With increasing production of kitchen waste,cooking oil gradually enters the soil,where it can negatively affect soil fauna.In this study,we explored the effects of soybean oil on the survival,growth,reproduction,tiss...With increasing production of kitchen waste,cooking oil gradually enters the soil,where it can negatively affect soil fauna.In this study,we explored the effects of soybean oil on the survival,growth,reproduction,tissue structure,biochemical responses,mRNA expression,and gut microbiome of earthworms(Eisenia fetida).The median lethal concentration of soybean oil was found to be 15.59%.Earthworm growth and reproduction were significantly inhibited following exposure to a sublethal concentration of soybean oil(1/3 LC50,5.2%).The activity of the antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT)were affected under soybean oil exposure.The glutathione(GSH)content decreased significantly,whereas that of the lipid peroxide malondialdehyde(MDA)increased significantly after soybean oil exposure.mRNA expression levels of the SOD,metallothionein(MT),lysenin and lysozyme were significantly upregulated.The abundance of Bacteroides species,which are related to mineral oil repair,and Muribaculaceae species,which are related to immune regulation,increased within the earthworm intestine.These results indicate that soybean oil waste is toxic to earthworms.Thus,earthworms deployed defense mechanisms involving antioxidant system and gut microbiota for protection against soybean oil exposure-induced stress.展开更多
The composition of paper cups creates a challenge for the recycling industry,as the paperboard–plastic film composite is hard to separate.Therefore,paper cups are sent to landfills or waste incinerators.This study ex...The composition of paper cups creates a challenge for the recycling industry,as the paperboard–plastic film composite is hard to separate.Therefore,paper cups are sent to landfills or waste incinerators.This study explores the combined use of red worms(Eisenia fetida)and Greater wax moth(Galleria mellonella)in the biodegradation of paper cups.The study investigates the conditions and combinations that promote using Eisenia fetida and Galleria mellonella for degrading paper cups.The study considered the influence of environmental temperature,the presence of food waste,varying the number of Eisenia fetida worms,and the presence of a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent on the degradation process.To achieve the study objectives,the study followed a quantitative approach.The study monitored the degradation of paper cup cuts that were placed in jars containing different combinations of Eisenia fetida worms,Galleria mellonella larvae,food waste,bedding material,and Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agents.The study found that the best operating temperature is 30oC.The study found that using food waste improves the performance of Eisenia fetida worms and Galleria mellonella larvae significantly.The study found that adding a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent slightly enhances the degradation of the paper cup.Finally,a numerical model was obtained to simulate the paper cup degradation efficiency.展开更多
This study assesses the role of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in the breakdown of endosulfan in a soil environment. Two strains of E. fetida were used in this study to assess the effect of salinity on toxicity and me...This study assesses the role of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in the breakdown of endosulfan in a soil environment. Two strains of E. fetida were used in this study to assess the effect of salinity on toxicity and metabolism of endosulfan in these earthworms. One strain of E. fetida (R) was reared in high salinity soil (over 2.0 dS/m of electric conductivity) from Shiwha lake, Korea. A control strain (W) was reared in pig manure compost. Acute toxicity of endosulfan was lower in the R strain when endosulfan was injected. In vitro metabolic studies of endosulfan based on microsomal preparations showed that both strains produced two major metabolites, endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan diol. The production rate of endodulfan sulfate was not significantly different between the strains, while endosulfan diol production was significantly different. In vivo metabolism studies showed only one primary metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, was produced by both strains. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed annetocin was the indicative protein newly expressed in the R strain in relation to salinity exposure. These findings suggest salinity may induce hydrolyzing enzymes to produce endosulfan diol from endosulfan.展开更多
The molecular mechanisms underlying innate immunity in the earthworm E. fetida remain unclear. For the recognition of innate immunity in the earthworm E. fetida, a detailed knowledge of this proteome is a prerequisite...The molecular mechanisms underlying innate immunity in the earthworm E. fetida remain unclear. For the recognition of innate immunity in the earthworm E. fetida, a detailed knowledge of this proteome is a prerequisite. The absence of a high-resolution E. fetida proteome map prompted us to determine E. fetida protein spots that can be visualised on 2-D protein gels. In this study, we present a preliminary description of the whole earthworm E. fetida proteome. A highly detailed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) map of the E. fetida proteome was established and approximately 1500 protein spots were detected from the earthworm sample when applying a 500 μg protein 2-DE in the pH range 3.0 - 10.0. We present a 2-DE proteome map of E. fetida, identifying 76 different proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/ TOF-MS) analysis. These identified proteins, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), chaperonine protein HSP60, caspase-8, fibrinolytic protease 0, gelsolin-like protein, lombricine kinase, coelomic cytolytic factor1 (CCF 1), manganous superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), triosephosphate isomerase, extracellular globin-4, lysenin, and intermediate filament protein, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, et al., are involved in several processes, including transcripttion, translation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the cellular amino acid metabolic process, protein amino acid phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the glucose metabolic process. These 2-DE data will enhance future comparisons of immunity, toxicology, biotic processes and other challenges, thereby allowing for further study of the molecular mechanisms in response to environmental stressors, and it will be useful to investigate environmental proteomics in invertebrate earthworms.展开更多
Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component A (EFEa) from Eisenia fetida, a protein func-tioning not only as a direct fibrinolytic enzyme, but also as a plasminogen activator, has been crystallized in P212121 space group ...Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component A (EFEa) from Eisenia fetida, a protein func-tioning not only as a direct fibrinolytic enzyme, but also as a plasminogen activator, has been crystallized in P212121 space group with 3 protein molecules per asymmetric unit. Four heavy atom derivatives were prepared using a mother liquor containing 1.4 mol·L-1 Li2SO4 and 0.1 mol·L-1 MOPS buffer (pH7.2) and used to solve the protein抯 diffraction phase. The heavy atom binding sites in the derivative crystals were determined using difference Patterson and difference Fourier methods and were refined in combination to yield the initial protein抯 structure phase at 0.25 nm resolution. The non-crystallographic symmetry relationship of the three independent protein mole-cules in the asymmetric unit was determined using the correlative heavy atom sites and used for the averaging of the initial electron density. As a result, the electron density was significantly im-proved, providing a solid foundation for subsequent structure determination.展开更多
LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earthworms.LDPE did not alter the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earth-worm caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated histopathological damage to earthworms caus...LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earthworms.LDPE did not alter the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earth-worm caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated histopathological damage to earthworms caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated DNA damage in earthworm coelomocytes caused by Cd.LDPE did not affect the accumulation of Cd in earthworms.Cadmium(Cd)can accumulate in the food chain,with serious impacts on human health and safety.Microplastics(MPs)such as low-density polyethylene(LDPE)should be considered not only as a single pollutant but also as a carrier of other pollutants.In this study,we investigated the joint effects of 30%LDPE and 313 mg kg-1 Cd on mortality,growth,reproduction,microstructure,DNA damage,oxidative stress,and mRNA levels in the earthworm Eisenia fetida.We found that 313 mg kg-1 Cd inhibited growth and reproduction and damaged the microstructures of the skin and intestine.Meanwhile,LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,or cocoon production of earthworms.Moreover,it did not increase the mortality,growth,or inhibition of cocoon production caused by Cd and instead alleviated the DNA damage in coelomocytes caused by Cd treatment.Finally,it did not alter the accumulation of Cd in the worms.These indicators can be used for toxicity safety assessment and soil ecological risk assessment of LDPE and Cd cooccurrence in soil.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2018YFC0507204)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural Universitythe Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou)of China Agricultural University
文摘With increasing production of kitchen waste,cooking oil gradually enters the soil,where it can negatively affect soil fauna.In this study,we explored the effects of soybean oil on the survival,growth,reproduction,tissue structure,biochemical responses,mRNA expression,and gut microbiome of earthworms(Eisenia fetida).The median lethal concentration of soybean oil was found to be 15.59%.Earthworm growth and reproduction were significantly inhibited following exposure to a sublethal concentration of soybean oil(1/3 LC50,5.2%).The activity of the antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT)were affected under soybean oil exposure.The glutathione(GSH)content decreased significantly,whereas that of the lipid peroxide malondialdehyde(MDA)increased significantly after soybean oil exposure.mRNA expression levels of the SOD,metallothionein(MT),lysenin and lysozyme were significantly upregulated.The abundance of Bacteroides species,which are related to mineral oil repair,and Muribaculaceae species,which are related to immune regulation,increased within the earthworm intestine.These results indicate that soybean oil waste is toxic to earthworms.Thus,earthworms deployed defense mechanisms involving antioxidant system and gut microbiota for protection against soybean oil exposure-induced stress.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at the University of Jordan.
文摘The composition of paper cups creates a challenge for the recycling industry,as the paperboard–plastic film composite is hard to separate.Therefore,paper cups are sent to landfills or waste incinerators.This study explores the combined use of red worms(Eisenia fetida)and Greater wax moth(Galleria mellonella)in the biodegradation of paper cups.The study investigates the conditions and combinations that promote using Eisenia fetida and Galleria mellonella for degrading paper cups.The study considered the influence of environmental temperature,the presence of food waste,varying the number of Eisenia fetida worms,and the presence of a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent on the degradation process.To achieve the study objectives,the study followed a quantitative approach.The study monitored the degradation of paper cup cuts that were placed in jars containing different combinations of Eisenia fetida worms,Galleria mellonella larvae,food waste,bedding material,and Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agents.The study found that the best operating temperature is 30oC.The study found that using food waste improves the performance of Eisenia fetida worms and Galleria mellonella larvae significantly.The study found that adding a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent slightly enhances the degradation of the paper cup.Finally,a numerical model was obtained to simulate the paper cup degradation efficiency.
文摘This study assesses the role of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in the breakdown of endosulfan in a soil environment. Two strains of E. fetida were used in this study to assess the effect of salinity on toxicity and metabolism of endosulfan in these earthworms. One strain of E. fetida (R) was reared in high salinity soil (over 2.0 dS/m of electric conductivity) from Shiwha lake, Korea. A control strain (W) was reared in pig manure compost. Acute toxicity of endosulfan was lower in the R strain when endosulfan was injected. In vitro metabolic studies of endosulfan based on microsomal preparations showed that both strains produced two major metabolites, endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan diol. The production rate of endodulfan sulfate was not significantly different between the strains, while endosulfan diol production was significantly different. In vivo metabolism studies showed only one primary metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, was produced by both strains. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed annetocin was the indicative protein newly expressed in the R strain in relation to salinity exposure. These findings suggest salinity may induce hydrolyzing enzymes to produce endosulfan diol from endosulfan.
文摘The molecular mechanisms underlying innate immunity in the earthworm E. fetida remain unclear. For the recognition of innate immunity in the earthworm E. fetida, a detailed knowledge of this proteome is a prerequisite. The absence of a high-resolution E. fetida proteome map prompted us to determine E. fetida protein spots that can be visualised on 2-D protein gels. In this study, we present a preliminary description of the whole earthworm E. fetida proteome. A highly detailed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) map of the E. fetida proteome was established and approximately 1500 protein spots were detected from the earthworm sample when applying a 500 μg protein 2-DE in the pH range 3.0 - 10.0. We present a 2-DE proteome map of E. fetida, identifying 76 different proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/ TOF-MS) analysis. These identified proteins, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), chaperonine protein HSP60, caspase-8, fibrinolytic protease 0, gelsolin-like protein, lombricine kinase, coelomic cytolytic factor1 (CCF 1), manganous superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), triosephosphate isomerase, extracellular globin-4, lysenin, and intermediate filament protein, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, et al., are involved in several processes, including transcripttion, translation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the cellular amino acid metabolic process, protein amino acid phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the glucose metabolic process. These 2-DE data will enhance future comparisons of immunity, toxicology, biotic processes and other challenges, thereby allowing for further study of the molecular mechanisms in response to environmental stressors, and it will be useful to investigate environmental proteomics in invertebrate earthworms.
基金supported by the Key Project Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Project No.KJ951-A1-601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.B705975)the National Key Research Development Project of China(Project No.G1999075601).
文摘Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component A (EFEa) from Eisenia fetida, a protein func-tioning not only as a direct fibrinolytic enzyme, but also as a plasminogen activator, has been crystallized in P212121 space group with 3 protein molecules per asymmetric unit. Four heavy atom derivatives were prepared using a mother liquor containing 1.4 mol·L-1 Li2SO4 and 0.1 mol·L-1 MOPS buffer (pH7.2) and used to solve the protein抯 diffraction phase. The heavy atom binding sites in the derivative crystals were determined using difference Patterson and difference Fourier methods and were refined in combination to yield the initial protein抯 structure phase at 0.25 nm resolution. The non-crystallographic symmetry relationship of the three independent protein mole-cules in the asymmetric unit was determined using the correlative heavy atom sites and used for the averaging of the initial electron density. As a result, the electron density was significantly im-proved, providing a solid foundation for subsequent structure determination.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31172091)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0507204)The 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earthworms.LDPE did not alter the mortality,growth,and reproduction of earth-worm caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated histopathological damage to earthworms caused by Cd.LDPE alleviated DNA damage in earthworm coelomocytes caused by Cd.LDPE did not affect the accumulation of Cd in earthworms.Cadmium(Cd)can accumulate in the food chain,with serious impacts on human health and safety.Microplastics(MPs)such as low-density polyethylene(LDPE)should be considered not only as a single pollutant but also as a carrier of other pollutants.In this study,we investigated the joint effects of 30%LDPE and 313 mg kg-1 Cd on mortality,growth,reproduction,microstructure,DNA damage,oxidative stress,and mRNA levels in the earthworm Eisenia fetida.We found that 313 mg kg-1 Cd inhibited growth and reproduction and damaged the microstructures of the skin and intestine.Meanwhile,LDPE had no effect on the mortality,growth,or cocoon production of earthworms.Moreover,it did not increase the mortality,growth,or inhibition of cocoon production caused by Cd and instead alleviated the DNA damage in coelomocytes caused by Cd treatment.Finally,it did not alter the accumulation of Cd in the worms.These indicators can be used for toxicity safety assessment and soil ecological risk assessment of LDPE and Cd cooccurrence in soil.
