In this research,the conditions for extraction of phenolics from leaves of Ficus virens were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM).The extraction abilities of phenolics(EAP) and flavonoids(EAF),the 2,2-dip...In this research,the conditions for extraction of phenolics from leaves of Ficus virens were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM).The extraction abilities of phenolics(EAP) and flavonoids(EAF),the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH) free-radical scavenging potential,and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power(FRAP) were used as quality indicators.The results of single-factor experiments showed that temperature,ethanol concentration,extraction time,and the number of extraction cycles were the main influencing variables,and these provided key information for the central composite design.The results of RSM fitted well to a second degree polynomial model and more than 98% of the variability was explained.The ideal extraction conditions for EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were obtained.Considering the four quality indicators overall,the ideal extraction conditions were 58% ethanol at 57 °C for 37 min with three extraction cycles.At the ideal extraction conditions,the values of EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were 5.72%,3.09%,58.88 mg ascorbic acid equivalent(AAE)/g dry weight(DW),and 15.86 mg AAE/g DW,respectively.In addition,linear correlations were observed between EAP,EAF,and antioxidant potential.展开更多
In Three Gorges reservoir region,a great many of trees are needed for vegetation restoration and land greening following the massive constructions(e.g.construction of roads,highways,buildings)associated with the great...In Three Gorges reservoir region,a great many of trees are needed for vegetation restoration and land greening following the massive constructions(e.g.construction of roads,highways,buildings)associated with the great dam project at Three Gorges of Yangtze River.Ficus microcarpa L.and F virens Ait.var.sublanceolata(Miq.)Cornor(Moraceae)are chosen and widely planted in this region as ornamental trees and/or shade trees due to their shapely crowns and ability of growing on soils with low fertility.Vegetative multiplication,which uses branch cuttings to cultivate saplings,is the main way for tree propagation of the two species in Three Gorges reservoir region.Obtaining branch cuttings causes the damage of tree crown and probably affects the growth of trees.In this study,the shoot production pattern of two Ficus tree species following crown damage,which is crucial to the regrowth of trees,was investigated.Data from a crown damage experiment with two damage seasons and a series of damage intensities were analyzed.It was shown that crown damage,regardless of damage intensity and damage season,had no effect on the shoot production of lateral branches of both species.However,the shoot production on the main stem was position-dependent in both F.microcarpa and F.virens trees.Crown damage,conducted either in spring or in autumn,did not affect the number and density of new shoots on the newly grown upper stem parts and the branched stem parts within the residual crown,but facilitated the shoot production on the bare stem parts beneath the residual crown in terms of both shoot number and density.Shoot production on the bare stem parts increased with damage intensity.In addition,it was found that damage in autumn led to a stronger emergence of shoots from the bare stem parts than spring damage.Some mechanisms which could be involved in these results are discussed.Based on the experimental results,it is suggested that among all investigated variables,only the enhanced shoot production on the bare stem parts may increase the biomass partitioning to leaves and benefit the regrowth of damaged trees.展开更多
Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ov...Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31070522)the Science and Technology Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2010N5013),China
文摘In this research,the conditions for extraction of phenolics from leaves of Ficus virens were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM).The extraction abilities of phenolics(EAP) and flavonoids(EAF),the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH) free-radical scavenging potential,and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power(FRAP) were used as quality indicators.The results of single-factor experiments showed that temperature,ethanol concentration,extraction time,and the number of extraction cycles were the main influencing variables,and these provided key information for the central composite design.The results of RSM fitted well to a second degree polynomial model and more than 98% of the variability was explained.The ideal extraction conditions for EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were obtained.Considering the four quality indicators overall,the ideal extraction conditions were 58% ethanol at 57 °C for 37 min with three extraction cycles.At the ideal extraction conditions,the values of EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were 5.72%,3.09%,58.88 mg ascorbic acid equivalent(AAE)/g dry weight(DW),and 15.86 mg AAE/g DW,respectively.In addition,linear correlations were observed between EAP,EAF,and antioxidant potential.
文摘In Three Gorges reservoir region,a great many of trees are needed for vegetation restoration and land greening following the massive constructions(e.g.construction of roads,highways,buildings)associated with the great dam project at Three Gorges of Yangtze River.Ficus microcarpa L.and F virens Ait.var.sublanceolata(Miq.)Cornor(Moraceae)are chosen and widely planted in this region as ornamental trees and/or shade trees due to their shapely crowns and ability of growing on soils with low fertility.Vegetative multiplication,which uses branch cuttings to cultivate saplings,is the main way for tree propagation of the two species in Three Gorges reservoir region.Obtaining branch cuttings causes the damage of tree crown and probably affects the growth of trees.In this study,the shoot production pattern of two Ficus tree species following crown damage,which is crucial to the regrowth of trees,was investigated.Data from a crown damage experiment with two damage seasons and a series of damage intensities were analyzed.It was shown that crown damage,regardless of damage intensity and damage season,had no effect on the shoot production of lateral branches of both species.However,the shoot production on the main stem was position-dependent in both F.microcarpa and F.virens trees.Crown damage,conducted either in spring or in autumn,did not affect the number and density of new shoots on the newly grown upper stem parts and the branched stem parts within the residual crown,but facilitated the shoot production on the bare stem parts beneath the residual crown in terms of both shoot number and density.Shoot production on the bare stem parts increased with damage intensity.In addition,it was found that damage in autumn led to a stronger emergence of shoots from the bare stem parts than spring damage.Some mechanisms which could be involved in these results are discussed.Based on the experimental results,it is suggested that among all investigated variables,only the enhanced shoot production on the bare stem parts may increase the biomass partitioning to leaves and benefit the regrowth of damaged trees.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Research Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-SW-105)
文摘Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.
