84.81%. Described a contract study on results of a field test using steam and various levels of oxygen enrichment of 21%, 32%, 42% and 100%. The results show that, with the increasing of O2 content in gasifying agents, the gas caloricity rises, and the optimal O2 concentration range to increase the gas caloricity is 30%-40%. Meanwhile, the consumption of O2 and steam increase, and the air consumption and steam decomposition efficiency fall.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Grant 41621004the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ZDBS-SSW-TLC001)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB41010403)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Key Research Programs of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS-201904 and IGGCAS-202102)
文摘For decades, the search for potential signs of Martian life has attracted strong international interest and has led to significant planning and scientific implementation. Clearly, in order to detect potential life signals beyond Earth, fundamental questions, such as how to define such terms as “life” and “biosignature”, have been given considerable attention. Due to the high costs of direct exploration of Mars, Mars-like regions on Earth have been invaluable targets for astrobiological research, places where scientists could practice the search for “biosignatures” and refine ways to detect them. This review summarizes scientific instrumental techniques that have resulted from this work. Instruments must necessarily be our “eyes” and “hands” as we attempt to identify and quantify biosignatures on Mars.Scientific devices that can be applied in astrobiology include mass spectrometers and electromagnetic-spectrum-based spectrometers,redox potential indicators, circular dichroism polarimeters, in situ nucleic acid sequencers, life isolation/cultivation systems, and imagers.These devices and how to interpret the data they collect have been tested in Mars-analog extreme environments on Earth to validate their practicality on Mars. To anticipate the challenges of instrumental detection of biosignatures through the full evolutionary history of Mars, Terrestrial Mars analogs are divided into four major categories according to their similarities to different Martian geological periods(the Early-Middle Noachian Period, the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian Period, the Late Hesperian-Early Amazonian Period, and the Middle-Late Amazonian Period). Future missions are suggested that would focus more intensively on Mars’ Southern Hemisphere, once landing issues there are solved by advances in spacecraft engineering, since exploration of these early terrains will permit investigations covering a wider continuum of the shifting habitability of Mars through its geological history. Finally, this paper reviews practical applications of the range of scientific instruments listed above, based on the four categories of Mars analogs here on Earth. We review the selection of instruments suitable for autonomous robotic rover tests in these Mars analogs. From considerations of engineering efficiency,a Mars rover ought to be equipped with as few instrument assemblies as possible. Therefore, once candidate landing regions on Mars are defined, portable suites of instruments should be smartly devised on the basis of the known geological, geochemical, geomorphological,and chronological characteristics of each Martian landing region. Of course, if Mars sample-return missions are successful, such samples will allow experiments in laboratories on Earth that can be far more comprehensive and affordable than is likely to be practicable on Mars.To exclude false positive and false negative conclusions in the search for extraterrestrial life, multiple diverse and complementary analytical techniques must be combined, replicated, and carefully interpreted. The question of whether signatures of life can be detected on Mars is of the greatest importance. Answering that question is extremely challenging but appears to have become manageable.
基金funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA),Vienna,Austria,through a Coordinated Research Project(No.CRP D1.50.16)of the Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section,Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in FoodAgriculture and through the Technical Cooperation Project(No.COS5031)by the University of Costa Rica(No.VI-802-B7-505)。
文摘Urea is the most common nitrogen(N)fertilizer used in the tropics but it has the risk of high gaseous nitrogen(N)losses.Use of nitrification inhibitor has been suggested as a potential mitigation measure for gaseous N losses in N fertilizer-applied fields.In a field trial on a tropical Andosol pastureland in Costa Rica,gaseous emissions of ammonia(NH_(3))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)and grass yield were quantified from plots treated with urea(U;41.7 kg N ha^(-1)application^(-1))and urea plus the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin(U+NI;41.7 kg N ha^(-1)application^(-1)and 350 g of nitrapyrin for each 100 kg of N applied)and control plots(without U and NI)over a six-month period(rainy season).Volatilization of NH_(3)(August to November)in U(7.4%±1.3%of N applied)and U+NI(8.1%±0.9%of N applied)were not significantly different(P>0.05).Emissions of N_(2)O in U and U+NI from June to November were significantly different(P<0.05)only in October,when N_(2)O emission in U+NI was higher than that in U.Yield and crude protein production of grass were significantly higher(P<0.05)in U and U+NI than in the control plots,but they were not significantly different between U and U+NI.There was no significant difference in yield-scaled N_(2)O emission between U(0.31±0.10 g N kg^(-1)dry matter)and U+NI(0.47±0.10 g N kg^(-1)dry matter).The results suggest that nitrapyrin is not a viable mitigation option for gaseous N losses under typical N fertilizer application practices of pasturelands at the study site.
文摘To study the effects of seed metering on seeding performance under different motion parameters,a simulation model for a spoonwheel type seeder was established.A seed meter was tested by using EDEM(Engineering Discrete Element Method)software to simulate its working process at different speeds and tilt angles.The trajectories of individual cottonseeds in the seed-metering device were obtained,concurrently,the stress trend in the grain group was determined as a function of time.The simulation results suggest that at larger speeds,the metering index of the seed meter gradually decreases,while the index and the missing index gradually increase.As the tilt angle increased,the multiples index and missing index gradually decreased,while the multiples index gradually increased.When the seed meter speed reached 50 r/min and the tilt angle was 15°,the seed meter had a relatively good working performance with a seed spacing acceptance index of 92.59%,a multiples index of 1.85%,and a missing rate index of 5.56%.The seed meter was tested on a bench by using a JPS-12 performance-tester bench.At the aforementioned speed and angle,the coefficient of variation for the cottonseed spacing was 2.1%.The field trial results indicated that the multiples and the missing rates were higher than those for the tester bench but still met a passing rate of more than 90%.The coefficient of variation for the seed spacing was less than 10%,suggesting that the design could be used for field sowing.The resulting seeding uniformity was higher under these conditions,which indicates that the seed meter has a better working performance and the bench has a good seeding effect.
基金We are grateful to the Comunidad de Madrid(Spain)and European Structural and Investment Funds for the financial support(No.AGRISOST-CM S2013/ABI-2717)to maintain the field experiment.
文摘TTie Ultisols in the Rana de Canamero area in Southwest Spain showed aluminum(Al)phytotoxicity,and the clearance of natural vegetation and decades of intensive conventional agriculture caused the deplation of soil organic matter(SOM).Therefore,we studied the long-term effects of no tillage and liming using sugar beet foam(SF)and red gypsum(RG),alone or in combination,on the restoration of Ultisols affected by acidification,Al phytotoxicity,and SOM depletion.We measured the main soil chemical properties,soil microbial biomass,soil enzyme activities involved in carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,and sulfur mineralization,and the emission of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).The results indicated that liming effectively neutralized the soil acidity in the long term and,in combination with no tillage,significantly increased soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities.Twenty-three VOCs were detected using the proton transfer reaction-time of flight(PTR-ToF)technique,and both liming and tillage changed the VOC emission patterns.The greatest difference in VOC emission pattern was observed between no-tilled un-amended soils and tilled lime-amended soils,suggesting the activation of different metabolic pathways within the microbial communities of soils under different management.Differences in VOC emission patterns could be attributed to the decomposition of carbohydrates,which were also sustained by the higher enzyme activities in the lime-amended soils.
文摘The Swedish Wet compaction method allows soil compaction at higher water content than conventional Dry compaction methods and can be used to advantage when difficulties arise in keeping to a certain Dry compaction water content. Wet compaction was frequently applied for dam core soils of glacial till (moraine) up until late 1970s, and despite several advantages it is since no longer used in engineering practice. During the reconstruction of Burvattnet Main Dam in Sweden, the lack of dry core soil together with severe weather conditions made Dry compaction almost impossible. On the basis of laboratory compaction tests performed in compliance with the standard from the 1950s, and field compaction trials on site, this paper describes the steps taken to revisit the Wet compaction method, which made it possible to continue the filling works in keeping with the timeline of the project.
文摘The Chinese Neurology and Psychiatry Association conducted a national field trial of its Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) involov-ing 26 provinces and municipalities, 80 psychiatric institutes, and 224 professionals. The results were as follows: (1)95.2% of researchers considered the comprehensibility of the CCMD-2 diagnstic criteria good. Within the ten major categories, comprehensibility ranged from 85.7% to 100%. (2) Of those surveyed concerning the acceptibility of the CCCMD-2 diagnostic criteria, 85.9% considered them acceptable. In individual classifications, the rate ranged from 74.1% to 95.2%. (3) 1498 cases were tested. The overall applicability rate which indicated the consistency between the CCMD-2 result and the actual clinical diagnoses was found to be 87.6%, (averaging Kappa = 0.82,P<0.01), better than those obtained from non-Chinese systems of diagnosis.
文摘Transmission of 40Gbit/s NRZ signal was successfully demonstrated over 219km of installed SMF in KT's Daejeon area network. After transmission, the measured power penalty was 0.5dB for all the tributary channels.
