Inspired by the movement of duck that is able to move on land and water utilizing its webbed feet, a novel design of an amphibious robot has been presented in this paper. In contrary, the orthodox design of amphibious...Inspired by the movement of duck that is able to move on land and water utilizing its webbed feet, a novel design of an amphibious robot has been presented in this paper. In contrary, the orthodox design of amphibious robot utilizes the tracks or wheels on land and switches to the propeller to move in water. The proposed design employs same propulsion system as webbed feet to move on land and water. After studying the movement of the duck underwater, a conclusion has been drawn that it is swimming in the water by moving its webbed feet back and forth to generate force to push its body forward. Recreating this phenomenon of duck movement, hybrid robot locomotion has been designed and developed which is able to walk, swim and climb steps using the same propulsion system. Moreover, webbed feet would be able to walk efficiently on muddy, icy or sandy terrain due to uneven distribution of robot weight on the feet. To be able to justify the feasibility of the design, simulations are being carried out using SimulationXpress of the SOLIDWORKS software.展开更多
Young Tom is four years old.He is bright(聪明的)and lovely(可爱的).His father and mother lovehim very much.His father works ina factory.He always has a lot ofwork to do.So his mother oftenfeeds(喂)him food and carries...Young Tom is four years old.He is bright(聪明的)and lovely(可爱的).His father and mother lovehim very much.His father works ina factory.He always has a lot ofwork to do.So his mother oftenfeeds(喂)him food and carrieshim in her arms.Tom is too pam-pered(娇惯的).展开更多
Passive dynamic walking has been developed as a possible explanation for the efficiency of the human gait. This paper presents a passive dynamic walking model with segmented feet, which makes the bipedal walking gait ...Passive dynamic walking has been developed as a possible explanation for the efficiency of the human gait. This paper presents a passive dynamic walking model with segmented feet, which makes the bipedal walking gait more close to natural human-like gait. The proposed model extends the simplest walking model with the addition of fiat feet and torsional spring based compliance on ankle joints and toe joints, to achieve stable walking on a slope driven by gravity. The push-off phase includes foot rotations around the toe joint and around the toe tip, which shows a great resemblance to human normal walking. This paper investigates the effects of the segmented foot structure on bipedal walking in simulations. The model achieves satisfactory walking results on even or uneven slopes.展开更多
The semi-round rigid feet would cause position-posture deviation problem because the actual foothold position is hardly known due to the rolling effect of the semi-round rigid feet during the robot walking. The positi...The semi-round rigid feet would cause position-posture deviation problem because the actual foothold position is hardly known due to the rolling effect of the semi-round rigid feet during the robot walking. The position-posture deviation problem may harm to the stability and the harmony of the robot, or even makes the robot tip over and fail to walk forward. Focused on the position-posture deviation problem of multi-legged walking robots with semi-round rigid feet, a new method of position-posture closed-loop control is proposed to solve the position-posture deviation problem caused by semi-round rigid feet, based on the inverse velocity kinematics of the multi-legged walking robots. The position-posture closed-loop control is divided into two parts: the position closed-loop control and the posture closed-loop control. Thus, the position-posture control for the robot which is a tight coupling and nonlinear system is decoupled. Co-simulations of position-posture open-loop control and position-posture closed-loop control by MATLAB and ADAMS are implemented, respectively. The co-simulation results verify that the position-posture closed-loop control performs well in solving the position-posture deviation problem caused by semi-round rigid feet.展开更多
While injuries of the upper extremity are widely discussed in rock climbers, reports about the lower extremity are rare. Nevertheless almost 50 percent of acute injuries involve the leg and feet. Acute injuries are ei...While injuries of the upper extremity are widely discussed in rock climbers, reports about the lower extremity are rare. Nevertheless almost 50 percent of acute injuries involve the leg and feet. Acute injuries are either caused by ground falls or rock hit trauma during a fall. Most frequently strains, contusions and fractures of the calcaneus and talus. More rare injuries, as e.g., osteochondral lesions of the talus demand a highly specialized care and case presentations with combined iliac crest graft and matrix associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation are given in this review. The chronic use of tight climbing shoes leads to overstrain injuries also. As the tight fit of the shoes changes the biomechanics of the foot an increased stress load is applied to the fore-foot. Thus chronic conditions as subungual hematoma, callosity and pain resolve. Also a high incidence of hallux valgus and hallux rigidus is described.展开更多
The objective of this study was characterizing the gelatin from the chicken feet by FTIR （Fourier transform infrared） spectroscopy. Two gelatin samples were prepared for the experiment which were extracted of 200 g ...The objective of this study was characterizing the gelatin from the chicken feet by FTIR （Fourier transform infrared） spectroscopy. Two gelatin samples were prepared for the experiment which were extracted of 200 g of chicken feet by a thermal bath of 4% acetyl acid solution at 60 ℃. A commercial gelatin was used to compare the results. FTIR spectra of gelatin samples were recorded using a Nicolet iS5 FTIR spectrometer equipped with an ATR/iD3 with argon horizontal cell in which the spectra were varied in the range of 400-4,000 cm1 at 16 ~C. The results showed that FTIR spectra of the chicken feet gelatin had the most with the vibration peak at wave numbers of 1,652.01 cm~ to the amide I, of 1,539.87 cm1 to the amide II, of 1,241.29 cm~ to the amide III, of 2,923.72 cm-~ to the amide B and of 3,399.56 cm~ to the amide A. The collagen composition of the chicken feet gelatins was twotimes larger than the commercial gelatin and the vibration bands to beef gelatin have been different from chicken feet gelatins. This demonstrates that chicken feet gelatins are very good nutritional quality when compared to the commercial gelatin.展开更多
Edema is a sign/symptom which has origin diverse causes and mechanisms of installations. I do believe that it can be classified into appendicular and axial edemas with reference to the body division rather than the pr...Edema is a sign/symptom which has origin diverse causes and mechanisms of installations. I do believe that it can be classified into appendicular and axial edemas with reference to the body division rather than the present classification of peripheral edema and other edemas. Edema being a sign/symptom as an entity does cause other signs and symptoms in the body. From observations, I do believe that a cemented floor causes the development of feet edema in specific individuals with genetic predisposition. This can be confirmed by the fact that when these persons place their feet on somewhere else rather than the floor, they do not develop an edema.展开更多
Background: Feet odor is a common sociomedical problem that affects the feet of human beings of different etiological factors. Multiple modalities of therapy have been used in the treatment of feet odor. Objective: To...Background: Feet odor is a common sociomedical problem that affects the feet of human beings of different etiological factors. Multiple modalities of therapy have been used in the treatment of feet odor. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical 15% zinc sulfate solution in the treatment of feet odor. Patients and Methods: This single blind, placebo, controlled therapeutic study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology-Baghdad Teaching Hospital, from March 2010 to July 2011. A total of 108 (88 males and 20 females) patients with feet odor were enrolled and were divided into 2 groups: Group A: treated with 15% zinc sulfate solution. Group B: treated with distilled water as placebo control group. Full history and examination were carried out including all relevant points. Four scoring had been used to assess the severity of odor in patients with bared feet Score 0: no odor, Score 1: mild odor, Score 2: moderate odor and Score 3: severe odor. Zinc sulfate solution 15% was applied to sole and toe webs once daily for two weeks, three times per week for next two weeks and followed by single application weekly as maintenance after clearance of odor for two months. Patients were seen every two weeks to be examined and to score the odor again and to record side effects. Results: Group A: Fifty patients completed the study, their ages ranged from 8 - 68 (33 + 14.5) years, while the duration of the disease ranged from 1 - 180 (7.22 + 38.24) months. The complete clearance of feet odor after two weeks of therapy was 35 (70%) patients which was similar to two months maintenance therapy 35 (70%) and was highly statistically significant (p value = 0.0000001). Group B: Fifty patients received the placebo solution, their ages ranged from 16 - 75 (32.6 + 13.4) years, while the duration of the disease ranged from 1 - 180 (43.7 + 47.65) months. The complete clearance of feet odor was in 1 (2%) patient after two weeks therapy and after two months maintenance therapy. No side effects were recorded. Conclusions: Topical 15% zinc sulfate solution had an effective therapeutic and prophylactic action against feet odor.展开更多
The two waves period of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the use of hydro- alcoholic gel and the consumption of capsules containing improved traditional remedies. At one point, there was a stock-out and a price increase...The two waves period of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the use of hydro- alcoholic gel and the consumption of capsules containing improved traditional remedies. At one point, there was a stock-out and a price increase forthese products. Furthermore, in the food industry, the catering industry adopts gelatin in its current practice. Pig gelatin dominates the international market. And for some religious practices, pork is forbidden and yet these people consume them without taking notice. The production of gelatin from broiler feet seems economically viable because broiler feet are considered slaughterhouse waste that is sold at very low prices. The poultry industry has seen an increase in broiler farming over the last twenty years. However, the latter has all the characteristics required for the production of gelatin. It will therefore comply with the standards of use described in the international codex oenological for gelatins. Physical and chemical analyses such as, ash content, moisture content, and pH measurements were done for the extracted gelatins. Sensible elements are checked with ED XRF spectroscopy. All the results were good and showed without any doubt that broiler gelatin is edible.展开更多
This prospective, open-label, single-arm investigation evaluated the performance of a multifunctional foot cream used twice daily for 8 weeks in the combined treatment of mild/moderate tinea pedis interdigitalis (TPI)...This prospective, open-label, single-arm investigation evaluated the performance of a multifunctional foot cream used twice daily for 8 weeks in the combined treatment of mild/moderate tinea pedis interdigitalis (TPI) and heel cracks, calluses and/or dry feet in 46 adult subjects. All subjects showed reductions in the severity of symptoms of both TPI (53.7% reduction) and heel cracks, calluses and/or dry feet (51.6% reduction), beginning already after 2 weeks of treatment, with reduction continuation and improvement after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Negative mycological cultures were obtained post-treatment in 85.7% of subjects, while 35.7% of subjects also obtained mycological cure (negative mycological culture + negative KOH test). Post-treatment questionnaires showed improved quality of life, good treatment tolerability, easy use, and that 69% of subjects would recommend the product. The results reveal that the foot cream is safe and effective in the combined treatment of TPI and heel cracks, calluses and/or dry feet.展开更多
Paphia textile is an economically important bivalve cultured in southeastern China.The feet,as the main edible part of P.textile,vary in color from white to orange.Previous studies have suggested that the orange feet ...Paphia textile is an economically important bivalve cultured in southeastern China.The feet,as the main edible part of P.textile,vary in color from white to orange.Previous studies have suggested that the orange feet of P.textile contain higher levels of carotenoids than the white feet,but the kinds of carotenoids are not known.The pigments identified in this study can facilitate further analysis of their underlying molecular mechanism and enable the breeding of P.textile with high carotenoid content.The pigments were extracted from the orange feet of P.textile by an acetone extraction method,and then,the extracted pigments were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).Moreover,the MS analysis was carried out with an electrospray ionization(ESI)source in the positive(ESI+)and negative(ESI-)ion modes.A total of 47 substances were detected,including 9 terpenoids,7 amino acids and peptides,13 lipids,9 organic acids,2 types of vitamin A and 7 other substances.Furthermore,β-doradecin(3’-hydroxy-3,4-diketo-β-carotene)was identified as the main pigment in the feet.This is the first report of the presence ofβ-doradecin,a type of carotenoid,in bivalves.展开更多
Objective:Botulinum toxin type A is frequently used to treat crow’s feet lines.However,the optimal dose and injection sites are still controversial.The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of different...Objective:Botulinum toxin type A is frequently used to treat crow’s feet lines.However,the optimal dose and injection sites are still controversial.The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of different botulinum toxin type A injection patterns for the treatment of crow’s feet.Methods:This single-center,retrospective,clinical study was conducted at the National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology from July 2020 to December 2020.Data on 60 patients with crow’s feet were collected and divided into 2 groups(3-or 4-point intramuscular injection)according to the intramuscular injection technique the patients received.The treatment efficacy was assessed based on the changes in the Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score at 1,4,and 16 weeks after treatment.Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for the assessment of changes in scores over time between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the average Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score was significantly decreased compared with the pretreatment score at all timepoints(1,4,and 16 weeks)in both states(dynamic:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.90±0.71 vs.2.97±0.56;4 weeks:1.87±0.68 vs.2.97±0.56;16 weeks:2.60±0.67 vs.2.97±0.56.For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.73±0.83 vs.3.03±0.49;4 weeks:1.73±0.74 vs.3.03±0.49;16 weeks:2.57±0.68 vs.3.03±0.49,all P<0.001.and static:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;4 weeks:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.20±0.85;For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.50±0.86 vs.2.30±0.84;4 weeks:1.33±0.84 vs.2.30±0.84;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.30±0.84.All P<0.001).The average subjective patient-rated satisfaction scores after treatment were significantly higher in the 4-point injection group than in the 3-point injection group(P=0.028).The adverse events were post-injection bruising in 3 patients and a feeling of eyelid tightness in 3 patients.Conclusion:Botulinum toxin type A injection is an effective treatment for crow’s feet.Adding a fourth injection maintains the same therapeutic effect and does not increase adverse effects.Patients with lower-fan crow’s feet patterns may benefit more from 4-point injection therapy.However,the present findings require confirmation in studies with larger sample sizes,longer follow-up times,and different botulinum toxin type A doses.展开更多
文摘Inspired by the movement of duck that is able to move on land and water utilizing its webbed feet, a novel design of an amphibious robot has been presented in this paper. In contrary, the orthodox design of amphibious robot utilizes the tracks or wheels on land and switches to the propeller to move in water. The proposed design employs same propulsion system as webbed feet to move on land and water. After studying the movement of the duck underwater, a conclusion has been drawn that it is swimming in the water by moving its webbed feet back and forth to generate force to push its body forward. Recreating this phenomenon of duck movement, hybrid robot locomotion has been designed and developed which is able to walk, swim and climb steps using the same propulsion system. Moreover, webbed feet would be able to walk efficiently on muddy, icy or sandy terrain due to uneven distribution of robot weight on the feet. To be able to justify the feasibility of the design, simulations are being carried out using SimulationXpress of the SOLIDWORKS software.
文摘Young Tom is four years old.He is bright(聪明的)and lovely(可爱的).His father and mother lovehim very much.His father works ina factory.He always has a lot ofwork to do.So his mother oftenfeeds(喂)him food and carrieshim in her arms.Tom is too pam-pered(娇惯的).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61005082, 61020106005)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (20100001120005)+1 种基金PKU-Biomedical Engineering Join Seed Grant 2012the 985 Project of PekingUniversity (3J0865600)
文摘Passive dynamic walking has been developed as a possible explanation for the efficiency of the human gait. This paper presents a passive dynamic walking model with segmented feet, which makes the bipedal walking gait more close to natural human-like gait. The proposed model extends the simplest walking model with the addition of fiat feet and torsional spring based compliance on ankle joints and toe joints, to achieve stable walking on a slope driven by gravity. The push-off phase includes foot rotations around the toe joint and around the toe tip, which shows a great resemblance to human normal walking. This paper investigates the effects of the segmented foot structure on bipedal walking in simulations. The model achieves satisfactory walking results on even or uneven slopes.
基金Project(51221004)supported by the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of S&T Innovation,China
文摘The semi-round rigid feet would cause position-posture deviation problem because the actual foothold position is hardly known due to the rolling effect of the semi-round rigid feet during the robot walking. The position-posture deviation problem may harm to the stability and the harmony of the robot, or even makes the robot tip over and fail to walk forward. Focused on the position-posture deviation problem of multi-legged walking robots with semi-round rigid feet, a new method of position-posture closed-loop control is proposed to solve the position-posture deviation problem caused by semi-round rigid feet, based on the inverse velocity kinematics of the multi-legged walking robots. The position-posture closed-loop control is divided into two parts: the position closed-loop control and the posture closed-loop control. Thus, the position-posture control for the robot which is a tight coupling and nonlinear system is decoupled. Co-simulations of position-posture open-loop control and position-posture closed-loop control by MATLAB and ADAMS are implemented, respectively. The co-simulation results verify that the position-posture closed-loop control performs well in solving the position-posture deviation problem caused by semi-round rigid feet.
文摘While injuries of the upper extremity are widely discussed in rock climbers, reports about the lower extremity are rare. Nevertheless almost 50 percent of acute injuries involve the leg and feet. Acute injuries are either caused by ground falls or rock hit trauma during a fall. Most frequently strains, contusions and fractures of the calcaneus and talus. More rare injuries, as e.g., osteochondral lesions of the talus demand a highly specialized care and case presentations with combined iliac crest graft and matrix associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation are given in this review. The chronic use of tight climbing shoes leads to overstrain injuries also. As the tight fit of the shoes changes the biomechanics of the foot an increased stress load is applied to the fore-foot. Thus chronic conditions as subungual hematoma, callosity and pain resolve. Also a high incidence of hallux valgus and hallux rigidus is described.
文摘The objective of this study was characterizing the gelatin from the chicken feet by FTIR （Fourier transform infrared） spectroscopy. Two gelatin samples were prepared for the experiment which were extracted of 200 g of chicken feet by a thermal bath of 4% acetyl acid solution at 60 ℃. A commercial gelatin was used to compare the results. FTIR spectra of gelatin samples were recorded using a Nicolet iS5 FTIR spectrometer equipped with an ATR/iD3 with argon horizontal cell in which the spectra were varied in the range of 400-4,000 cm1 at 16 ~C. The results showed that FTIR spectra of the chicken feet gelatin had the most with the vibration peak at wave numbers of 1,652.01 cm~ to the amide I, of 1,539.87 cm1 to the amide II, of 1,241.29 cm~ to the amide III, of 2,923.72 cm-~ to the amide B and of 3,399.56 cm~ to the amide A. The collagen composition of the chicken feet gelatins was twotimes larger than the commercial gelatin and the vibration bands to beef gelatin have been different from chicken feet gelatins. This demonstrates that chicken feet gelatins are very good nutritional quality when compared to the commercial gelatin.
文摘Edema is a sign/symptom which has origin diverse causes and mechanisms of installations. I do believe that it can be classified into appendicular and axial edemas with reference to the body division rather than the present classification of peripheral edema and other edemas. Edema being a sign/symptom as an entity does cause other signs and symptoms in the body. From observations, I do believe that a cemented floor causes the development of feet edema in specific individuals with genetic predisposition. This can be confirmed by the fact that when these persons place their feet on somewhere else rather than the floor, they do not develop an edema.
文摘Background: Feet odor is a common sociomedical problem that affects the feet of human beings of different etiological factors. Multiple modalities of therapy have been used in the treatment of feet odor. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical 15% zinc sulfate solution in the treatment of feet odor. Patients and Methods: This single blind, placebo, controlled therapeutic study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology-Baghdad Teaching Hospital, from March 2010 to July 2011. A total of 108 (88 males and 20 females) patients with feet odor were enrolled and were divided into 2 groups: Group A: treated with 15% zinc sulfate solution. Group B: treated with distilled water as placebo control group. Full history and examination were carried out including all relevant points. Four scoring had been used to assess the severity of odor in patients with bared feet Score 0: no odor, Score 1: mild odor, Score 2: moderate odor and Score 3: severe odor. Zinc sulfate solution 15% was applied to sole and toe webs once daily for two weeks, three times per week for next two weeks and followed by single application weekly as maintenance after clearance of odor for two months. Patients were seen every two weeks to be examined and to score the odor again and to record side effects. Results: Group A: Fifty patients completed the study, their ages ranged from 8 - 68 (33 + 14.5) years, while the duration of the disease ranged from 1 - 180 (7.22 + 38.24) months. The complete clearance of feet odor after two weeks of therapy was 35 (70%) patients which was similar to two months maintenance therapy 35 (70%) and was highly statistically significant (p value = 0.0000001). Group B: Fifty patients received the placebo solution, their ages ranged from 16 - 75 (32.6 + 13.4) years, while the duration of the disease ranged from 1 - 180 (43.7 + 47.65) months. The complete clearance of feet odor was in 1 (2%) patient after two weeks therapy and after two months maintenance therapy. No side effects were recorded. Conclusions: Topical 15% zinc sulfate solution had an effective therapeutic and prophylactic action against feet odor.
文摘The two waves period of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the use of hydro- alcoholic gel and the consumption of capsules containing improved traditional remedies. At one point, there was a stock-out and a price increase forthese products. Furthermore, in the food industry, the catering industry adopts gelatin in its current practice. Pig gelatin dominates the international market. And for some religious practices, pork is forbidden and yet these people consume them without taking notice. The production of gelatin from broiler feet seems economically viable because broiler feet are considered slaughterhouse waste that is sold at very low prices. The poultry industry has seen an increase in broiler farming over the last twenty years. However, the latter has all the characteristics required for the production of gelatin. It will therefore comply with the standards of use described in the international codex oenological for gelatins. Physical and chemical analyses such as, ash content, moisture content, and pH measurements were done for the extracted gelatins. Sensible elements are checked with ED XRF spectroscopy. All the results were good and showed without any doubt that broiler gelatin is edible.
文摘This prospective, open-label, single-arm investigation evaluated the performance of a multifunctional foot cream used twice daily for 8 weeks in the combined treatment of mild/moderate tinea pedis interdigitalis (TPI) and heel cracks, calluses and/or dry feet in 46 adult subjects. All subjects showed reductions in the severity of symptoms of both TPI (53.7% reduction) and heel cracks, calluses and/or dry feet (51.6% reduction), beginning already after 2 weeks of treatment, with reduction continuation and improvement after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Negative mycological cultures were obtained post-treatment in 85.7% of subjects, while 35.7% of subjects also obtained mycological cure (negative mycological culture + negative KOH test). Post-treatment questionnaires showed improved quality of life, good treatment tolerability, easy use, and that 69% of subjects would recommend the product. The results reveal that the foot cream is safe and effective in the combined treatment of TPI and heel cracks, calluses and/or dry feet.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2018YFD0901404).
文摘Paphia textile is an economically important bivalve cultured in southeastern China.The feet,as the main edible part of P.textile,vary in color from white to orange.Previous studies have suggested that the orange feet of P.textile contain higher levels of carotenoids than the white feet,but the kinds of carotenoids are not known.The pigments identified in this study can facilitate further analysis of their underlying molecular mechanism and enable the breeding of P.textile with high carotenoid content.The pigments were extracted from the orange feet of P.textile by an acetone extraction method,and then,the extracted pigments were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).Moreover,the MS analysis was carried out with an electrospray ionization(ESI)source in the positive(ESI+)and negative(ESI-)ion modes.A total of 47 substances were detected,including 9 terpenoids,7 amino acids and peptides,13 lipids,9 organic acids,2 types of vitamin A and 7 other substances.Furthermore,β-doradecin(3’-hydroxy-3,4-diketo-β-carotene)was identified as the main pigment in the feet.This is the first report of the presence ofβ-doradecin,a type of carotenoid,in bivalves.
文摘Objective:Botulinum toxin type A is frequently used to treat crow’s feet lines.However,the optimal dose and injection sites are still controversial.The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of different botulinum toxin type A injection patterns for the treatment of crow’s feet.Methods:This single-center,retrospective,clinical study was conducted at the National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology from July 2020 to December 2020.Data on 60 patients with crow’s feet were collected and divided into 2 groups(3-or 4-point intramuscular injection)according to the intramuscular injection technique the patients received.The treatment efficacy was assessed based on the changes in the Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score at 1,4,and 16 weeks after treatment.Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for the assessment of changes in scores over time between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the average Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score was significantly decreased compared with the pretreatment score at all timepoints(1,4,and 16 weeks)in both states(dynamic:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.90±0.71 vs.2.97±0.56;4 weeks:1.87±0.68 vs.2.97±0.56;16 weeks:2.60±0.67 vs.2.97±0.56.For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.73±0.83 vs.3.03±0.49;4 weeks:1.73±0.74 vs.3.03±0.49;16 weeks:2.57±0.68 vs.3.03±0.49,all P<0.001.and static:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;4 weeks:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.20±0.85;For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.50±0.86 vs.2.30±0.84;4 weeks:1.33±0.84 vs.2.30±0.84;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.30±0.84.All P<0.001).The average subjective patient-rated satisfaction scores after treatment were significantly higher in the 4-point injection group than in the 3-point injection group(P=0.028).The adverse events were post-injection bruising in 3 patients and a feeling of eyelid tightness in 3 patients.Conclusion:Botulinum toxin type A injection is an effective treatment for crow’s feet.Adding a fourth injection maintains the same therapeutic effect and does not increase adverse effects.Patients with lower-fan crow’s feet patterns may benefit more from 4-point injection therapy.However,the present findings require confirmation in studies with larger sample sizes,longer follow-up times,and different botulinum toxin type A doses.
